DANUBE LIMES INTERPRETATION FRAME- WOR K (DLIF) FOR AUSTR IA AND BAVAR IA
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DA N U B E L I M E S I N T E R P R E TAT I O N F R A M E - WOR K ( DL I F ) FOR AUST R I A A N D BAVA R I A T H E DA N U B E F RO N T I E R : F RO N T L I N E A N D S T RO NG HO L D O F T H E RO M A N E M P I R E S T R AT E G I S C H E R V E R M I T T L U NG S P L A N ( „ I N T E R P R E TAT I O N F R A M E WO R K “ D L I F *) F Ü R D E N D O N AU L I M E S I N Ö S T E R R E IC H U N D B AY E R N DI E D O NAUG R E N Z E : G R E N Z L I N I E U N D B O L LW E R K D E S RÖ M I S C H E N R E IC H E S * D A N U B E L I M E S I N T E R P R E TAT I O N F R A M E W O R K
DA N U B E L I M E S I N T E R P R E TAT I O N F R A M E WO R K ( D L I F ) F O R AU S T R I A A N D B AVA R I A T H E DA N U B E F RO N T I E R : F RO N T L I N E A N D S T RO NG HO L D O F T H E RO M A N E M P I R E Christof Flügel Eva Kuttner I N C O L L A B O R AT I O N W I T H R E I N H A R D T H A R R E I T H E R , F R A N Z H U M E R , K A R I N F I S C H E R AU S S E R E R , N I G E L M I L L S , J Ü RG E N O B M A N N , E D UA R D P O L L H A M M E R , C H R I S T O P H Ö L L E R E R , R I C A R DA S C H M I D T A N D S T E FA N T R A X L E R M Ü N C H E N/ E N N S • 2 016
Danube Limes Interpretation Framework Foreword
F O R E WO R D
In antiquity, the Danube frontier in Austria and Bavaria society”, adopted by the UNESCO General Conference on
formed an important part of the frontiers of the Roman July 27, 2015. This Interpretation Framework adopts these
Empire whose total length extended over 5,000 kilomet- recommendations and develops them further. A primary
res. Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall (UK) as well as aim is to create an attractive and structured museums
the Upper German-Raetian Limes in Germany are already landscape on the Austrian-Bavarian Danube Limes, enab-
parts of a transnational World Heritage Site “Frontiers of ling the public to discover and repeatedly re-discover the
the Roman Empire” which will be enlarged over the next Romans. A second primary aim is to enhance our under-
few years by adding further sections of the frontier along standing of the Danube Limes and its cultural significance.
the rivers Danube and Rhine.
We hope that this Interpretation Framework provides a
This Interpretation Framework was developed as part of basis for strategic planning and decision making for local,
the process of preparing the nomination document for the regional and supra-regional museums, to take forward the
Danube Limes in Austria and Bavaria. The Framework is interpretation and presentation of their collections and
an integral part of the management plan included in the permanent exhibitions. We would like to thank the whole
nomination document, but can also be used separately as team of authors and express our wish for broad dissemi-
an advisory document for interpretation and access, the nation and acceptance.
identification of lead themes and improvement of perma-
nent exhibitions in the Roman museums along the river
Danube in Austria and Bavaria. Using the Hadrian’s Wall
Interpretation Framework as a best-practice example, the
“Danube Limes Interpretation Framework (DLIF)” for the
first time in Europe adopts a binational strategic interpre- Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Bildung und Kultus,
Wissenschaft und Kunst
tation approach focused on a common primary concept
(“The Danube Limes in Austria and Bavaria: Frontline and Abteilung für Denkmalschutz und Kunstrückgabeangele-
Stronghold of the Roman Empire”). genheiten im Bundeskanzleramt Österreich und Abteilung
für Archäologie im Bundesdenkmalamt
Museums play an important role in explaining to the pu-
Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege
blic a predominantly non-visible linear archaeological site
and its preserved monuments to enhance understanding Landesstelle für die nichtstaatlichen Museen in Bayern
and hence protection of this proposed World Heritage R ivergod Danuv ius f rom Carnuntum
Site. The essential function of museums in the context of Kulturabteilungen der Bundesländer Oberösterreich,
World Heritage Sites was set out in detail in the “Recom- Niederösterreich, Wien und Stadtarchäologie Wien
mendation concerning the protection and promotion of Verein „Museen am Donaulimes in Österreich“
museums and collections, their diversity and their role in
4 5
Danube Limes Interpretation Framework Introduction
I N T RO D UC T I O N
„ D A N U BE L I M E S I N T E R P R E TAT ION F R A M E -
WO R K ( DL I F )” F O R AUS T R I A A N D BAVA R I A
“The Roman Empire was one of the largest, most powerful issues confronted by people and nations in the modern ctions of river valleys with the Danube provided security numents of the nominated property and thematically
and influential Empires the World has ever seen. Its im- world, of conflict, security, mistrust, autocracy, economic against possible Barbarian invasion routes from the north. connected museums. All content should be continually
pact and legacy continues to affect and shape our modern prosperity and opportunity, religion, ethnicity and cultural The Danube itself served as the major military supply reviewed in accordance with the latest standards of ar-
world although the high point of the Empire was over exchange. They provide a window through which to look route as well as one of the most important civilian trade chaeological research. The DLIF is not intended as a stra-
2000 years ago. The frontiers ebbed and flowed in res- at the past, the present and the future. They provide a ve- routes in the Empire. tegic concept for international, regional or local tourism
ponse to economic and political issues and decisions at the hicle through which to explore and to promote UNESCO’s Hadrian’s Wall in England, the Antonine Wall in Scotland development. It is based strictly on archaeological and
heart of the Empire and threats and pressures at its edges. core values in creating the concept of World Heritage – to and the Upper-German-Raetian Limes in Germany are educational evaluations of relevant sites of the DLAB and
Imperial ambition, Roman identity, external threats, trade, promote understanding, toleration, co-operation and res- parts of the UNESCO-World-Heritage-Site “Frontiers of of associated finds in terms of their potential to explain
resources, communications and supply were important pect amongst the nations of the World.”* the Roman Empire”. Currently, efforts are taken to add the the DLAB to all members of the public.
factors influencing the location, extent and nature of the Danube Limes in Austria and Bavaria (DLAB).
frontiers and how they changed and evolved over time. The present Danube Limes Interpretation Framework is
The frontiers of the Roman Empire defined the Roman A World Heritage Nomination requires a management the result of long-term discussions since 2015. The result
world physically, symbolically and psychologically. The The Danube Frontier in Austria and Bavaria: plan, of which the interpretation framework forms an is the first binational strategic interpretation concept ever
Emperors spent much of their time on the frontiers and Frontline and Stronghold of the Roman Empire essential part. The “Landesstelle für die nichtstaatlichen existing, aiming to make the complex Danube river frontier
depended on the army, mainly based on the frontiers, for The primary concept “Frontline and Stronghold of the Museen in Bayern” (Bavarian Department for Museums, system understandable to all interested members of the
support. Many Emperors came from the frontier areas, Roman Empire” reflects the heavily fortified character of Munich/Germany) in collaboration with the association public. It is hoped that the DLIF can serve as an interpre-
especially in the later Empire. The nature and physical the Danube Limes in Austria and Bavaria and its role as „Museen am Donaulimes in Österreich“ (museums on tation model for future stretches of the WHS “Frontiers of
structure of the frontiers and their military systems varied one of Rome’s most important and heavily fortified river the Danube Limes in Austria, Enns/Austria) coordinated the Roman Empire”.
across the limits of the Empire, including walls and timber frontiers. This approximately 550 kilometres long section drafting this transnational interpretation framework for
palisades, rivers, deserts and mountains. The purpose of between Bad Gögging (Bavaria) and Carnuntum (Austria) Bavaria as well as for the Austrian states of Upper Austria,
the frontiers varies too, over space and time and was often formed an integral part of the northern Frontier of the Ro- Lower Austria and Vienna. Additionally, the following ins-
as much about controlling and managing communications, man Empire at its greatest extent, retaining this military titutions took part in the development:
trade and movement of people as it was about defence. importance unchanged until Late Antiquity. The locations Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum (Linz/Austria), Land
The frontiers were where the Roman world came face to of the military installations are a result of the particular Niederösterreich, K1 (St. Pölten/Austria) and the Stadtar-
face with others. As in the modern world, these frontier topography and geography of both sides of the Danube chäologie (urban archaeology) of Vienna.
zones were marked by innovation, cultural exchange, con- along this section: Roman forts protected extensive fertile The DLIF is intended as a guidance document with ad-
flict and ethnic mingling and diversity. plains such as the Gäuboden (Bavaria) or the Tullner Feld visory status for interpretation and access to the mo-
Today the story of the Roman frontiers symbolises many (Austria) south of the river while other forts located at jun-
* N. T. W. Mills, The Frontiers of the Roman Empire WHS – Public Presenta-
tion and Interpretation Planning in: L. Vagalinski/N. Sharankov/S. Torbatov,
(Ed.), Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Roman Frontier
Studies, Ruse, Bulgaria, September 2012 (Sofia 2015) 941 – 947.
6 7
Danube Limes Interpretation Framework Part 1: Definitions
DA N U BE L I M E S I N T E R P R E TAT ION
F R A M E WO R K ( DL I F )
The Danube Frontier in Austria and Bavaria: DLAB and of associated finds in terms of their po- • T he aims and strategies of the DLIF as a Museums • I mplementation of the DLIF on a local level should
Frontline and Stronghold of the Roman Empire tential to explain the DLAB to all members of the and Visitor Attractions Plan will be continually follow regional and national cultural legislation and
On July 27, 2015 the 38th UNESCO General Con- public. developed as an advisory document, in accordance strategies.
ference in Paris adopted the “Recommendation • W hile taking into consideration UNESCO’s program with the latest standards of archaeological research
concerning the protection and promotion of muse- on World Heritage and Sustainable Tourism and and of international standards of interpretation. 1.4 DLIF – Primary Concepts
ums and collections, their diversity and their role relevant decisions of the World Heritage Commit- • A ll content will be continually reviewed and the Primary concepts contribute to the understanding
in society” 1. This important document uses the tee (Cf. 34 COM 5f.2), the DLIF is not intended as a plan updated at regular intervals. In order to gua- of the FRE as a whole and encapsulate distinctive
term ‘heritage’ for tangible and intangible values as strategic concept for international, regional or local rantee standards of display, presentation and visitor features for each national section under one headline.
well as cultural heritage as included in the UNESCO tourism development. guidance which are commensurate with UNESCO For the UK and German parts of the “Frontiers of the
culture conventions. Paragraph 10 invites member • The recommendations of the DLIF are based on: World Heritage it is necessary to coordinate all acti- Roman Empire-WHS” the following primary concepts
states to “…encourage museums to actively interpret −− t he importance of authenticity for the DLAB. Each vities with the appropriate ministries and authori- have been defined:
and disseminate knowledge on collections, monu- visitor site must preserve and convey its own ties of the individual Federal States. Hadrian’s Wall: The North-West Frontier of the Ro-
ments and sites” and therefore aims to bridge the value and authenticity as well as that of the mo- • T he Maintenance and Development Plans of the man Empire
gap between museums and their collections and the nument in its entirety and it must contribute to individual Federal States define more precisely the Antonine Wall: Rome’s Northern Frontier
relevant sites. Communication, education and audi- the development of the general public’s under- proposals made in the DLIF and regulate the imple- Upper German-Raetian Limes (ORL): A Frontier for
ence development are identified in the document as standing and appreciation of the DLAB. mentation at regional and local levels. Rome (Raetian Limes only) 5
further important functions. Taking account of these −− t he content and the spirit of national and interna-
recommendations, the DLIF offers for the first time tional principles. Any future activities in connec- 1.2 DLIF – Validity Area The Danube Limes in Austria and Bavaria was hea-
comprehensive transnational strategies and policies tion with displays and attractions must take into • T he DLIF comprises the Roman River Frontier along vily fortified with four legionary bases (Regensburg;
for interpretation on the Danube Limes in Austria consideration all existing agreements. The most the Upper Danube between Bad Gögging (Germany) Enns/Albing; Vienna; Carnuntum) and witnessed
and Bavaria (DLAB). important of these principles are set out in: and Bad Deutsch-Altenburg (Austria), covering four frequent and significant military activity over a long
· European convention for the protection of the different administrative regions (Bavaria/D; Upper period. The following primary concept, which expres-
archaeological heritage – the Convention of Austria/A; Lower Austria/A; Vienna/A). ses effectively the linear character of the river frontier
PART 1 DEFINITIONS Malta, • T he DLIF covers three Roman provinces: Raetia, and its military significance, has been agreed:
· Code of Ethics – International Council of Noricum and the western part of Pannonia Superior.
1.1 D
anube Limes Interpretation Framework Museums 1986 in its latest edition from 8th • T he three provinces differ in their historical de- The Danube Frontier in Austria and Bavaria:
(DLIF) – Aims and Strategies October 2004, velopment. This transnational / international Frontline and Stronghold of the Roman Empire
• T he DLIF is a guidance document with advisory · Recommendation concerning the protection interpretation approach sees the DLAB as a histori-
status for interpretation and access to the monu- and promotion of museums and collections, cal entity comprising several component parts that This primary concept may be relevant also to other
ments of the nominated property and thematically their diversity and their role in society from once belonged together organically by geography sections of the Danube Limes in future nominations.
connected museums. All content should be conti- 27th July 2015 (cf. the preamble of present and political history in Roman times. We invite the State Parties concerned to participate
nually reviewed in accordance with the latest stan- document), in the further development of the DLIF.
dards of archaeological research. · F inal declaration of the Catania 2015 Interna- 1.3 DLIF – Audience Development and
• T he aim of the DLIF is to increase awareness of the tional Conference „Museums and World Cul- addressees
Bavarian-Austrian Danube Limes Section of the FRE tural Heritage“, adopted by the ICOM Advisory • T
he DLIF offers archaeologically substantiated
(DLAB) for local, regional, national and global audi- Committee on July 9th, 2016. guidance in developing local and regional interpre-
ences, in accordance with the OUV. · Museums Association (UK), code of Ethics in tation in the field of cultural, infrastructural and
• The DLAB DLIF is to be seen as complementary to the its latest edition of 5th November 2015 3 educational policies.
Interpretation Framework for the Raetian Limes 2. · Network of European Museum Organisations • T he DLIF aims to foster understanding and enhance
• T he main goal of the DLIF is the enhancement of (NEMO), Policy Statement from 20th August personal engagement of visitors and residents. Re-
intellectual access to sites and museums as places 2015 4, quirements of different target groups will receive
for lifelong learning and education. · P rocedural methods to be used in conserva- special attention. 1 http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002433/243325e.pdf
(22.06.2016).
• T he DLIF proposes a structure for interpretation tion, restoration, reconstruction, rebuilding • T he DLIF aims at managing the visitor flow taking 2 http://www.museen-in-bayern.de/uploads/media/MH_44_Sonderdruck.pdf
comprising local, regional and supra-regional levels and covering (for conservation purposes) of into consideration seasonal variations in visitor (15.11.2015)
3 http://www.museumsassociation.org/download?id=1155827 (24.05.2016);
and relevant themes that can be adapted according archaeological monuments of the DLAB – an pressure. http://www.museumsassociation.org/download?id=1173810 (24.05.2016)
to local needs and political circumstances. integral part of the Management Plan. • T he DLIF suggests local, regional and supra-regional 4 http://www.nemo.org/fileadmin/Dateien/public/NEMO_Statements/NEMO_
Policy_Statement_082015.pdf (21.10.2015)
• T he DLIF is based strictly on archaeological and interpretation levels and relevant themes which can 5 http://www.museen-in-bayern.de/uploads/media/MH_44_Sonderdruck.pdf
educational evaluations of relevant sites of the be adapted according to local needs and political (15.11.2015)
circumstances.
8 9
Danube Limes Interpretation Framework Part 2: Policies for Interpretation
PART 2 POLICIES FOR INTERPRETATION an effective means of connecting visitors’ contempo- Region 6 / Traismauer-Klosterneuburg:
2.1.6 Multi-lingual approach and Multimedia rary experiences with sites and museum collections. Lead theme: Monuments of Imperial Power
Interpretation should follow best practice as ad- Newly established permanent exhibitions, multime- Storytelling can be accomplished through a variety Interpretation Access Point: Klosterneuburg.
vocated by the European Association for Heritage dia (including virtual reconstructions), signage and of media including text and illustrations, displays,
Interpretation 6. The following guiding principles are websites should be available in German and English live interpretation, re-enactment, audio-visual/ Region 7 / Vienna
proposed for the DLAB: (and in other languages where appropriate). English multi-media, models etc. (wider area of Vienna legionary fortress):
versions must be proofread by Roman provincial Lead theme: VINDOBONA – The Legion’s influence on
archaeologists and native speakers. social life
2.1 Key Principles 2.3 Interpretation Strategies Interpretation Access Point: Vienna, Römermuseum.
2.1.1 One Site, one lead theme To make the complex Danube River Frontier system
Each nominated site should focus on a lead theme 2.2 C
riteria for Selection of key themes understandable to all interested members of the Region 8 / Petronell / Carnuntum-Bad Deutsch Altenburg
which contributes to the primary concept. Criteria for and topics for interpretation public, the following strategies were agreed on by the (wider area of Carnuntum legionary fortress):
the selection of lead themes are set out in section 2.2. The identification and selection of key themes and to- DLIF Group. Lead theme: CARNUNTUM – Land of the Romans
Lead themes can be supported by several sub-the- pics for the DLIF is based on archaeological and histo- Interpretation Access Point: Freilichtmuseum Petro-
mes which contribute to the lead theme and provide rical information (e.g. re-use of fortification elements 2.3.1 Interpretation Regions and regional nell, Informationszentrum.
connections with other DLAB sites. during the Middle Ages; distribution of military units; interpretation access points
historical and epigraphic sources) and on interpreta- The whole length of the DLAB is sub-divided into in- 2.3.2 Levels of Interpretation
2.1.2 Personal Engagement tion principles and good practice. terpretation regions, each of which represents an un- The museum categories proposed follow the establis-
“People take interest in things they can connect with derstandable “chapter” contributing to the primary hed categories on the Upper-German-Raetian Limes
(in a positive or negative way) 7” 2.2.1 Collection Focus concept “The Danube Frontier in Austria and Bava- (ORL). Due to the large number of well-preserved
Interpretation in the sense used by the European The various objects in museum collections should be ria: Frontline and Stronghold of the Roman Empire”. remains along the Austrian-Bavarian-Danube-Limes,
Association for Heritage Interpretation and in the evaluated with regard to their storytelling potential Each “chapter” can be visited separately. a new interpretation category “monumentum” has
DLIF is more than the provision of information – good and possibilities for personal engagement. All objects been introduced. Accessibility for all members of the
interpretation seeks to engage the visitor. Themes have a variety of attributes (physical, social, functio- The proposed interpretation regions for the DLAB public, wherever feasible, is strongly recommended.
and topics that enable connections to be made with nal, symbolic) that can be used to illustrate different have been defined through evaluation of geographi-
the personal lives, views and interests of local people themes and topics. The aim is to select objects that cal core areas combined with key archaeological Level 1 / Supra-regional museums:
and visitors help to enhance engagement and hence can effectively illustrate and bring to life stories and assets (sites and collections). The evaluation reflects −− Geographical coverage of specific landscape, river
understanding. An emotional connection will foster ideas. the attributes identified for the DLAB as part of the or regional sections of the DLAB
personal motivation and participation in protecting FRE WHS. The interpretation regions do not take into −− Directed by archaeologists with qualifications in
the monuments. 2.2.2 Iconic Finds account modern administrative or national borders. the archaeology of the Roman provinces
Whenever possible, single “highlight objects” should For each interpretation region a “regional access −− I nformation about the principles of World Heritage
2.1.3 Accessibility of museums and sites for support and illustrate key messages. Iconic finds help point” is identified taking into account location and −− Substantiated Information about the DLAB and the
Interpretation to enhance the identity of single sites. accessibility. Frontiers of the Roman Empire in their entirety
Museums and other interpretation/information faci- −− T hematic presentations about a supra-regional
lities as well as on-site signage and interpreted rou- 2.2.3 Attributes Region 1 / Regensburg section of the DLAB and objects excavated there
tes/paths should adopt the thematic approach of the Attributes 8 identified for the property are reflected in (wider area of Regensburg legionary fortress):
DLIF and use the joint corporate design for the DLAB. the thematic interpretation approach. They contri- Lead theme: The Bavarian Legion Level 2 / Regional museums:
To improve intellectual accessibility open source me- bute to the selection of individual lead themes. The Interpretation Access Point: Regensburg, Histori- −− P resentation of regional sections of the DLAB and
dia are preferable. To improve physical accessibility attributes “location and setting”, “construction and sches Museum. local topographical characteristics
every effort should be made to ensure public access layout”, as well as “material and substance” are −− P resentation of selected special themes
to the property without disturbing or destroying the used as key assets for interpretation: Comparison of Region 2 / Straubing-Künzing:
monuments. modern and Roman landscape can help in under- Lead theme: The Central Raetian Danube Frontier Level 3 / Local museums:
standing the strategic significance of single military Interpretation Access Point: −− Presentation of local topographical characteristics
2.1.4 UNESCO and OUV installations along the Roman Danube Frontier. Straubing, Gäubodenmuseum. −− Presentation of local selected themes
To emphasize the significance of the DLAB as part This is of particular importance at the DLAB, as the
of the transnational, serial “Frontiers of the Roman ancient topographical features are preserved to a Region 3 / Passau-Linz: Level 4 / monumentum or document
Empire” WHS, interpretation at individual sites will high degree. Outstanding topographical situations of Lead theme: −− T he term “monument” or “document” is used
contribute through their lead and supporting themes selected sites may therefore be used to define a local Changing Concepts of Frontiers over time exclusively for excavated or preserved remains
to understanding of the OUV in its broadest sense. interpretation lead theme. Interpretation Access Point: Passau, Römermuseum displayed as key exhibits in situ within the nomi-
Wherever feasible interpretation will include expla- Kastell Boiotro. nated property.
nation of the concept of World Heritage and of the 2.2.4 Contribution of lead themes to the −− T he established term “document”, used for in situ
wider objectives of UNESCO. primary concept Region 4 / Enns-Albing archaeological monuments within the city of Re-
The lead themes selected for each site should cont- (wider area of Enns legionary fortress): gensburg, will continue in use as an established
2.1.5 Different audiences and Learning ribute to the understanding of the primary concept Lead theme: LAURIACUM – The Legion’s influence on brand within Regensburg only.
Sites and museums are places of lifelong learning, “The Danube Frontier in Bavaria and Austria: Front- economy and culture −− Use of high quality interpretation (graphic or mul-
both formal and informal. Audience development line and Stronghold of the Roman Empire”. Interpretation Access Point: timedia) is highly recommended.
strategies will help to reach new visitors and ensure Enns, Museum Lauriacum.
the quality of interpretation for existing audiences. 2.2.5 Storytelling
All sites should seek to undertake on-going research Good interpretation is driven by stories. People are Region 5 / Wallsee-Mautern:
into existing and new/potential audiences and to re- more fascinated by stories than by facts. However, all Lead theme: Controlling the Landscape
ach out to new audiences and potential target groups good storytelling for heritage interpretation should 6 http://www.interpret-europe.net
Interpretation Access Point:
7 Zitat aus „Hadrian’s Wall Interpretation Framework“.
wherever possible. be based on firm, authentic evidence. Storytelling is Mautern, Römermuseum. 8 op Guidelines, 82.
10 11
Danube Limes Interpretation Framework Part 2: Policies for Interpretation
Level 5 / Signage on-site: mended. These “Limes Information Centres” will Existing national standards such as the “Österreichi- desstiftung) and EU-Initiatives (e.g. programs EFRE
−− F uture DLAB signage information on-site as well transmit the UNESCO World Heritage Idea and the sches Museumsgütesiegel” (Austrian quality seal for and Leader+) are reviewed by the Landesstelle. The
as archaeological hiking and cycling paths should general concept of the FRE as a WHS in particular, museums) should be integrated into DLAB quality Landesstelle was responsible for the Bavarian part
follow best-practice-principles developed for the taking into account the specific characteristics of standards. Museums in Austria should try to achieve of the present joint Austrian-Bavarian Interpretation
Upper German-Raetian-Limes and guidance pro- each Roman province concerned. this national accreditation. Framework.
vided by the European Association for Heritage In-
terpretation, especially with regard to the amount · L ICs serve as low-threshold supra-regional gateways 2.4.2 T
ransnational Corporate identity and 2.5.2 V
erbund Oberösterreichischer Museen
of text and communications design/branding 9. to the various interpretation offers. branding (Upper Austria)
−− Use of plain and understandable language is man- · T hey deliver archaeologically substantiated cont- Following the best-practice-example of a common The association of Upper Austrian museums „Ver-
datory. extual information concerning the concept of the corporate identity and branding on the Upper Ger- bund Oberösterreichischer Museen“ was founded in
−− A ll on-site-explanation must be bilingual (Ger- “Frontiers-of-the-Roman-Empire-WHS” in order to man-Raetian Limes (ORL) a joint CI for the Danube 2001 as a non-profit organisation and is active in the
man / English). A third language can be added if enhance the visitor experience of the WHS and Limes in the two countries, will be used for signage, realm of providing advice and service for their mem-
necessary. connected museums. mobile devices, multimedia or print media. bers, museums and collections all over Upper Austria.
−− E xplanation may be supported by technical · L ICs provide a concise and easily understandable The main intention is improving the quality of exhi-
features, such as inside-outside-screens or “te- overview of the Bavarian-Austrian Danube in the 2.4.3 Mobile devices and Multimedia bitions and collections. The association also supports
lescopes into the past”, as used for instance at relevant area. Best practice examples of smartphone applications the public relations of smaller museums – amongst
Passau-Boiotro. · L ICs require professional archaeological support already established in other parts of the “Frontiers of others through the museum portal 14 and the muse-
· L ICs must follow established best-practice-examples the Roman Empire WHS” (e.g. “Limes Middle Franco- ums app 15 of Upper Austria.
2.3.3 Archaeological Parks for interpretation centres 11. nia Mobile”, “Mainlimes Mobile” and the “Antonine Important current offers include several training mo-
The definition of “Archaeological Parks” follows the · L ICs are no substitute for museums and were con- Wall” app currently under development), should be dules (e.g. the training course “Museum Custodian”,
“Salalah recommendations” (First International Con- sequently classified as “museumsähnliche Einrich- used as models for wider application. the series of seminars “Museum plus” and “Research
ference of ICOMOS on Archaeological Parks and Sites, tung” by the federal “conference of museum advi- To ensure that the World Heritage Site is accessible into local history” which deals with the essentials of
23.-25. February 2015, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman). sory bodies” (Konferenz der Museums-Beratungs- and enjoyable for a wide public, applications should historical research in the field of local history, and
An archaeological park consists of Institutionen der Länder/KMBL) at a national level be available in German and English free of charge the seminar “Museum and Tourism”).
−−“Archaeological remains (below and above in Germany. using open-access-technologies. Virtual reconstruc- The association also started a web-based inventory
ground, movable and immovable) including ar- tions of Roman architecture must comply with inter- database in 2014, which has been created together
chaeological surfaces. The archaeological park · E
stablishment of LICs is recommended at the follo- national standards, mainly the London and Sevilla with the Upper Austrian Landesmuseum. Finally,
should have at least the size of the underground wing locations: Charters. New methods of interpretation like Geo- another important realm is cultural mediation. A
extent of the archaeological remains (archaeolo- - LIC Danube Limes Raetia: Straubing / D caching provide opportunities to increase awareness co-programme with the Johannes-Kepler-Universität
gical site). - LIC Danube Limes Noricum: Enns / A of the need for the protection of the monuments. Linz started in 2015 offers a seminar “Kulturver-
−− A carefully designed landscape that will ensure - L IC Danube Limes Pannonia Superior: mittlung”.
protection of archaeological remains below and Carnuntum / A 2.4.4 Print media The association “Verbund Oberösterreichischer
above ground surface, and effective interpreta- Print media should use a common Corporate Design Museen” will support the association “Museen am
tion of them to visitors. and reach different audiences. The priorities for print Donaulimes in Österreich” especially in the field of
−− A n area to which access is effectively regulated, 2.4 Awareness-Building strategies media are visitor orientation and interpretation in interpretation and in the field of public relations.
with controlled entrances, surrounded by an ade- Adequate actions to enhance public understanding of accordance with DLIF policies including comprehen-
quate buffer zone UNESCO values and the OUV and to ensure up-to-da- sible and coherent presentation of archaeological
−− A n archaeological park is the link between scien- te-interpretation should be undertaken. Each visitor evidence and historical value. 2.5.3 M
useumsmanagement Niederösterreich
tific research and the public. It can be termed as a should have the opportunity to understand the Aus- GesmbH (Lower Austria)
definable area, distinguished by the value of heri- trian-Bavarian Danube Limes in its entirety and to The Museumsmanagement Niederösterreich Gmbh
tage resources and land related to such resources, contribute to the development of the general public’s 2.5 N
ational institutions and organisations is a company within the Kultur.Region.Niederöster-
having the potential to become an interpretive, appreciation of the property. for interpretation reich GmbH. The Museumsmanagement Niederöster-
educational and recreational resource for the pu- This section gives an overview of national organi- reich is a consulting and service office for about 750
blic, which should be protected and conserved.” 10 2.4.1 Presentation and Collection Standards sations responsible for the development of didactic museums, collections, exhibition houses and theme
ICOM-Statutes of 24th August 2007, Art. 3, section 1, interpretation for the general public. trails in Lower Austria. Its main function is documen-
The “Archäologischer Park Carnuntum” is the largest define the basis of work in museums and collections. tation of museums and collections in Lower Austria
archaeological park of Middle Europe. Elements in- It is the duty of the museums to display artefacts 2.5.1 B
ayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, as well as providing further education especially
clude the Freilichtmuseum Petronell, the amphithe- found at the Austrian-Bavarian Danube Limes in the Landesstelle für die nichtstaatlichen for volunteers who work in and for museums. The
atre Petronell, the Heidentor as a landmark and the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Site “Frontiers Museen further education program includes two training
amphitheatre Bad Deutsch Altenburg. Carnuntum of the Roman Empire” (FRE). As a service institution of the Free State of Bavaria, the courses, one for cultural mediation and one for future
clearly illustrates the lead theme “Land of the Rom- All museums along the DLAB will follow the ICOM Landesstelle (Bavarian Department for Museums) 13, museum curators. There are also seminars, lectures
ans” identified above for interpretation region 8. The Code of Ethics for Museums. Collection policies which is part of the Bavarian State Conservation and hands-on, practical workshops.
park strongly meets the criteria of Archaeological should follow the DLIF with regard to public presenta- office supports more than 1,250 non-state museums
Park as defined under the “Salalah recommenda- tion and display. in Bavaria in planning and interpretation as well as
9 Siehe http://www.deutsche-limeskommission.de/fileadmin/dlk/images/dlk/
tions”. Modern reconstructions over Roman remains Special care will be taken in the conservation of ob- in all issues of museum practice. The support of the pdfs/Richtlinien_fuer_Erklaerungstafeln_am_LIMES.pdf
serve as buffer zones. Various interpretation levels jects, in improving storage conditions and in hand- non-state museums is laid down in article 12, para- 10 http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1256
11 http://www.museen-in-bayern.de/die-landesstelle/veroeffentlichungen/
may be combined within an archaeological park. ling of human remains in accordance with internati- graph 2,7 of the Bavarian Preservation of Historical museum-heute/details-museum-heute/artikel/museum-heute-44juli-2013.
onal standards 12. Projects to promote good practice Monuments Act (Bayerisches Denkmalschutzgesetz). html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=349&cHash=cb1efbd52d9c845d-
2.3.4 Limes Information Centres (LIC) in the collection and handling of archaeological finds The Landesstelle is responsible for financial support 2f9826f4396170d2
12 https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Human%20Remains%20policy%20
In addition to presentations in museums, “Limes should be supported. of non-State-run museum projects. Applications for July%202013%20FINAL.pdf (15.11.2015)
Information Centres”, preferably one in each Roman support to the Bavarian Cultural Fund (Kulturfonds 13 www.museen-in-bayern.de
14 http://www.ooemuseumsverbund.at/
province covered by the DLAB, are strongly recom- Bayern), Bavarian State Foundation (Bayerische Lan- 15 http://www.ooemuseumsverbund.at/museen/museums-app
12 13
Danube Limes Interpretation Framework Part 3: Actions
The Museumsmanagement arranges the annual mu- ment: Landesstelle für die nichtstaatlichen Museen in 2.6.3 C
ollaboration between Museums and ACTIONS PART 3
seum day in Lower Austria, a meeting to encourage Bayern (Munich/D); association “Museen am Donau- Tourism
and accelerate communication between establish- limes in Österreich” (Enns/A); Oberösterreichisches Tourism management-actions affecting the Danube All proposed actions will be evaluated every five ye-
ments, and organizes the formal administration of Landesmuseum (Linz/A); Land Niederösterreich, K1 Limes in Austria and Bavaria must strictly comply ars (starting from the publication of this document)
the funding for museums in Lower Austria. It pub- (St. Pölten/A); Stadtarchäologie Wien (Vienna/A). with guidelines of the ICOMOS International Cultural by the DLIF Group.
lishes books and brochures to spread the diversity Structure and content of the DLIF were approved by Tourism Committee 19.
and richness of the museum landscape within Lower the joint UK-German Management Group (“Hexham Activities in connection with displays and attractions
Austria. Group”) for the already existing FRE-sections of Had- should take into consideration the International Cul- 3.1 Transnational and trans-regional de-
The website 16 lists all museums in Lower Aust- rian’s Wall, the Antonine Wall and the Upper-Ger- tural Tourism Charter: Managing Tourism at places velopment and actions
ria and their events and exhibitions and provides man Raetian Limes at their meeting in Aalen (Ger- of heritage (ICOMOS 1999) as well as internationally The proposed actions aim to guarantee sustain-
information on further education and funding. It many; April 30, 2015). Structure and content were acknowledged museums standards, as defined in the able development and to create agreement between
also presents topics for visitors and staff members of further approved during the Dutch-German-Austrian ICOM statutes. The Rio+20 United Nations Confe- education authorities, communities, museums, histo-
museums. Meeting regarding the extension of the transnational, rence on sustainable development “The Future we rical associations and other stakeholders. Trans-regi-
serial World Heritage Site “Frontiers of the Roman want” can serve as an outline to tourism actions (ar- onal and trans-national projects will help to promote
Empire” (Germany / UK) with the “Lower German ticle 130, 131). The article of Graham Brooks addres- communication and exchange, as well as optimizing
2.5.4 Association „Museen am Donaulimes in Limes” (LGL) and the “Danube Limes in Austria and ses the duties of tourism management as a contribu- the effort of awareness-building.
Österreich“, Enns Bavaria” (DLAB) sections in Munich (May 19, 2015). tion to World Heritage Objectives (World Heritage 58,
Members of this association are museums with Ro- The DLIF was also internationally acknowledged du- 2010, 82-83). 3.1.1 Web sites
man collections on the Danube Limes in Austria. The ring the session “Presenting the Roman Frontier” at To enhance global accessibility websites relating to
website www.donau-limes.at represents the muse- the 23rd International Limescongress in Ingolstadt Possible risks to the property from tourism 20 must the DLAB will be established or updated.
ums and their exhibitions, provides information for on September 16, 2015. be continuously monitored: Museums on the Aus- The content will include
visitors and activities. The main purpose of the asso- trian-Bavarian Danube Limes should especially (a) archaeological and historical information
ciation is to coordinate, improve and foster interpre- 2.6.1 D
anube Limes Interpretation Framework strive to monitor and advise, from the perspectives (b) WHS information and management strategies
tation on the Danube Limes in Austria. The specific Group of archaeology and of interpretation, development (c) substantiated visitor information and interpretation
tasks are defined within the statutes 17 and comprise International co-operation is essential for successful programs in their areas which focus or impact on A download interface including open-source-docu-
the obligation to represent the interests of museums implementation of the DLIF. conservation, interpretation and tourism: “conser- ments, maps, photos, films and digital media is essen-
during the submission of the Management Plan of The Interpretation Group will therefore not be dissol- vation, interpretation and tourism development pro- tial. The text will be bilingual (English – German).
the nominated property „Frontiers of the Roman ved following inscription in the World Heritage List grams … based on an inadequate understanding of
Empire – The Danube Limes in Austria and Bavaria“ but will continue to work as an exchange platform the complex and often conflicting aspects of a place ... 3.1.2 Special exhibitions
and to work on the implementation and realization guaranteeing a stable and consistent common appro- can lead to a loss of authenticity and appreciation of To enhance knowledge of the DLAB and its associated
of the Management Plan. The association „Museen ach regarding good practice in interpretation. The the place” (Brooks 2010, 82). main theme “Frontline and stronghold of the Roman
am Donaulimes in Österreich“ was the responsible Interpretation Group has established a strong struc- Empire”, special exhibitions to be shown in a variety
Austrian key partner for Bavaria when drafting the ture and functionality as a result of the nomination 2.6.4 Platform “Donaulimes-Route” of locations in addition to the supra-regional muse-
Interpretation Framework. The association is com- process and will continue to operate through regular Regular meetings (Platform “Donaulimes-Route”, ums should be developed and promoted. Individual
mitted to collaboration with national and internatio- meetings and other activity. approved by the Austrian Ministry of Science, Re- sites can contribute distinctive local elements to
nal museums with Roman collections and takes part The most important tasks will be to co-ordinate search and Economics) between the association common storylines delivered collectively.
in the meetings of the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft römi- implementation of the proposed actions of the DLIF “Museen am Donaulimes in Österreich” and tourism The following themes are suggested:
scher Museen am Limes in Deutschland” to improve and to monitor their effectiveness in delivering the organization „ARGE Donau Österreich“ should foster
exchange and cooperation. Support of the association DLIF aims. The DLIF-Group will serve as an advisory exchange between museums and tourism to enhance (a) New Troops for the Empire: The Italic “Sister
by national Austrian advisory boards, namely the body for various cultural institutions to promote best mutual understanding. Legions” (legio II and III Italica) in Enns/Austria
“Museumsbund Österreich”, the “Museumsmanage- practice in interpretation in Austria and Bavaria. and Regensburg/Germany. This story line can be
ment Niederösterreich GesmbH” (Lower Austria) and Regular meetings will ensure regional and internati- The “ARGE Donau Österreich” is a working platform completed through the history of the third sister
the “Verbund Oberösterreichischer Museen” (Upper onal exchange in the field of interpretation and mu- of five tourism organisations of Upper Austria, Lower legion, the legio I Italica, based at Svishtov-Novae
Austria) was agreed on during a joint meeting on seology. Transnational actions will be undertaken in Austria and Vienna with the purpose of coordinating (Bulgaria).
December 11, 2012. order to establish best-practice-models. Questions of the marketing of the Austrian Danube section as a (b) Plague, Hate and Fear: The Marcomannic Wars
international relevance and quality control concer- tourism destination. This organization promotes a (c) The Retreat of Rome: Saint Severin in Eastern
ning interpretation will be discussed in the Frontiers- range of Roman themed cycle, hiking and car routes 21. Raetia and Noricum.
2.6 Implementation of-the-Roman-Empire Management Group (“Hexham (d) Changing Concepts in the Frontier Defence:
The structure of the DLIF was developed and appro- Group”) and in the Working Group “Römische Mu- In general, collaboration between museums’ organiz- Late Antique Military Architecture
ved by the joint Austrian-Bavarian Danube Limes seen am Limes” uniting Roman museums along the ations and tourism boards should aim to ensure that
Interpretation Group as a part of the preparation of whole stretch of the Upper German – Raetian Limes. information provided to visitors is archaeologically
the nomination. The primary authors are Christof and historically substantiated, accords with good in-
Flügel (Landesstelle für die nichtstaatlichen Museen 2.6.2 Local Responsibilities terpretation practice and respects the international
16 www.noemuseen.at
17 http://www.donau-limes.at/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Museen-am-
in Bayern, Munich/Germany) and Eva Kuttner (Asso- Implementation of the DLIF on a local level will values of the nominated property. Special attention Donaulimes_Vereinszweck.pdf
18 N . Mills (Ed.), Presenting the Romans. Interpreting the Frontiers of the
ciation „Museen am Donaulimes in Österreich“, Enns/ accord with regional and national cultural legisla- should be paid to input from museum archaeologists Roman Empire World Heritage Site (Woodbridge 2013).
Austria). Nigel Mills (Heritage Consultant, co-author tion. Federal states, townships, communities should and from experienced interpreters to ensure scienti- 19 G raham Brooks, Tourism Management at World Heritage Sites – Building
International Consensus. World Heritage 58, 2010, 82-83; ICOMOS (Ed.),
of the Hadrian’s Wall Interpretation Framework and strive to implement the DLIF policies and proposals fic quality control of publicly presented content that International Cultural Tourism Charter: Managing tourism at places of heri-
editor of the publication „Presenting the Romans“ 18 for museums and monuments under their responsi- is accessible, informative and engaging for visitors. tage significance (1999).
20 G raham Brooks, Heritage at Risk from Tourism. Heritage at Risk 2001/2002,
based on a session at the 21st International Limes- bility and seek to secure local financing for relevant 242-243; http://www.icomos.de/heritage-at-risk.php (01.10.2015). Vgl.
congress in Newcastle, 2009) provided advice and projects. M.-Th. Albert/B. Ringbeck, 40 Jahre Welterbekonvention. Zur Popularisie-
editorial support. rung eines Schutzkonzeptes für Kultur- und Naturgüter. Heritage Studies 2
(New York 2015) 143-159.
The following institutions took part in the develop- 21 http://www.donau-oesterreich.at/kultur/roemer/ (15.11.2015)
14 15
Danube Limes Interpretation Framework Part 3: Actions
(e) Romans in Upper Austria; Landesausstellung in regional level, will be supported. Special actions like DLIF 3 DLIF 6
Upper Austria 2018. the international World-Heritage-Day, the inter- Regensburg (Upper Palatinate): Historisches Regensburg (Upper Palatinate): porta praetoria and
(f) Roman Military in Pannonia; special exhibition in national museums’ day, the nationally organized Museum (Roman department) wall of legionary fortress „Unter den Schwibbögen 2“
Carnuntum 2017. “Tag des Denkmals” (Austria) and “Tag des offenen Interpretation region: 1. Interpretation region: 1.
Denkmals” (Germany) as initiatives of the European Interpretation level: 2; interpretation access point for Interpretation level: 4 (document) and 5.
3.1.3 School proJects Heritage Days or the locally organized “Lange Nacht region 1. Lead Theme: Military architecture at the Edge of
Regional and transnational school projects should be der Museen” (Long Night of Museums) are unique op- Lead Theme: Home of the Stork legion (legio III Italica). Empire.
supported wherever possible. portunities to promote local engagement with World Iconic fi nd: Building Inscription of legionary fortress Actions/Priorities/Timeframe: Adjustment of adjacent
Educational material provided by museums and used Heritage on a local to regional level. Regensburg (AD 179). area, restoration of stone work, planning of a “docu-
in schools will follow changing curricula and meet Actions/Priorities/Timeframe: Re-launch of presenta- ment porta praetoria“; restoration of this iconic site
the special requirements of various school types. The tion including multimedia necessary, 10 years. for the Bavarian Danube Limes currently under plan-
narrative of the Roman frontier provides opportuni- 3.2 Development and actions (from West to ning (fi nanced by the German Government Federal
ties for learning across the curriculum, not just in the East) Investment Program for National World Heritage
context of history or the Romans. The understanding Each site is attributed to one of the previously defi ned Sites); 5 years.
of different cultures, the meaning of borders and so- levels of interpretation (cf. 2.3.2). Site specific key to-
cial and economic development in ancient times can pics are followed by proposals for iconic fi nds, where
lead to a better understanding of today’s challenges. feasible. These iconic fi nds refer to the individual
The following educational activities are particularly key topic and are outstanding artefacts to illustrate
recommended to be developed and provided by mu- the key messages. Indication of estimated time- DLIF 3
seums and linked institutions: frame for realization of proposed actions serves as a
(a) material for interactive learning in classes, e.g. benchmarking factor. DLIF 4
the so called “Römerkoffer” Regensburg-Großprüfening
(b) educational material for school visits to sites and (Upper Palatinate): Fortlet,
museums DLIF 1 settlement
(c) modules for excursions to sites and museums on Neustadt a. d. Donau-Bad Gögging, Lkr. Interpretation region: 1.
elaborated topics Kelheim (Lower Bavaria); Römisches Museum Interpretation level: 5.
Regional communication structures between schools für Kur- und Badewesen Lead Theme: The Beginnings of
and museums will be set up. The idea of World He- Interpretation region: 1. Roman Regensburg.
ritage and the aims of UNESCO will be taught with Interpretation level: 4. Iconic Find: Bronze Statue of
the help of the “World Heritage in Young Hands” and Lead Theme: Military spa of the Regensburg legion. Minerva.
other interpretative materials provided by UNESCO . Actions/Priorities/Timeframe: Re-launch of presenta- Actions/Priorities/Timeframe: DLIF 6
Cooperation is sought with ASP-Network-Schools. tion necessary, 5 years. Signage; 3 years.
DLIF 7
3.1.4 Guided Tours – Training and Structures DLIF 2 Regensburg (Upper Palatinate): Visible sections
DLIF 4
Guides in museums and local communities will Neustadt a. d. Donau-Eining, Lkr. Kelheim (Lower of the legionary fortress wall (Nordostecke; Erhardi-
receive a sound introduction from appropriately Bavaria); Watch tower and Sanctuary on the Wein- DLIF 5 gasse; Dachauplatz; Dr.-Martin-Luther-Str.;
trained and experienced staff. This introduction will berg Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (Upper Palatinate), Fort Petersbastei)
include understanding of the FRE WHS as a whole, Interpretation region: 1. Interpretation region: 1. Interpretation region: 1.
lead themes, stories and evidence relating to the Interpretation level: 5. Interpretation level: 5. Interpretation level: 5.
relevant interpretation region, local key themes and Lead Theme: Military cultural landscape. Lead Theme: The Marcomannic Wars. Lead Theme: Information on relevant position of each
UNESCO 22 values and objectives. The training of Iconic Find: Statues of Mars and Victoria from the Iconic Find: Treasure of Regensburg-Kumpfmühl section inside the legionary fortress.
these guides by appropriately trained and experien- Weinberg sanctuary. (AD 166/167). Actions/Priorities/Timeframe: Signage and adaption
ced professionals should follow a standardized Actions/Priorities/Timeframe: Signage; 3 years Actions/Priorities/Timeframe: Signage; 3 years. of recently established signage (e.g. Nordostecke and
training structure. Guidance on development of Dachauplatz) to Transnational Danube-Limes Corpo-
appropriate training structures will be developed on rate Identity; 5 years.
a national, regional and local level.
3.1.5 Signage system and multimedia DLIF 8
Development of a transnational signage system for Regensburg (Oberpfalz): document niedermünster
the DLAB: Experience on the Upper-German-Raetian Interpretation region: 1.
Limes (ORL) 23 showed that a common CI contributes Interpretation level: 4 (document).
significantly to the visitor’s experience and percep- Lead Theme: From Roman Legionary Fortress to the
tion of the Limes as a coherent WHS. Multimedia-De- Heart of Medieval Bavaria.
sign should follow the common corporate design. Si- Iconic Find: Altar of Centurio of the legio II Italica.
gnage and Multimedia-Design used on the Antonine Actions/Priorities/Timeframe: no change of
Wall may serve as a best-practice-example. presentation ex 2012 necessary.
3.1.6 Local and regional Community
Engagement DLIF 2 DLIF 2
The DLIF aims to deliver benefits to society, particu-
larly in the environmental, cultural and economic
fields. Communication platforms, especially on a 22 http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/networks/global-networks/as- DLIF 5
pnet/ (15.11.2015)
23 Cf. http://www.deutsche-limeskommission.de/fi leadmin/dlk/images/dlk/
16 pdfs/Richtlinien_fuer_Erklaerungstafeln_am_LIMES.pdf (15.11.2015) 17
DLIF 8
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