Time of mangrove crabs Scylla paramamosain final premolt stadia (D4) to reach ecdysis of the male and female growth under different salinity
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EurAsian Journal of BioSciences
Eurasia J Biosci 14, 7889-7897 (2020)
Time of mangrove crabs Scylla paramamosain final
premolt stadia (D4) to reach ecdysis of the male and
female growth under different salinity
Haryo Triajie1,2, Sri Andayani3*, Uun Yanuhar3, Arning Wilujeng Ekawati3
1
Postgraduate Student of Doctoral Program, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Brawijaya University,
Malang, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Agricultural Trunojoyo Madura University, Bangkalan, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: yanik@ub.ac.id
Abstract
Final premolt stadia (D4) of male and female mangrove crab Scylla paramamosain as experimental
animals subjected to different salinity treatments, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ppt, respectively, were
used to assess the impact of salinity on molting success and growth rate. A single ANOVA factor was
used to detect the effects on male and female individuals. The findings showed that water salinity
significantly influenced the time required to achieve ecdysis in both males and females but did not
impact their survival. Treatments of salinity above 10 ppt to 35 ppt for male crabs with the fastest
time of 0.54 day at 10 ppt than the lower one, 5 ppt (control), with the longest time 16.56 days.
Besides, salinity treatment of 10, 25, and 35 ppt for females did not have a substantially different
effect than 5, 15, 20, and 30 ppt for ecdysis. The shortest time female crabs reached ecdysis at 10
ppt salinity was 1.67 days, and the longest time was 15 ppt, 11.66 days. The shortest time to enter
the ecdysis of mangrove crabs S. paramamosain of both sexes was observed at a salinity of 10 ppt.
Keyword: salinity, molting rate, growth, Scylla. paramamosain
Haryo Triajie, Sri Andayani, Uun Yanuhar, Arning Wilujeng Ekawati (2020) Time of mangrove crabs
Scylla paramamosain final premolt stadia (D4) to reach ecdysis of the male and female growth
under different salinity. Eurasia J Biosci 14: 7889-7897.
© 2020 Triajie et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
INTRODUCTION
Mud crabs Scylla paramamosain is a euryhaline 2018), pH, oxygen (Mangum et al., 1985), and
species that lives primarily in mangrove forests, with available food (Zhan et al., 2020) affect either the
mangrove roots as their primary habitat in the estuary molting or molting rate cycle (Lemos & Weissman,
(Rahman et al., 2017). Seasonal changes can cause 2021). Includes salinity (Mu et al., 2005; Gong et coll.,
water salinity to change gradually (Komiyama et al., 2015), pH, oxygen (Mangum et al.,1985), and food
2020). availability (Zhan et al., 2021). The distribution of
Arthropods and crustaceans molt at various times water salinity in the intertidal region also influences
during their lives (Chang & Mykles, 2011). Molting is the species (Kneib, 1984). Crustaceans that live in
primarily affected by ecdysteroids (Chang, 1995; Diez this region need a salinity stress control tolerance
& Lovrich, 2013; Luquet & Marin, 2004; Luquet, 2012; mechanism (Pequeux, 1995). Besides, the coastal
Katayama & Nagasawa, 2013; Jasmani et al., 2010), region is known to provide various requirements for
also known as molting controlling hormone, which survival, development, and breeding, mainly aquatic
controls crustacean growth and reproduction (Tarrant organisms food. Crustacean growth requires energy
et al., 2014), hormones and glands (Chang & Mykle and unique hormones sensitive to natural stress
(Murphy et al., 2020). (Stueckle et al, 2009). The pollutant-like stress
Internal factors, including the growth stage, decreases the molting power (Zeng et al., 2020).
reproductive maturity, and degenerative condition Studies on the effect of salinity on survival and
influencing the molting frequency and production of molting are expected growth for crustaceans and
size, osmoregulation, and bioenergy in aquatic arthropods. Every stage of the molting cycle is
organisms and biological processes such as stress, significant since they are typically more sensitive in
competency, and survival of arthropods are present
(Jaffer et al., 2020; Schwedes & Carney, 2012). Received: September 2020
Moreover, environmental parameters such as Accepted: November 2020
temperature (Coleman et al., 2020; Huchin et al., Printed: December 2020
7889EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 7889-7897 (2020) Triajie et al.
this process to the setting (Kinne, 1971). Previous thick from the bottom of the 15 L-tank and 2 L of water.
studies have shown temperature, salinity, and famine The salinity treatments were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and
effects on larval survival and growth (Mia & Shah, 35 ppt under the 24-hour recirculation system.
2010; Jantrarotai & Pripanapong, 2002; Nurdiani & Observations were made every hour for 3 weeks.
Zeng, 2007); (Verslycke et al., 2004); (Misbah et al. Media And Seawater
2017). Studies are carried out on the salinity effect The seawater for this experiment was drawn
(Parado-Estepa and Quinitio, 2011) of the larvae and directly from the Southern Sea of Malang, East Java.
seed production of S. serrata. The larval growth of Low salinity water was produced by diluting it with
various stone-crub species (Ong & Costlow, 1970; freshwater, while high salinity water was produced by
Mia & Shokita, 1997; Waiho et al., 2018). (Hill, 1975). applying salt to the filter tank (Qi et al., 2020; Su,
A salinity less than 2 pp and above 60 ppt will live for Feng, & Ma, 2010). Squid and shrimp feed was
four months (Hill, 1979). The salinity in water between imported from the local market and administered
25- 26 ppt influences shrimp growth (Gabriela et al., twice daily at doses up to 5% of body weight. Once a
2007; Brown & Bert, 1993; Waiho et al., 2018; week, samples of ammonia, nitrate, and phosphate
Davenport & Wong, 1987), and the molting interval of were taken in each tank to establish concentrations of
crustacean youth and larval stadia (Shentu & Ding, 4 ppm, 1 ppm, and 20 ppm, respectively, while water
2015), but there is very little knowledge on the pH and temperature were routinely measured in the
saltiness effect. This study aimed to find the best morning and afternoon for 7.9-8.3 and 22-25.50C
salinity to speed up the molding process of Determination of Tolerance Time Interval
S.paramamosain, which is designed for soft carapace ToSalinity
production in the pond. Male and female crabs were isolated and
acclimated for 24 hours at a salinity of 5 parts per
MATERIALS AND METHOD million and a temperature of 25˚c. During the
Animal acclimatization period, feedings of up to 5% of body
The crabs used in this study have weights weight were given twice a day. Each of the seven
between 70-90 ± 5.0 g; carapace width (CW) 7.0-8.0 salinity concentrations (5 – 35 ppt, with a 5ppt
± 0.8 cm and comes from the mangrove forest area of increase) was treated with three replications. The
Pulokerto village, Kraton sub-district, Pasuruan water temperature in the culture tanks was held about
regency, East Java. Previously, these crabs were 22-22 ° c by aerating them 24 hours.
kept in ponds with a salinity of 5 ppt until the final Data analysis
premolt phase (D4), which is usually shown in orange Every hour after the crabs were placed in the culture
on the edge of the swimming legs (Jiang et al., 2020; media, observations on time measurements (day)
were performed. The following is how growth was
Ostrensky et al., 2015).
measured using the mean specific growth rate SGR=
Experiment [(Loge W2 – Loge W1) /T2-T1] x 100. Where, T1 and
This research was conducted in May-July 2019 at T2 are days of the experiment and W2= weight of crab
the Mangrove Study Center in Pulokerto, Kraton at time T2, W1 = weight of crab at time T1
District, Pasuruan Regency, East Java. It used a non-
factorial Complete Randomized Design of seven
treatments and three replications for each. Each tank
consisted of 3 individuals, the total number of crabs RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
used being 126 samples, 63 males and 63 females.
The crabs were raised by sex separately. Previously, RESULT
the tanks had been loaded with sea sand about 3 cm
Table 1.Total time proportion to reach ecdysisof the end premoltphase(D4) under different salinity
stress and crab body weight at the end D4 phase and ecdysis
Salinity Time SGR
Sex Initial (D4) weight (g) Ecdysis weight (g)
(ppt) (days) (g)
5 Male 16.56 ± 1.28d 0.001±0.00 87.33 ±9.50bc 98.67±11.33ab
Female 8.65 ± 1.21bc 0.003± 0.00 84.33± 9.29aa 99.67±2.08aa
10 Male 0.54 ± 0.02a 0.017±0.05 98.33± 25.32c 118.00± 31.67c
Female 1.67 ± 0.96a 0.025±0.02 71.67± 4.73aa 87.00± 11.14aa
15 Male 2.87 ± 1.50ab 0.011± 0.03 72.00± 4.36a 88.00± 16.00a
Female 11.66 ± 3.19c 0.004±0.00 76.67± 4.51aa 93.33± 3.06aa
20 Male 4.65 ± 1.46ab 0.006± 0.01 90.67±5.03bc 106.33± 15.67bc
7890EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 7889-7897 (2020) Triajie et al.
Female 10.16 ± 2.12c 0.005±0.00 71.00± 2.65aa 93.00± 9.17aa
25 Male 14.06 ± 6.56cd 0.003± 0.00 79.67± 7.57ab 94.67± 15.00ab
Female 3.60 ± 1.50ab 0.053±0.06 75.33± 11.06a 99.33± 23.44aa
30 Male 12.00 ± 1.55bcd 0.002±0.00 71.00± 1.00a 87.33± 13.00a
Female 9.66 ± 5.14c 0.005±0.00 79.33± 8.33aa 99.33± 16.80aa
35 Male 6.33 ± 4.17abc 0.005±0.00 80.67± 7.57ab 96.67± 12.67ab
Female 4.23 ± 3.64ab 0.015±0.01 76.00± 11.70aa 100.00± 20.22aa
Note: the same alphabet indicates a non-significant effect (p >0.05).
(P> 0.05). Females and males had the maximum
The results of the variance analysis showed that SGR at a salinity of 10 ppt of 0.017g and 0.025 g,
there was a significant effect of salinity on the time respectively. According to the variance study, salinity
needed to achieve ecdysis from phase D4 (late affected Initial (D4) weight in both males and females.
premolt) in both males and females (P0.05). The smallest ecdysis in
Table 2. This indicates that there is no salinity males and females has a salinity of 5 ppt for males of
effect on End D4 (P>0.05). The smallest End D4 for 8.03 g and 5 ppt for females of 8.57 g.
males is at a salinity of 30 ppt at 6.87 g, the largest
End D4 at a salinity of 10 ppt at 7.50 g. While the
smallest End D4 in females has a salinity of 35 ppt of
7.33 g, the largest End D4 has a salinity of 25 ppt of
7.50. The findings of ANOVA showed no effect of
7891EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 7889-7897 (2020) Triajie et al.
DISCUSSION Ecological management soft carapace
Relationship between salinity, molting, and mangrove crab culture technology in the
survivorship of mangrove crab floating cage
Salinity is an essential parameter in regulating Various efforts have been made in various
mangrove crab growth and survival, as each marine countries to date for the growth of Scylla sp
organism needs a particular salinity to develop and cultivation, science, functional industry, and culture
survive. The research on the survival and molting technique centered on ecological conditions
impact of water salinity reflect crustaceans and (Paterson and Mann 2011; Marichamy &
arthropod growth in each molting cycle, as they are Rajapackiam 2001; Shelley & Lovatelli 2011; Quinitio
typically sensitive to environmental parameters (Nur 2017; Ganesh et al. 2015; Wei, 2020)
Syafaat et al., 2020; Kinne, 1971). In mangrove crab seeding and production, either
Effect of salinity on osmoregulation soft shell or hard shell, such as S. paramamosain(Ut
et al., 2007), S. olivacea (Ye et al. 2011), S.
mechanisms
serrataand, S. paramamosainin Bangladesh,
Mangrove crabs have a good response-ability to
Philippines, and Vietnam (Grubert et al. 2012;
salinity changes (Davenport & Wong, 1987), quick
Mahmud & Mamun, 2012; Petersen et al. 2013),
metabolic response to high and low salinity (Liu et al.,
swimming blue crab in Mississippi (Tavares, et al.,
2021; Estepa & Quinitio, 2011), and physiological
2018b) could potentially contribute to a management
adaptability to temperature and salinity changes,
plan for softshell mangrove crab production as a goal
which is particularly important in mangrove areas
by the development of a culture ecosystem
(Zeng et al., 2020; Alberts-Hubatsch et al., 2016).
development program.
Mud crabs can withstand a wide range of water
salinity (Wei, 2020; Kasry, 2008). The adults can
survive in salinities as low as 15 ppt and as high as
30 ppt, while S. Serratazoea cannot survive in CONCLUSION
salinities as low as 14 ppt(Bir et al., 2020; Hill, 1974). Water salinity is greatly affected by the
According to Verslycke and Janssen (2003), water duration of time to meet mangrove crab ecdysis of
salinity has a significant effect on crab metabolism, male and female S. paramaminosain at 10 ppt
influencing energy expenditure levels (Wang et al., salinity; however, it did not significantly impact the
2021). The amount of energy expended can be introductory growth rate (Specific Growth Rate/SGR).
affected by changes in the conditions of the
atmosphere, including salinity. The energy is used to ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
match the body's liquid concentration to its
We would like to acknowledge the Minister of
atmosphere circumstances as the water salinity
Science, Technology and Higher Education of the
increases. The shell changes in crabs are induced by
Republic of Indonesia for the Dissertation Research
this element. The crustacean will respond to several
Grant 055/SP2H/LT/DRPM/2019, 11 March 2019. We
environmental factors during the molting phase,
would like to acknowledge the Study and Community
including photoperiod(Quackenbush& Herrnkind,
Service Institution of the Brawijaya University of
1983), salinity fluctuation on the intermolt period and
Malang for promoting well-functioning research.
growth of Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Mu et al.,
2005), temperature(Baylon et al. 2001; Baylon 2010;
Waiho et al., 2018; Baylon, 2013) and accessible food
(Wang et al., 2021) which affect the intermoltormolt
rate. Parado & Quinitio (2011) stated that, depending
on the availability and environmental quality of food,
women with 18 times would live for 2-3 years with 17-
20 molting times, from juvenile to adult (Asmat-Ullah
et al., 2021). Crab development will hit 20% to 30% of
the original size, and the increase in weight is
between 3% and 44%. Large juveniles and adults
may adjust and withstand the vast salinity and
temperature spectrum to the euryhaline environment.
(Davenport & Wong, 1987). Adults could live on the
1-42 ppt salinity range and remain alive on 2-56 ppt
of salinity in the estuary but die on a salinity range of
64.9 ppt (Wei, 2020; Rahi et al., 2020; Hill, 1979).
7892EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 7889-7897 (2020) Triajie et al.
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