What's in the future of 5G millimeter wave? - January 2021 @QCOMResearch - Qualcomm
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January 2021 @QCOMResearch What’s in the future of 5G millimeter wave?
New frontier of mobile broadband — mobilizing mmWave
Vast amount of bandwidth that is ~25x more than what’s being used for 3G/4G
Sub-7 GHz Millimeter wave (mmWave)
(e.g., 3.5 GHz) (e.g., 26 GHz, 28 GHz, 60 GHz)
7 GHz 24 GHz 100 GHz
Multi-Gbps data rates Much more capacity Lower latency
With large bandwidths (100s of MHz) With dense spatial reuse Bringing new opportunities
2
Rich media and entertainment for
outdoor — augmenting lower bands
More indoor capacity as outdoor
mmWave offloads outdoor lower bands 5G NR mmWave
can support new
and enhanced
mobile experiences
Massive bandwidth for Virtually lag-less experiences Dense indoor & outdoor
• Fiber-like data speeds
cloud computing — e.g., multiplayer gaming connectivity for venues • Low latency for real-time interactivity
• Massive capacity for unlimited data plans
• Lower cost per bit
New indoor opportunities — Fiber-like broadband to the Beyond smartphones
3
e.g., connected enterprises home — fixed mmWave — e.g., smart manufacturing
Solving system-level
problems is in our DNA
Qualcomm’s mission statement
“Qualcomm’s objective is to apply our experience to systems
problems that arise in the design, analysis, implementation and
testing of digital communication processing systems and
networks to bring reliable, functionally effective, user-friendly
products to the marketplace.”
Dr. Irwin Mark Jacobs
Dr. Andrew J. Viterbi
July 1, 1985
1989: CDMA
We proved the skeptics wrong
Many argued that CDMA was too complex to
deploy. Others said it just wouldn’t work.
4
We overcame the “impossible” mobile mmWave challenge
Limited coverage and too costly Significant coverage with co-siting
Limited to just a few hundred feet, thus requiring many Analog beamforming w/ narrow beam to overcome path loss.
small cells Achieving significant coverage when reusing existing sites.
Works only line-of-sight (LOS) Operating in LOS and Non- LOS
Blockage from hand, body, walls, foliage, rain Pioneered advanced beamforming, beam tracking
severely limits signal propagation leveraging path diversity and reflections.
Only viable for fixed use Supporting robust mobility
Only commercially proven for wireless Robustness with adaptive beam steering and switching
backhauls and satellites to overcome blockage from hand, head, body, foliage.
Immature RFIC technology Modem RF
Transceiver
Commercialized smartphone
Power hungry due to wider bandwidth with RF Front-end
Launched modem, RF, and antenna products to meet
thermal challenges in small formfactor formfactor, thermal constraints and regulatory compliance.
5
A system approach to innovation — from vision to commercialization
1 2 3 4 5
Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries.
Industry-leading Prototyping while Advanced system Broad industry Cutting-edge system
R&D driving standards simulations collaboration and trials solutions
Breaking technology boundary Validating new designs by building Using real models to accurately Working closely with the Delivering not just device chipsets
to bring new capabilities real systems — networks and predict system performance ecosystem to prototype new but system solutions, such
and efficiencies for new devices, devices, driving standards with in a wide range of scenarios solutions, fully utilizing our global as small cells, device and data
services, deployments learning experience management
6
Many milestones to mobilize 5G NR mmWave
FSM100xx
1990+ Oct. 2016 Mar. 2017 Sep. 2017 Dec. 2017 May 2018 Sep. 2018 Feb. 2019 1H19+ Jul. 2020
Many years of Introduced world’s first Led way forward on Showcased 5G NR Achieved world’s first Introduced FSM100xx, Announced first 3GPP- Announced our second Commercial 5G NR Completed second 5G
foundational technology announced 5G modem, the accelerated 5G NR eMBB mmWave coverage 5G NR mmWave industry’s first 5G NR compliant 5G NR generation multimode 5G mmWave network and standard — Release 16,
research on mmWave, Qualcomm® Snapdragon™ workplan, to enable simulations announced standards-compliant solution for small cells mmWave OTA call with a modem, Qualcomm® devices including data bringing enhanced mmWave
MIMO, advanced RF X50, mmWave & sub-6 GHz mmWave launches in 2019 prototype mmWave UE connection with partner and remote radio heads mobile form factor device Snapdragon™ X55 cards and smartphones performance and efficiency
5G NR field trials with Continued mobile
MNOs & infra vendors
mmWave evolution
MWC 2016 MWC 2017 Sep. 2017 Oct. 2017 MWC 2018 Jul. 2018 Oct. 2018 MWC 2019 Feb. 2020
Demonstrated Non-line of sight Demonstrated NLOS van Launched world’s first mmWave Demonstrated world’s first 5G Completed interoperability Launched the world’s Introduced even smaller Announced our indoor and Announced our third generation 5G
(NLOS) mmWave mobility with mobility with beam steering & smartphone, Asus ZenFone, mmWave connection based on testing with multiple first 5G NR RF module 5G NR RF module that outdoor mmWave e2e OTA modem, Qualcomm Snapdragon
beam steering, first at 5G switching across access points supporting 802.11ad 60 GHz Snapdragon X50; announced infrastructure vendors, for mobile devices is 25% smaller in size test networks and showcased X60, and continued to evolve our
analyst day in October 2015 smartphone reference design showcased 5G network indoor mmWave simulations mobile mmWave test network
capacity simulations
Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. 7
5G mmWave commercial devices
powered by Snapdragon
Hotspots
5G smartphones PCs
CPEs
Modules
Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. 9
Indoor Indoor /outdoor Transportation Fixed wireless Industrial
enterprises venues hubs access IoT
Offices, auditoriums, Conventions, concerts, Airports, train terminals, Urban cities, suburban towns, Factories, warehouses,
manufacturing stadiums subway stations rural villages logistic hubs
Expanding mmWave indoors, private networks, homes, IIoT
Multi-Gigabit speeds with Beyond smartphones, laptops, Leveraging existing Wi-Fi or
virtually unlimited capacity tablets, extended reality, … cellular by co-siting
1011
Evolving
mmWave in
3GPP Rel-16+
12Driving the 5G technology evolution
Continue expansion to new verticals,
deployments, use cases, spectrum
Delivering
on the 5G vision Rel-18+ evolution
Rel-171
Unified, future-proof
platform Rel-161
Rel-15
LTE essential part
of the 5G platform NR Rel-15 commercialization Commercialization of Rel-16, 17, and future releases
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023+
Rel-15 eMBB focus Rel-16 industry expansion Rel-17+ long-term expansion
• 5G NR foundation • eURLLC and TSN for IIoT • 5G V2X sidelink multicast • Lower complexity NR-Light
• Smartphones, FWA, PC • NR in unlicensed (NR-U) • In-band eMTC/NB-IoT • Boundless extended reality (XR)
• Expanding to venues, enterprises • Positioning • Higher precision positioning and more…
1. 3GPP start date indicates approval of study package (study item->work item->specifications), previous release continues beyond start of next release with functional freezes and ASN.1 13Expanding mmWave spectrum with the common framework
Common Common Prioritizing the
framework framework expansion to 71 GHz
Potential 5G
Expansion of low/mid Potential 5G Supported mmWave Prioritized expansion of Further mmWave expansion band for future
band spectrum1 band in study bands in Rel-15 mmWave in Rel-172 targeting future releases study
Sub-7 GHz Millimeter wave
(e.g., 3.5 GHz) (e.g., 28, 39 GHz)
410 MHz 7.125 GHz 24.25 GHz 52.6 GHz 71 GHz 114.25 GHz
1. Rel-15 supported 450 MHz to 6 GHz; 2 To support global unlicensed 60 GHz bands, SCS scaling from 24.25-52.6 GHz band with same characteristics (e.g., waveforms) 14Distributing antennas to improve robustness and coverage
mmWave gNodeB mmWave repeaters mmWave integrated access
and backhaul (IAB)
Wireless fronthaul mmWave link
(e.g., 95 GHz)
RRH Simple IAB node
Repeater
Fiber Adaptive multi-beam
gNodeB fronthaul gNodeB operation and TDD gNodeB IAB node
awareness
RRH Smart
Repeater
5G NR mmWave gNodeB and Extending coverage with simple Rel-16 IAB improves coverage and
remote radio heads (RRHs) repeaters, smart repeaters in Rel-17+ capacity, further enhancements in Rel-17+
Beam overlap with Flexible spatial reuse Range extension and
improved angular diversity from single mmWave cell coverage around blockages
15Disaggregated architecture for integrated access & backhaul
5G core
IAB donor components network
Central Unit
User Plane
Central Unit Other
Control Plane
CU-
CP
CU-
UP
OF functions IAB Donor
providing device interface to core network and
wireless backhauling for downstream IAB nodes
Distributed
Units DU DU
5G mmWave
IAB node components devices
Mobile Terminal MT IAB Node
acts as a device for its
parent node
5G mmWave
Distributed Unit DU
acts as a gNodeB for its child devices
nodes with L2 functionalities
(i.e., MAC scheduler)
Wireless
access
5G mmWave
devices
165G NR mmWave IAB1 for cost-efficient dense deployments
Improves coverage and capacity, while limiting backhaul cost
Sub-6 GHz gNodeB Multi-hop capability Redundant links
mmWave backhaul
mmWave access
For SA and
NSA 5G NR For mobile and fixed
modes wireless access
Fiber
backhaul
1 Integrated Access and Backhaul
• mmWave access inherently requires small cell deployment
Traditional fiber backhaul
• Running fiber to each cell site may not be feasible and can be cost prohibitive
can be expensive for • mmWave backhaul can have longer range compared to access
mmWave cell sites • mmWave access and backhaul can flexibly share common resources 17Supporting a flexible network deployment strategy
IAB can enable rapid and cost-efficient 5G NR mmWave network buildout
IAB
IAB
IAB
IAB
IAB IAB
IAB
IAB
IAB
IAB
IAB
IAB
IAB
IAB
IAB
Fiber Fiber IAB
Fiber
backhaul backhaul backhaul
Early 5G NR mmWave Widening 5G NR mmWave Supporting rapid traffic
deployments based on Rel-15 coverage using IAB growth with additional fibers
Starting to connect new 5G NR Incrementally deploying additional Deploying new fiber links for
mmWave base stations using base stations with IAB still using selected IAB nodes as
limited/existing fiber links limited/existing fiber links capacity demands increase
18Evolving IAB for broader, more efficient deployment
Rel-17+ brings better capabilities, more flexible deployments, and new use cases
Smarter network planning
Enhanced distributed IAB ML-based network management, zero-network
Distributed unit (DU) context can be shared between planning, increased IAB deployment tolerances
centralized units (CU), cross-CU configurations
Topological redundancy
Extension to support more than two parent IAB
nodes to achieve better reliability and capacity
Enhanced QoS
Optimizations for latency-critical traffic
on backhaul and scheduling/signaling
improvements for multi-hop
Expanded spectrum
Unlicensed (e.g., 37, 60 GHz) or higher
mmWave bands (e.g., 71-114.25 GHz)
Network power saving
IAB can be powered down during low traffic
and supporting dynamic broadcast config Expanded backhaul
LTE Wireless backhauling LTE and non-3GPP traffic
over 5G NR mmWave IAB supporting QoS
Mobile relay and sidelink Enhanced multiplexing
Coverage extension and offload with moving base Simultaneous access and backhaul
stations for portable deployment for e.g., disaster areas with spatial multiplexing or full duplex
19Map Legend
Spring 2020
gNodeB site
mmWave
# devices
Deploying IAB to IAB site
expand mmWave Average downlink signal improvement
coverage
End-to-end system simulations
using 5G NR mmWave at 28 GHz
Network throughput improvement
Frankfurt, Germany
Total simulation mmWave coverage simulation results
area: ~1 km2
Total number
of gNodeBs: 7
Total number
of IAB nodes: 28
Total number
of devices: 300
Link to full demonstration video
20
No IAB With IABImproved reliability Higher performance Better mobility / coverage
• Supporting multi-beam repetitions • Multiple antenna panels support to • More efficient beam management
improve throughput and diversity to support higher intra- and L1/L2
• More robust beam failure recovery
inter-cell mobility (e.g., expanded
schemes1 for both UL and DL • UL/DL beam selection decoupled for
beam selection)
optimal performance in both directions2
1 Including proactive beam set switching, SCell beam failure recovery, and UL beam failure recovery; 2 Via device-based beam management that also helps to adhere to MPE - Maximum Permissible Exposure; for example,
when a finger is on top of a patch antenna, the MPE is significantly lower than otherwise (+34dBm vs. +8dBm)
Further enhancing mmWave beam management in Rel-16+
21Spring 2020
Map Legend
Showcasing
gNodeB
network benefits site
of Multi-TRP #
Multi-TRP
devices
End-to-end system simulations
using 5G NR mmWave at 28 GHz
Frankfurt, Germany
Total simulation
area: ~1 km2
Total number
of gNodeBs: 113 Network throughput improvement Average device downlink signal improvement
Total number
of devices: 300
Link to full demonstration video
22More efficient control
Device assisted Efficient carrier channel
power savings aggregation operation Reduce processing overhead with
Device provides additional information Reduce number of blind decoding control channel (PDCCH) skipping
(e.g., battery level & temperature) for to optimize power consumption
network to select carrier or power mode1
Sub-6 GHz
mmWave
Further improving
power efficiencies for
5G NR mmWave
Focusing on connected mode
power saving — 3GPP Rel-16+ Multi-panel beam
management Integrated WUR2 with beam
Antenna information is provided by Enhanced low-power
the device to enable more power-
management in C-DRX3
efficient beam sweeping/switching Beamformed wakeup signal modes
improves beam pairing success Improve device power consumption
and extends sleep4 in idle and inactive modes
1 For example, using lower rank/CA during power-saving mode; 2 Wakeup Receiver; 3 Connected discontinued receive;
4 Power saving ranges from 10% to 80% over baseline C-DRX depending on the Ton and Tcycle configurations; 23Spring 2020
Simulating device
power saving
features
With R15 C-DRX baseline, R16
Wakeup Signal and Enhanced CA
Frankfurt, Germany Enhanced CA
Total simulation
area: ~1 km2
Total number
of gNodeBs: 96
Total number
of devices: 1500 Wakeup Signal
Link to full demonstration video
245G mmWave
brings benefits Industrial handhelds Immersive training HD video surveillance
to a broad set of
industrial use cases 5G Smart
Manufacturing
~4.8T
Inherently ultra-low latency
Fiber-like data speeds
In global economic
Precise indoor locationing value by 2035 Guided execution
Massive capacity
Indoor / outdoor isolation
Simple deployment
* The 5G Economy in a Post-COVID-19 Era – an independent study from IHS Markit,
commissioned by Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Automation & motion control Mobile robots (e.g., AGV) Mobile workstations 25Enhanced Massive
mobile broadband IoT
Computer vision
Sensors
Head mounted display
Handheld terminal
Ultra-reliable
low-latency Wireless edge analytics
Automated guided vehicle (AGV)
Industrial robot
265G CoMP achieves ultra-reliability
1 2 Coordinated Multi
Spatial diversity for eURLLC to reach 99.9999% reliability
Point (CoMP) creates
spatial diversity
with redundant
communication paths
TRP 3 TRP TRP
• Other diversity methods such as
gNB
distributed frequency and time diversity are
units not sufficient for URLLC
• CoMP is facilitated by denser
deployment of small cells with
high bandwidth backhaul
gNB centralized • For sub-7 GHz and mmWave,
unit and CoMP server licensed and unlicensed
spectrum in Rel-16
• Expanding to higher mmWave
bands (e.g., 60 GHz in Rel-17+)
1. Enhanced ultra-reliable low latency communication; 2. A performance requirements for communication service availability in 3GPP TS 22.104;
3. Transmission/Reception Point 27Further enhancing CoMP capabilities
Utilizing multiple transmission / reception points (Multi-TRP)
Robustness improvements Channel feedback enhancements
Beam sweeping for downlink/uplink control (e.g., Quicker beam selection with fast feedback and
HARQ ACK1) and uplink data channels simultaneous uplinks to multiple TRPs
Inter-cell multi-TRP Power savings
Allowing TRPs from different cells/base stations to Overhead reduction with optimized low-power mode
work together in multi-TRP operations (e.g., WUS) procedures for multi-TRP scenarios
Release 17+
Enhanced mmWave operations Unlicensed spectrum enhancements
More efficient per-TRP beam failure recovery, Group-based LBT procedure leveraging high-quality
beamformed SFN2, joint beam selection across TRPs backhaul, other channel access enhancements
1 Hybrid ARQ acknowledgement; 2 Single frequency network 28Further enhancing 5G mmWave design for industrial IoT
Reliability enhancements
Multi-beam operation
More candidate beams (e.g., beam sweeping for DL control, UL
control and data), device-based fast beam update
Latency enhancements
Beam failure recovery
Quicker beam failure detection and recovery procedure activation
based on device feedback
Beam management
Overhead reduction with pre-determined beam switching
(predictable device movements in IIoT environment)
Enhanced device feedback
Release 17+ Enhancements Refined HARQ (hybrid automatic repeat request) feedback and
enhanced CSF (channel state feedback)
Improving reliability, capability, and performance
295G mmWave
Surveillance
Highest performance Lower-tier
cameras Rel-15+ mobile devices
Industrial High-end
sensors wearables
5G NR-Light
Lower device complexity Increased network efficiency
mmWave
Reduced bandwidths Lower complexity & power Reduced signaling overhead
(e.g., 50/100 MHz) Rel-17+
Asymmetric traffic optimization
Fewer antennas Better resource management
Half duplex Service coexistence
Power savings Coverage optimization
Relaxed device processing
Control overhead reduction Repetition and bundling
capability and time
Enhanced power saving modes Lower order modulation
Limited mobility and handovers Sidelink or relays
Scaling down 5G mmWave for new IoT applications
30Supporting a
wide range of
new vertical Indoor navigation Smart manufacturing Connected healthcare
use cases
• For both indoor & outdoor
positioning
• Complementing existing 5G NR
positioning technologies, such as Supply chain visibility Positioning Public safety
GNSS1, beacons, sensors, Wi-
Fi/Bluetooth
• Targeting accuracy and latency
that meet diverse service
requirements2
• Supported in sub-7 GHz and
mmWave
Connected enterprises Drone tracking Smart retail 31Evolving 5G NR positioning to fully meet 5G requirements
Release 17
Enhancing capability and performance for a wide range of use cases
Release 16 Centimeter level accuracy Lower latency positioning
Meeting absolute accuracy Reducing positioning latency to as low as
Meeting initial accuracy requirements of 3m
requirements of down to 0.3m 10 ms (e.g., on-demand PRS, L1/L2 signaling)
(indoor) to 10m (outdoors) for 80% of time
Roundtrip Angel of arrival / Time difference of New evaluation scenarios Higher capacity
time (RTT) departure (AoA/AoD) arrival (TDOA) Supporting new channel models Scaling to millions of simultaneous
for industrial IoT environment devices for e.g., IoT, automotive
Position along circumference
Single-cell based on UL AoA
positioning
Radius based on RTT
Device-based positioning (e.g., multi-RTT, AoA) improves accuracy, reliability,
latency, flexibility, scalability, and tight integration with location applications
32Evolving 5G positioning for better accuracy and efficiency
Enhancements candidates for Release 17 and beyond
Lower band PRS
(e.g., sub-6 GHz)
Reflector (e.g., tinted glass, concrete)
Higher band PRS
(e.g., mmWave)
Blockage
Request for PRS
On-demand PRS Low-latency signaling Inter-band measurements2
Reducing broadcast overhead & positioning acquisition latency Layer 1 / 2 based signaling for PRS Comparing measurements from different bands (e.g.,
and optimizing for different requirements, e.g., accuracy/latency transmission and management report sub-7 vs. mmWave) to eliminate errors from NLOS paths3
RTT4 measurement derives Node C
inter-node distance
PRS 1 PRS 2 PRS 3 Node A
RTT + TDOA5
Device in inactive
Effective PRS1 / idle mode
measurement derives
Node B
synchronization error
Multi-carrier positioning Positioning in low-power states Sidelink positioning Reference node synchronization
Aggregating contiguous carriers to Measuring & reporting position in inactive / Utilizing sidelink (i.e., PC5) for more Improving calibration of the positioning
increase effective PRS bandwidth for idle modes to reduce power consumption flexible positioning, for e.g., automotive reference nodes to minimize relative location /
better accuracy and latency / V2X use cases synchronization errors
1 Positioning Reference Signals; 2 Apply to UL/DL and RTT based positioning techniques; 3 For techniques based on range measurements — different bands have different reflection/propagation characteristics but same
speed-of-light OTA; 4 Round Trip Time; 5 Time Difference of Arrival 335G NR sidelink extends coverage & targets new use cases
Building on LTE and C-V2X direct communication for sub-7 GHz and mmWave
High performance offload
Providing high data rate, low latency links to devices in
proximity, for use cases such as gaming, mission-critical
Wearable connectivity
Creating a personal area network to connect the smartphone
directly to wearables such as watches, XR, and more
Public safety
Enhancing existing LTE based system to enable services over
5G NR, including one-to-many device broadcast
Range extension
Extending coverage via direct communication, e.g., for massive
IoT devices (e.g., meters) with multi-hop mesh relays
34February 2020
Breaking the technology
boundary with 5G mobile
mmWave evolution
Advanced 5G mmWave OTA test network
▪ 3GPP-compliant 5G mmWave network operating
at 28 GHz capable of 800 MHz bandwidth
Mobile test device
▪ Robustness with crowd blocking and high-speed on a drone
mobility (i.e., device travelling on a drone)
▪ Boundless virtual reality (VR) experiences using
5G, edge cloud and on-device processing
5G mobile mmWave technology evolution
▪ System simulations of new features in Rel-16+
▪ Integrated access and backhaul
▪ Multiple transmission and reception point
▪ Advanced device power saving features
355G NR enhancements for mmWave
Completed Release 16 Projects Release 17+ Projects
Integrated access and backhaul (IAB) Improved IAB for distributed deployment
Enabling flexible deployment of small cells reusing Introducing full duplex operations and mobile relays for
spectrum and equipment for access and backhaul improved capability, coverage, and QoS
Enhanced beam management Optimized coverage & beam management
Improving latency, robustness and performance with full Reducing overhead, enhancing performance (e.g., beam
beam refinement and multi-antenna-panel beam support selection), improving coverage
Power saving features Expanded spectrum support
Maximizing device sleep duration to improve power Supporting licensed and unlicensed spectrum in
consumption as well as allowing faster link feedback frequencies ranging from 52.6 GHz to 71 GHz
Dual connectivity optimization New use cases beyond eMBB
Reducing device initial access latency and improving Expanding mmWave support for sidelink, URLLC,
coverage when connected to multiple nodes and industrial IoT use cases (e.g., NR-Light)
Positioning Enhanced positioning
Meeting initial accuracy requirements of 3m (indoor) Enhancing capability for a wide range of use cases
to 10m (outdoors) for 80% of time — cm-level accuracy, lower latency, higher capacity
36Intelligently connecting
our world in the 5G era
Next technology leap
A unified connectivity for new capabilities
fabric this decade and efficiencies
Continued evolution
Rel-15 Rel-16 and 17 Rel-18, 19. 20 and beyond
eMBB focus Expanding to new industries Continued 5G proliferation
Strong 5G momentum Historically 10 years
between generations
sets the stage for the
global expansion
37Questions?
38Thank you
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