Summary of Daily News Analysis - by Jatin Verma 3rd March, 2020
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Summary of Daily News Analysis
- by Jatin Verma
3rd March, 2020
https://www.jatinverma.org
P age |1
Important News Articles
Polity & Governance related issues
G.S. Mains Paper-2
❏ Page 1: Supreme Court to hear petition on Delhi violence tomorrow
❏ Page 1: Delhi court defers hanging of 4 Nirbhaya case convicts
❏ Page 7: Govt. committed to resolving Dhangar quota issue, says CM
❏ Page 8: Man from Udupi district held on sedition charge
❏ Page 9: Delay in hanging shows failure of system: Nirbhaya’s mother
❏ Page 12: No larger Bench for Article 370 case
❏ Page 12: ‘India monitoring impact of U.S.-Taliban deal’
❏ Page 13: 34 queries in Census 2020 form
Economy & Internal Security related issues
G.S. Mains Paper-3
❏ Page 5: Kisan credit card benefits extended to pisciculture
❏ Page 7: ‘Doubt if govt. can cope with rain damage’
❏ Page 7: 1,286 farmers ended lives in Vidarbha last year: Minister
❏ Page 9: Sharp decline in PSB fraud amount, Centre tells Parliament
❏ Page 15: OECD lowers India’s FY21 GDP growth to 5.1%
Environment & Ecology & Sci & Tech.
G.S. Mains Paper-3
❏ Page 4: Nine Delhi districts had contaminated groundwater in 2019: Jal
Shakti Minister
❏ Page 6: Whale shark beached at Odisha’s Sunapur coast dies
❏ Page 9: BEL bags $40 mn defence deal from Armenia
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Data of the day
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Page 8: Man from Udupi district held on sedition charge
Context
● A man was arrested on a charge of sedition after he was found allegedly shouting slogans
“Pakistan zindabad” and “jihad zindabad” on the taluk office premises at Kundapur in Udupi
district, Karnataka.
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● A case had been registered against the man under Section 124-A (sedition) of the Indian
Penal Code.
JV’s Analysis
Section 124-A of the Indian Penal Code:
● Whoever by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or
otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to
excite disaffection towards,
✓ the Government established by law shall be punished with imprisonment for life or
any shorter term, to which fine may be added, or with imprisonment which may
extend to three years, to which fine may be added, or with fine.
Observations made by the Supreme Court:
● In 1962, the Supreme Court decided on the constitutionality of Section 124A in Kedar Nath
Singh v State of Bihar.
✓ It upheld the constitutionality of sedition, but limited its application to “acts involving
intention or tendency to create disorder, or disturbance of law and order, or
incitement to violence”.
✓ It distinguished these from “very strong speech” or the use of “vigorous words”
strongly critical of the government.
● In 1995, the Supreme Court, in Balwant Singh v State of Punjab, acquitted persons from
charges of sedition for shouting slogans such as “Khalistan Zindabaad” and “Raj Karega
Khalsa” outside a cinema after Indira Gandhi’s assassination.
✓ Instead of looking at the “tendency” of the words to cause public disorder, the Court
held that-
■ mere sloganeering which evoked no public response did not amount to
sedition, for which a more overt act was required.
■ the accused did not intend to “incite people to create disorder” and no “law
and order problem” actually occurred.
Debate in the Constituent Assembly
● The Constituent Assembly debated to include sedition as a ground for restricting free speech.
However, this was successfully opposed for fear that it would be used to crush political
dissent.
● The Supreme Court highlighted these debates in 1950 in its decisions in Brij Bhushan v the
State of Delhi and Romesh Thappar v. the State of Madras.
● In these cases, the court held that a law which restricted speech on the ground that it would
disturb public order was unconstitutional.
● It also held that disturbing the public order will mean nothing less than endangering the
foundations of the State or threatening its overthrow.
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● Thus, these decisions prompted the First Constitution Amendment, where Article 19(2) was
rewritten to replace “undermining the security of the State” with “in the interest of public
order”.
Relevance of Sedition Law
● Freedom of speech often poses difficult questions, like the extent to which the State can
regulate individual conduct.
● Since an individual‘s autonomy is the foundation of this freedom; any restriction on it is
subject to great scrutiny.
● The constitution of India prescribes reasonable restrictions that can always be imposed on
this right in order to ensure its responsible exercise and to ensure that it is equally available
to all citizens.
● These restrictions are mentioned under Article 19(2) of the Constitution of India i.e.
interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations
with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court,
defamation or incitement
to an offence.
● Sedition law helps the
government to curb
secessionist movement
and other atrocity
propaganda.
Sedition law should be
repealed
● Sedition leads to a sort of
unauthorised self-
censorship, for it
produces a chilling effect
on free speech.
● It suppresses what every
citizen ought to do in a
democracy — raise
questions, debate,
disagree and challenge
the government's
decisions.
● Sedition systematically
destroys the soul of
Gandhi’s philosophy that is, right to dissent.
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● Jawaharlal Nehru, in Parliament, clarified that the related penal provision of Section 124A
was “highly objectionable and obnoxious and the sooner we get rid of it the better”.
● Even the UK, where the law originated, has already repealed it.
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Related News
Page 1: Supreme Court to hear petition on Delhi violence tomorrow
Context
● Chief Justice of India orally said, courts were not “equipped” to handle palpable
“pressure” being created to somehow step in and prevent violence in Delhi.
● The observations came when senior advocate made a mentioning before him to urgently
intervene and pass directions to arrest those delivering hate speeches and to prevent the
spread of violence.
● Chief Justice agreed to hear their case on March 4.
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Editorial Analysis
Page 10 - The Hindu
Pushing the wrong energy buttons
Context
● For more than a decade, no major meeting between an Indian Prime Minister and a U.S.
President has passed without a ritual reference to India’s promise made in 2008 to purchase
American nuclear reactors.
● This was the case in the latest joint statement issued during U.S. President’s first official two-
day visit to India (February 24-25), which stated that -
✓ Prime Minister and U.S. President encouraged the Nuclear Power Corporation of
India Limited and Westinghouse Electric Company to finalize the techno-
commercial offer for the construction of six nuclear reactors in India at the earliest
date.
Red flags in the U.S. deal
● It has been clear for years that electricity from American reactors would be more
expensive than competing sources of energy.
● Nuclear reactors can undergo serious accidents, as shown by the 2011 Fukushima disaster.
● Westinghouse has insisted on a prior assurance that India would not hold it responsible for
the consequences of a nuclear disaster, which is effectively an admission that it is unable to
guarantee the safety of its reactors.
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The revival of U.S. manufacturing
● The main beneficiaries from India’s import of reactors would be Westinghouse and
India’s atomic energy establishment that is struggling to retain its relevance given the rapid
growth of renewables.
● U.S. President’s re-election campaign for the U.S. presidential election in November,
centrally involves the revival of U.S. manufacturing
● He has been lobbied by several nuclear reactor vendors, including Westinghouse, reportedly
to “highlight the role U.S. nuclear developers can play in providing power to other
countries”.
Offers from renewable source
● Analysts estimate that each of the two AP1000 units being constructed in the U.S. state of
Georgia may cost about $13.8 billion.
● At these rates, the six reactors being offered to India by Westinghouse would cost almost ₹6
lakh crore.
● If India purchases these reactors, the economic burden will fall upon consumers and
taxpayers.
● In 2013, It was estimated that even after reducing these prices by 30%, to account for lower
construction costs in India, the first year tariff for electricity would be about ₹25 per unit.
● On the other hand, recent solar energy bids in India are around ₹3 per unit.
● Lazard, the Wall Street firm, estimates that wind and solar energy costs have declined by
around 70% to 90% in just the last 10 years and may decline further in the future.
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Nuclear power can impose long-term costs
● Large areas continue to be contaminated with radioactive materials from the 1986 Chernobyl
accident and thousands of square kilometres remain closed off for human habitation.
● Nearly a decade after the 2011 disaster, the Fukushima prefecture retains radioactive hotspots
and the cost of clean-up has been variously estimated to range from $200-billion to over
$600-billion.
● The Fukushima accident was partly caused by weaknesses in the General Electric
company’s Mark I nuclear reactor design.
● But that company paid nothing towards clean-up costs, or as compensation to the victims,
due to an indemnity clause in Japanese law.
● Westinghouse wants a similar arrangement with India.
● Although the Indian liability law is heavily skewed towards manufacturers, it still does
not completely indemnify them. So nuclear vendors have tried to chip away at the law.
● Instead of resisting foreign suppliers, the Indian government has tacitly supported this
process.
India’s experiences with imported reactors have been poor
● Starting with the Tarapur 1 and 2 reactors, in Maharashtra, India’s experiences with imported
reactors have been poor.
● The Kudankulam 1 and 2 reactors, in Tamil Nadu, the only ones to have been imported and
commissioned in the last decade, have been repeatedly shut down.
● In 2018-19, these reactors produced just 32% and 38%, respectively, of the electricity they
were designed to produce.
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● These difficulties are illustrative of the dismal history of India’s nuclear establishment.
● In spite of its tall claims, the fraction of electricity generated by nuclear power in India has
remained stagnant at about 3% for decades.
Conclusion
● The idea of importing nuclear reactors is a “zombie idea” that, from a rational viewpoint,
should have been dead long ago.
● In fact an earlier plan to install AP1000s in Mithi Virdi, Gujarat was cancelled because of
strong local opposition.
● In 2018, Gujarat Chief Minister declared that the reactors “will never come up” in Gujarat.
● The Prime Minister should take a cue from his own State and make a similar announcement
for the rest of the country
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Should India amend its Nuclear Liability law?
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Polity & Governance
related issues
G.S. Mains Paper-2
Page 1: Delhi court defers hanging of 4 Nirbhaya case convicts
Context
● A Delhi court deferred the execution of the death sentence of the four Nirbhaya gang-rape
case convicts indefinitely.
● The four condemned men were supposed to be hanged to death on March 3 at 6 a.m.
Appealed by the government
• The government has appealed to the Supreme Court for permission to separately execute
convicts who have exhausted their legal and administrative remedies without waiting
for their co-convicts in the same case to finish theirs in due time.
• This appeal is pending in the court.
• The four condemned men were supposed to be hanged to death on March 3 at 6 a.m.
• Hours before what was to be their execution, additional sessions judge Dharmender Rana put
on hold their execution when informed that one of the four, Pawan Gupta, had moved a
clemency petition before the President on Monday.
• The mercy plea was filed shortly after a five-judge Supreme Court Bench, led by Justice
N.V. Ramana, dismissed Pawan’s curative petition for lack of merits.
• The decision was taken by circulation by the judges in their chambers at 10.25 a.m. on
Monday.
• “We have gone through the curative petition and the relevant documents. In our opinion, no
case is made out... The application for oral hearing is rejected. The application for stay of
execution of death sentence is also rejected,” the short order on the curative petition said.
• Even if the President rejects the mercy plea of Pawan before 6 a.m. on March 3, the law laid
down by the Supreme Court in its Shatrughan Chauhan judgment of 2014 requires the
convict to be given 14 days to set his affairs straight and “prepare” for the execution.
• Recently, the Centre had blamed the Chauhan case judgment for being “convict-centric”. It
urged the Supreme Court to revisit the 2014 verdict and make it victim and society-centric.
• Again, Pawan can legally challenge the rejection of the mercy plea in the Supreme Court.
The fate of the other three convicts would also depend on how long his challenges continue
to hold up.
• The government has appealed to the Supreme Court for permission to separately execute
convicts who have exhausted their legal and administrative remedies without waiting for
their co-convicts in the same case to finish theirs in due time. This appeal is pending in the
court.
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Curative petition
● A curative petition, in simple words, is the final and last option for the people to acquire
justice as mentioned and promised by the Constitution of India.
● The concept originated from the case of Rupa Ashok Hurra Vs. Ashok Hurra and Anr.,
2020
✓ where the following question arose before the court of law-'whether an aggrieved
person is entitled to any relief against the final judgment/order of the Supreme Court,
after the dismissal of a review petition?'
● The court used the Latin maxim "actus curiae neminem gravabit' which means that an
act of the court shall prejudice no one.
● The maxim becomes applicable when the court is under an obligation to undo a wrong done
to a party by the act of court itself.
● This led to the creation of the concept of a curative petition by the Supreme Court and the
reason given for such creation was preventing the abuse of the process of law and to cure
the lapses in the existing system of justice.
How is curative petition different?
● A curative petition is a way to ask the court to review and revise their own decision even
after a review petition is dismissed or used.
● But, the court has been very cautious in the use of such a petition.
● The court clearly stated that such kind of petitions must be rare instead of regular and to
ensure it, the court in its guidelines to file the petition stated that to file such a petition a
gross violation of a principle of natural justice by the court needs to be proved by the
contending party, unlike other petitions.
● Also to prove such violations, a senior advocate needs to certify and point out substantial
grounds for the petition to be entertained.
● The same would be reviewed by the three senior-most judges of the court alongside the
judges who passed the judgement, and if the majority feels that there was a violation, the
curative petition would be heard by the same bench.
● Adding to the speciality, a curative petition is not governed by the provisions of the
Limitations Act but the court made it clear that it needs to be filed within a reasonable time.
What does this mean for the Nirbhaya convicts?
● A curative petition is the last legal recourse available to the convicts.
● Going by the procedure regarding pointing out substantial grounds, the lawyer of convict
Vinay Sharma, has placed the argument that young age and the socio-economic
background should be considered as mitigating factors.
● Interestingly, the advocate challenged the reasoning given by the Supreme Court, pointing
out reports and studies by law universities and National Crime Records Bureau which state
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that a death sentence won't have any deterrant effect on the society, which is the reason on
which the sentencing by SC was based.
● With the existing media and political pressure on this case from the beginning, it'll be
interesting to see the fallout of the petition, which would, for sure, go down as one of the
most landmark judgments in the history of this nation's legal system.
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JV’s Analysis
Centre’s Plea on Death Row Convicts
● In Jan 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) moved the Supreme Court (SC) to frame
guidelines to execute death penalty of condemned prisoners of the ‘Nirbhaya’ case.
● The government wants the SC to frame a rule imposing a 7-day limit on the time that
convicts have to file a mercy petition after a death warrant is issued.
● And that courts, governments and prison authorities should all be mandated to issue death
warrants within 7 days of the rejection of mercy petitions and to carry out the sentence
within 7 days thereafter.
● To believe that these are matters that contribute to substantive delay in carrying out death
sentences is misconceived.
● The court said - nothing prevents the government from introducing rules to address such
situations.
The existing guidelines
● The following are the 12 guidelines issued by the Supreme Court bench on various
procedures before executing a death convict in the 2014 Shatrughan Singh Chauhan and
another vs Union of India judgment.
1. Solitary Confinement (only in last 14 days).
2. Legal Aid.
3. Procedure in placing the mercy petition before the President.
4. Communication of Rejection of Mercy Petition by the Governor.
5. Communication of Rejection of the Mercy Petition by the President.
6. Death convicts are entitled as a right to receive a copy of the rejection of the mercy
petition by the President and the Governor.
7. Minimum 14 days notice for execution.
8. Mental Health Evaluation.
9. Physical and Mental Health Reports.
10. Furnishing documents to the convict.
11. Final Meeting between Prisoner and his Family.
12. Post Mortem Reports.
Death sentence in India
● The Indian Penal Code, 1860 provides for the provision of a death sentence for various
offenses like criminal conspiracy, murder, waging war against the nation, dacoity etc.
Various other legislation like Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967 also provides for the
death penalty.
● Under Article 72, the Constitution has created a provision for clemency of capital
punishment.
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✓ Under this Article, the President of India has the power to grant pardon or commute
or remit the death sentence in certain cases.
● Similarly, Article 161 provides for powers of the Governor of the State to grant clemency.
● Also, when a Sessions Court awards the capital punishment, it must be confirmed by the
High Court of the particular state, and only then the execution can be carried out.
Observations made by the court
● In 1980, in Bachan Singh v. the State of Punjab,
✓ A Constitution Bench articulated the “rarest of rare” threshold stating that “judges
should never be bloodthirsty”.
✓ Death must only be imposed where the alternative option is unquestionably
foreclosed.
● In 2015, the Law Commission called for the abolition of the death penalty for ordinary
crimes, and activists continue to argue for abolishing it altogether.
✓ Political will in India is still bound by populism.
✓ However, the constitutionality of the death penalty will continue to be challenged
and, sooner or later, the Supreme Court will have to answer whether the absence of
political will is sufficient ground to override the right to life.
● Also, recently the Supreme Court supported the rights of death row convicts.
✓ It argued that convicts should be allowed to meet with family, friends, lawyers and
mental health professionals for a reasonable period of time with reasonable
frequency.
✓ It is part of their fundamental right to dignity and equality.
Punjab Cabinet Nod for Lokayukta Bill
Background:
The Administrative Reforms Commission
headed by Morarji Desai in 1966
recommended
the setting up of a Lokpal at the Centre and
Lokayuktas in states.
There were nine failed attempts between
1968 and 2011 to pass a Lokpal and
Lokayuktas bill.
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Page 7: Maharashtra Govt. committed to resolving Dhangar quota issue, says
CM
Context
● Chief Minister of Maharashtra said the government is committed to giving justice to the
Dhangar community, after the Opposition raised the issues of the community’s pending
demand for reservation.
Question in the assembly
● A question by a MLA on the status of reservation to the community came up for
discussion in the House.
● The community has been demanding reservation, and based on a Tata Institute of Social
Sciences report, the State had formed a sub-committee in March 2019 to study the demands.
Written answer by the Tribal Development Minister
● The Home Department has asked for a report from the Director General of Police about
withdrawing cases against Dhangar reservation protesters.
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● At present, the community has reservation under nomadic tribes.
JV’s Analysis
The Dhangars community
● Dhangars are a shepherd community who live mostly in Western Maharashtra and
Marathwada.
● They make up about a crore of Maharashtra’s roughly 11.25 crore population (9%).
● They do play a key role in election outcomes of the state’s Lok Sabha and Assembly seats.
Demand of the community
● Dhangars are currently on the list of Vimukta Jati and Nomadic Tribes (VJNT) in
Maharashtra.
● However, they have been demanding Scheduled Tribe (ST) status for the past several
decades.
● They claim that Dhangars in Maharashtra are the same as those who are called “Dhangad”
elsewhere in the country.
● Notably “Dhangad” are listed as a Scheduled Tribe.
● It is said that a typographical error had led to the community’s name being recorded as
“Dhangar”.
● Reservation - Maharashtra has 52% reservation in all.
● In this, SCs and STs have 13% and 7% respectively, and OBCs have 19%.
● The Vimukta Jati/Denotified Tribes, Special Backward Class, and Nomadic Tribes together
have 13%.
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The government's stand:
● The state had in 2015 got the assistance of Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) in this
regard.
● TISS was asked to establish whether Dhangars meet the criteria to be identified as ST.
● In effect, this meant establishing whether Dhangars were the same as Dhangads.
● This is to prevent any future legal challenge to Dhangars being moved from
VJNT(Vimukta Jati and Nomadic Tribes) to ST.
● The TISS study is in an advanced stage and the government too has reiterated its
commitment to the Dhangars.
Challenges
● Almost all parties had, in the last two decades, supported the inclusion of Dhangars in the ST
category.
● However, they face the opposition of the Scheduled Tribes (STs).
● STs are unwilling to allow the dilution of their quota by the inclusion of a large community
like the Dhangars.
● ST MPs and MLAs have said that Dhangars could be included only if the overall ST
quota is increased.
Page 12: No larger Bench for Article 370 case
Context
● A five-judge Constitution Bench declined a plea to refer to a larger Bench petitions
challenging the abrogation of special status of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the
Constitution.
● The Bench said it would continue to hear the case on merits.
A “direct conflict” between the judgments of 1959 and 1970
● The Bench had heard arguments and reserved its decision on whether there was a “direct
conflict” between the judgments of 1959 and 1970 on the nature and extent of Article 370.
● The 1959 judgment, Prem Nath Kaul versus State of Jammu and Kashmir, indicated that
Article 370 was applicable only till the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution was enacted on
January 26, 1957.
● After that, no further changes could be made to the relationship between India and Jammu
and Kashmir.
Argument by the petitioners
● But some petitioners argued that the Sampath Prakash versus State of Jammu and Kashmir
judgment had ignored the 1959 verdict by concluding that Article 370 was permanent in
nature and a “perennial source of power” for the Centre to govern its relationship with J&K.
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● The court explained that the “Constitution Bench in the Prem Nath Kaul case did not discuss
the continuation or cessation of the operation of Article 370 after the dissolution of the
Constituent Assembly of the State.
● This was not an issue in question before the court, unlike in the Sampat Prakash case, where
the contention was specifically made before, and refuted by, the court”.
● The order concluded that the court saw no reason to read into the Prem Nath Kaul case an
interpretation that resulted in it being in conflict with its subsequent judgments.
JV’s Analysis
About Bench System in Indian Courts
● Constitution bench is the name given to the benches of the Supreme Court of India which
consist of at least five judges of the court which sit to decide any case involving -
✓ A substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution of India or
✓ For the purpose of hearing any reference made by the President of India under Article
143.
● This provision has been mandated by Article 145 (3) of the Constitution of India.
● The Chief Justice of India has the power to constitute a Constitution Bench and refer cases to
it.
● Constitution benches have decided many of India’s best-known and most important Supreme
Court cases, such as A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras, Kesavananda Bharati v. State of
Kerala (basic structure doctrine) and Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India (OBC
reservations) etc.
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Importance of Bench Strength
● The Constitutional Benches play a very key role in shaping the future polity and rights of the
people in a country.
● A good example of this can be illustrated in the matters coming up under Article 2l like the
Naz Foundation case on LGBT rights, constitutionality of levying entry tax etc.
● The importance of larger Benches of the Constitution was also highlighted in the 229th
Report of the Law Commission in 2009.
● The Law Commission stated that constitutional adjudication involves questions of politics,
economics and social policies apart from the disputes that involve purely legal matters, so
there is a need to increase the number of Constitution Benches.
Page 12: ‘India monitoring impact of U.S.-Taliban deal’
Context
● Likening the U.S.-Taliban agreement at Doha to the long-awaited release of a film,
External Affairs Minister said that India was “watching the space” closely to ensure that
gains of the past two decades were not lost.
Concerns raised by India
● India has raised concerns over the future of democracy, human rights, women’s rights and
other achievements made in Afghanistan since 2001, when the Taliban regime was last
defeated.
● The issues were not addressed in the agreement between the U.S. and Taliban.
● The agreement provides a timetable for withdrawal of the U.S. troops from Afghanistan by
May 2021 and an intra-Afghan dialogue in March 2020.
● According to a Ministry statement, India “noted that the entire political spectrum in
Afghanistan has welcomed the opportunity and hope for peace and stability generated by
these agreements.”
JV’s Analysis
● The U.S. signed a deal (at Qatar's capital-Doha) with the Taliban that could pave the way
towards a full withdrawal of foreign soldiers from Afghanistan over the next 14 months and
represent a step towards ending the 18-year-war in Afghanistan.
● Along with this, a separate joint declaration was also signed between the Afghan
government and the US at Kabul.
● The peace deal is expected to kick-off two processes- a phased withdrawal of US troops and
an ‘intra-Afghan’ dialogue.
● The deal is a fundamental step to deliver a comprehensive and permanent ceasefire and the
future political roadmap for Afghanistan peace process and the Central region.
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Salient Features of the Deal
● Troops Withdrawal: The US will draw down to 8,600 troops in 135 days and the NATO
or coalition troop numbers will also be brought down, proportionately and simultaneously.
And all troops will be out within 14 months.
● Taliban Commitment: The main counter-terrorism commitment by the Taliban is that
Taliban will not allow any of its members, other individuals or groups, including al-Qaeda, to
use the soil of Afghanistan to threaten the security of the United States and its allies.
● Sanctions Removal: UN sanctions on Taliban leaders to be removed by three months and
US sanctions by August 27. The sanctions will be out before much progress is expected in
the intra-Afghan dialogue.
● Prisoner Release: The US-Taliban pact says up to 5,000 imprisoned Taliban and up to 1,000
prisoners from “the other side” held by Taliban “will be released” by March 10.
Challenges in the Deal
● One-Sided Deal: The fundamental issue with the U.S.’s Taliban engagement is that it
deliberately excluded the Afghan government because the Taliban do not see the government
as legitimate rulers. Also, there is no reference to the Constitution, rule of law, democracy
and elections in the deal.
✓ Taliban is known for strict religious laws, banishing women from public life,
shutting down schools and unleashing systemic discrimination on religious and
ethnic minorities, has not made any promises on whether it would respect civil
liberties or accept the Afghan Constitution.
✓ Therefore, Shariat-based system (political system based on fundamental Islamic
values) with the existing constitution is not easy.
● Issues with Intra-Afgan Dialogue:
✓ President Ashraf Ghani faces a political crisis following claims of fraud in his recent
re-election.
✓ The political tussle is between Ashraf Ghani (who belongs to the largest ethnic group
in Afghanistan- the Pashtun) and Abdullah Abdullah (whose base is among his fellow
Tajiks, the second largest group in Afghanistan).
✓ If there are any concessions made by Mr Ghani’s government to the Taliban
(predominantly Pashtun) will likely be interpreted by Mr Abdullah’s supporters as an
intra-Pashtun deal reached at the cost of other ethnic groups, especially the Tajiks and
the Uzbeks.
✓ Consequently, these ethnic fissures may descend into open conflict and can start the
next round of civil war.
● Problem with Prisoner's Swap: The US-Taliban agreement and the joint declaration
differ:
✓ The US-Taliban pact says up to 5,000 imprisoned Taliban and up to 1,000 prisoners
from “the other side” held by Taliban “will be released” by March 10.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 26
✓ However, the joint declaration lays down no numbers or deadlines for the prisoner's
swap. Afghanistan President held that there is no commitment to releasing 5,000
prisoners. He also held that such prisoners' swap is not in the authority of the US, but
in the authority of the Afghan government.
● Also, the Taliban is fragmented or divided internally. It is composed of various regional and
tribal groups acting semi-autonomously.
✓ Therefore, it is possible that some of them may continue to engage in assaults on
government troops and even American forces during the withdrawal process.
✓ It is unclear if there is a date for the complete withdrawal of US troops or for
concluding the intra-Afghan dialogue, or how long the truce will hold.
Impact of this Deal on India
● This deal alters the balance of power in favour of the Taliban, which will have strategic,
security and political implications for India. The deal may jeopardise the key stakes of India
in Afghanistan:
● India has a major stake in the stability of Afghanistan. India has invested considerable
resources in Afghanistan's development.
● India has a major stake in the continuation of the current Afghanistan government in power,
which it considers a strategic asset vis-à-vis Pakistan.
● An increased political and military role for the Taliban and the expansion of its territorial
control should be of great concern to India since the Taliban is widely believed to be a
protégé of Islamabad.
● As Afghanistan is the gateway to Central Asia, the deal might dampen India’s interest in
Central Asia.
● Withdrawal of US troops could result in the breeding of the fertile ground for various anti-
India terrorist outfits like Lashkar-e-Taiba or Jaish-e-Mohammed.
Page 13: 34 queries in Census 2020 form
Context
● The Registrar-General of India has asked all States to “give highest importance, attention and
time” to the Census and National Population Register (NPR) work as “the foundations of
the statistics of the country” depend on them.
Census 2020
● The decennial census exercise will be conducted in two phases - houselisting and housing
census from April to September 2020, and population enumeration from February 9 to 28,
2021.
● The Centre has proposed that the next phase of the NPR be conducted with the first
phase of the census.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 27
● The Uttar Pradesh government kick-started the process - the Census-NPR exercise will be
conducted in the State from May 16 to June 30.
The first step towards compilation of the NRC
● According to Citizenship Rules 2003, the NPR is the first step towards compilation of the
NRC, though the government informed Parliament on February 4 that “till now, the
government has not taken any decision to prepare National Register of Indian Citizens
(NRIC).”
● There are 34 questions in the census proforma and 14 questions in the NPR.
● The NPR is only being updated, no new register is being created.
● Giving Aadhaar details is voluntary.
● The “pretest”, or trial NPR form, collected details from 30 lakh respondents last year on 21
parameters, seeking details of “place of birth of father and mother, last place of
residence” along with other information such as Aadhar (optional), voter ID card,
mobile phone and driving licence numbers.
● In 2010 and 2015, NPR collected details on 14 parameters.
JV’s Analysis
National Population Register (NPR)?
● It is a Register of usual residents of the country.
● It is being prepared at the local (Village/sub-Town), sub-District, District, State and
National level under provisions of the Citizenship Act 1955 and the Citizenship
(Registration of Citizens and issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 28
● It is mandatory for every usual resident of India to register in the NPR.
● Objectives: To create a comprehensive identity database of every usual resident in the
country.
A usual resident
● A usual resident is defined for the purposes of NPR as a person who has resided in a local
area for the past 6 months or more or a person who intends to reside in that area for the next
6 months or more.
Components
● The NPR database would contain demographic as well as biometric details.
● As per the provisions of the NPR, a resident identity card (RIC) will be issued to individuals
over the age of 18.
● This will be a chip-embedded smart card containing the demographic and biometric attributes
of each individual.
● The UID number will also be printed on the card.
The controversy around it
● Comes in the backdrop of the NRC excluding lakhs of people in Assam.
● It intends to collect a much larger amount of personal data on residents of India.
● There is yet no clarity on the mechanism for protection of this vast amount of data.
Importance of the data
● Every country must have a comprehensive identity database of its residents with relevant
demographic details. It will help the government formulate its policies better and also aid
national security.
● It will ease the life of those residing in India by cutting red tape. Not only will it help target
government beneficiaries in a better way, but also further cut down paperwork and red tape
in a similar manner that Aadhaar has done.
● With NPR data, residents will not have to furnish various proofs of age, address and
other details in official work.
● It would also eliminate duplication in voter lists, government insists.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 29
Economy & Internal Security related issues
G.S. Mains Paper-3
Page 5: Kisan credit card benefits extended to pisciculture
Context
● The benefits of Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) have been extended for the first time to those
engaged in pisciculture in Rajasthan for providing short-term loans to them, while covering
the cost of establishing the fisheries units and their maintenance.
Livestock rearers connected with the KCC
● State Animal Husbandry & Fisheries Minister said that over 35,000 livestock rearers had
been connected with the KCC following the scheme’s extension to agri-business, dairy
farming and fisheries, in addition to the farmers engaged in traditional agriculture.
● Credits obtained through KCC will make available funds for purchasing feed for fish,
meeting the cost of power and water and payment of wages to the labourers.
● A campaign had been launched to include more pisciculture unit owners, dairy farmers and
animal rearers in the KCC scheme.
Credit limit extension
● Those already availing of the scheme’s benefit could get the credit limit of their cards
extended.
● The productivity from reservoir fisheries in Rajasthan is above the national average, while
the breeding and rearing of fish is also done in tanks, ponds and waterlogged areas in the
State.
JV’s Backgrounder
Kisan Credit Card
● The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was announced in the Budget speech of 1998-99 to
fulfil the financial requirements of the farmers at various stages of farming through
institutional credit.
● The model scheme was prepared by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development (NABARD) on the recommendation of Gupta committee.
● The KCC scheme is being implemented by the all Co-operative banks, Regional Rural Banks
and Public Sector Banks throughout the country.
● Scheme covers risk of KCC holders against death or permanent disability resulting from
accidents.
Objectives
● To provide adequate and timely credit support from the banking system to the farmers
at the cheap rate of interest.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 30
● To provide credit at the time of requirement.
● To support post-harvest expenses.
● To provide Working capital for maintenance of farm assets and activities allied to
agriculture.
● Investment credit requirement for agriculture and allied activities (land development,
pump sets, plantation, drip irrigation etc.)
● Consumption requirements of farmers.
Other Salient features of the Scheme
● Revolving cash credit facility involving any number of drawals and repayments within the
limit.
● Limit to be fixed on the basis of operational land holding, cropping pattern and scale of
finance.
● Entire production credit needs for full year plus ancillary activities related to crop production
to be considered while fixing limit.
● Card valid for 5 years subject to annual review. As incentive for good performance, credit
limits could be enhanced to take care of increase in costs, change in cropping pattern, etc.
● Conversion/reschedulement of loans also permissible in case of damage to crops due to
natural calamities.
● Operations may be through issuing branch (and also PACS in the case of Cooperative
Banks) through other designated branches at the discretion of bank.
● Crop loans disbursed under KCC Scheme for notified crops are covered under Crop
Insurance Scheme, to protect the interest of the farmer against loss of crop yield caused by
natural calamities, pest attacks etc.
Page 7: ‘Doubt if govt. can cope with rain damage’
Context
● Intense rain has been pounding parts of Beed in Marathwada, Akola in Vidarbha, and tehsils
in Kolhapur, Sangli, Satara and Solapur in western Maharashtra, wreaking havoc on fruit
orchards, especially the grape crop, as well as the Rabi sorghum (jowar) and chickpea crops.
● The former Hatkanangale MP alleged that officials in the State Revenue Department were in
cahoots with their counterparts in companies offering crop insurance and were siphoning off
money from farmers.
Mahatma Jyotirao Phule farm loan waiver scheme
● The Maha Vikas Aghadi (MVA) government announced the Mahatma Jyotirao Phule farm
loan waiver scheme on December 21 last year.
● It rolled out the first two lists of beneficiaries.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 31
Suicides by farmer
● Between January and December 2019, as many as 1,286 farmers committed suicide in
Vidarbha, while there were 242 suicides in the State in December alone.
● In December alone, 102 farmers committed suicide in the eight districts of Marathwada, and
a total 242 in the State.
● Of the 242 farmers, 59 have been confirmed to be related to to agricultural distress.
● The government has disbursed aid to the tune of ₹7,30,936 lakh to 93 lakh farmers.
Two schemes by the Government
The 2017 Waiver scheme
● Faced with an unprecedented farmers’ strike, the previous government had announced a loan
waiver scheme in June 2017.
● Irrespective of the size of landholding, the scheme waived off outstanding crop loans up to
Rs 1.5 lakh per family.
● Farmers who made regular repayments got Rs 25,000 as incentive for good credit behaviour.
● The scheme waived off loans pending from April 1, 2012 to March 30, 2016 and later, it was
extended to include outstanding loans from 2001.
● Farmers whose outstanding was more than Rs 1.5 lakh were expected to deposit the
additional amount to get the waiver.
● Calling for a complete loan waiver, the Opposition described the Fadnavis government’s
scheme as a cruel joke on farmers.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 32
Mahatma Jyotirao Phule Shetkari Karja Mukti Yojana
● This scheme would see Rs 26,000 crore of outstanding loans of over 36 lakh accounts being
waived off.
● This scheme will see outstanding crop loan up to Rs 2 lakh, pending from April 1, 2015 to
March 31, 2019, being waived off.
The difference between the two waivers
● In the latest scheme, farmers with more than Rs 2 lakh outstanding are not eligible for the
scheme.
● Also, the scheme has no incentive for farmers who are regular in their repayments.
● Farmers’ activists have criticised these two provisions which they say defeats the purpose of
loan waiver.
● There are talks for extending the scheme later to cover farmers with more than Rs 2 lakh
outstanding as well as for farmers who are regular with repayments.
● A new provision in the present scheme is that families with more than one loan account are
eligible for waiver in each one of their accounts.
● The last waiver was limited to one account per family.
● Also, this time farmers will not have to file online forms to avail their waivers. It had led to
major confusion last time.
Page 9: Sharp decline in PSB fraud amount, Centre tells Parliament
Context
● Comprehensive steps taken to curb fraud in public sector banks (PSBs) have resulted in a
sharp decline in the amount involved, from ₹50,329 crore in 2013-14 to just ₹3,781 crore in
the first three quarters of 2019-20, according to the Finance Ministry.
The Ministry said in response to a question in the Lok Sabha
● An online searchable database of frauds reported by banks, in the form of Central Fraud
Registry, has been set up to enable timely identification, control and mitigation of fraud risk
and for carrying out due diligence during the credit sanction process.
● The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act is being invoked to attach and confiscate the assets of
violators and strip them of the entitlement to defend any civil claim.
● The PSBs have been told to get certified copies of passports of promoters and directors and
other authorised signatories of companies availing themselves of loan facilities of more than
₹50 crore.
● They also have been advised to decide on publishing photographs of wilful defaulters as per
procedure.
Inoperative companies
● Bank accounts of 3.38 lakh inoperative companies have been frozen.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 33
● The Ministry said over 21,000 instances of fraud related to ATMs, debit/credit cards and
Internet banking, involving about ₹128 crore, were reported by the commercial banks and
select financial institutions from October to December 2019.
JV’s Analysis
About Fugitive Economic Offender
● A fugitive economic offender has been defined as a person against whom an arrest warrant
has been issued for committing any offence listed in the schedule of the proposed bill.
● Further the person has:
● Left the country to avoid facing prosecution.
● Refuses to return to face prosecution.
Fugitive Economic Offenders act
● The Fugitive Economic Offenders act, 2018 was passed by Parliament without any
amendments proposed by the Opposition to replace the ordinance on the same subject.
● To declare a person an FEO, an application will be filed in a Special Court (designated
under the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act, 2002) containing details of the properties
to be confiscated, and any information about the person’s whereabouts.
● The Special Court will require the person to appear at a specified place at least six
weeks from issue of notice. Proceedings will be terminated if the person appears.
● Attachment of the property of a fugitive economic offender.
● Confiscation of the property of an individual declared as a fugitive economic offender
resulting from the proceeds of crime.
● Confiscation of other property belonging to such offender in India and abroad including
benami property.
● Disentitlement of the fugitive economic offender from defending any civil claim.
● All cases under the proposed law will be tried under the Prevention of Money Laundering
(PMLA) Act and the administrator will sell the fugitive's properties to pay off the lenders.
● The proposed law will have an overriding effect over all other pieces of legislation.
Page 15: OECD lowers India’s FY21 GDP growth to 5.1%
Context
● The OECD lowered its global GDP forecast by half a percentage point to 2.4%, the lowest
rate since the 2008-09 financial crisis.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 34
The latest OECD Interim Economic Outlook Forecasts
● The adverse impact on confidence, financial markets, travel sector and disruption to supply
chains contributes to the downward revisions in all G20 economies in 2020, particularly ones
strongly interconnected to China.
● India’s real GDP growth is expected at 5.1% during the fiscal year starting April 1, 2020 and
improve to 5.6% in the following year.
● The latest projection for 2020-21 is 1.1 percentage points lower than the November 2019
forecast.
● The report said the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak had already brought considerable
human suffering and major economic disruption.
Estimated by India
● The Economic Survey tabled by the government in Parliament has projected India’s
economic growth at 6 -6.5% in the next financial year starting April 1.
● The National Statistical Office (NSO) estimates India’s GDP growth at 5% during 2019-20.
✓ OECD has projected the growth at 4.9% for the financial year ending March 2020.
JV’s Analysis
The Indian economy is slowing down:
● Sales of Maruti Suzuki, the largest carmaker, and Tractor sales for Mahindra have declined in
December 2018. Two-wheeler sales too started crawling since December.
● There are signs of a consumption slowdown spreading to non-discretionary items such as
food items.
● Thus far, it was feared to have impacted only discretionary expenditure – in products such as
cars and consumer durables.
● Macro indicators too aren’t presenting any encouraging signs either.
● First, eight core segments — steel, cement, fertilisers, coal, electricity, crude oil, natural gas
and refinery products, which together make up about 40% of industrial production – grew at
1.8 per cent in January this year, compared with 2.8 per cent in the previous month.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 35
● The growth in industrial output itself dropped to 1.7% in January 2019 against a growth of
2.6% in December 2018.
● In the corresponding month i.e. January 2018, it had grown 7.5%.
● The GDP growth rate in the first three quarters (April-June 2018, July-September 2018 and
October-December 2018) of the current financial year ending March 2019, the Central
Statistics Office estimates, was 8 per cent, 7 per cent and 6.6 per cent, respectively.
● This clearly shows a trend of sequential slowing down and these numbers corroborate the
signals that have been visible on the ground.
GDP estimation
● GDP can be stated as a sum of four factors, i.e. GDP = C + G + I + (NX).
✓ The total expenditure (demand) by private individuals (represented by C).
✓ The total expenditure (demand) by the Government (represented by G).
✓ The total expenditure (demand) on investments made by businesses in the country
(represented by I).
✓ The net effect of imports and exports (represented by NX).
✓ A country’s GDP can grow by one or all of these factors.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 36 ©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.org
P a g e | 37
Environment & Ecology
&
Sci & Tech.
G.S. Mains Paper-3
Page 4: Nine Delhi districts had contaminated groundwater in 2019: Jal
Shakti Minister
Context
● Nine districts in Delhi had contaminated groundwater in 2019, according to data presented in
the Rajya Sabha.
● The data was presented by Jal Shakti Minister in a written response to a starred question
asked by a MP.
Facts and Data
● Nine districts in Delhi - The National Capital Region, which includes parts of Haryana,
Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh apart from Delhi.
● At least 30 districts had some form of pollutants in their groundwater, including arsenic, iron,
heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and chromium, fluoride, nitrate and salinity, the data
showed.
● The Central Pollution Control Board’s National Water Quality Monitoring Programme did
not show any increasing or decreasing trends in Delhi’s groundwater pollution levels in 2018
and 2019.
● However, the Central Ground Water Board’s quality monitoring data for 2019 showed that
most districts in the Capital were partially affected by groundwater contaminants present at
higher levels than declared permissible by the Bureau of Indian Standards.
Salinity issues
● In Delhi, most districts had salinity issues, with electrical conductivity levels above the
prescribed limit of 3,000 micro mhos/cm, as well as fluoride and nitrate levels above the
limits of 1.5 and 45 mg/litre respectively.
● Arsenic above the safe level of 0.01 mg/litre was found in the groundwater of east and
northeast Delhi.
● Iron was not a contaminant in Delhi, but lead was found along the Najafgarh drain in the
North, West and South-West districts.
● Cadmium was found in South-West, while chromium was found in the North-West, South,
East and New Delhi districts.
● Taking into account the data for all of NCR, 30 districts had high nitrate levels, while 25
districts had high fluoride levels.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 38
JV’s Analysis
Controversy over BIS water status report
● Politicising of the report: The controversy started with the release of the BIS report for 21
major Indian cities, in keeping with the objectives of the ‘Jal Jeevan Mission’.
● The mission aims to provide safe piped water to all households by 2024.
● The fact that drinking water in Delhi was ranked the most unsafe, as the samples failed in 19
out of 28 parameters, was challenged by the Government of Delhi and the Delhi Jal Board
(DJB).
● Compilation of information on the existing status: The study is scheduled to cover all
districts in the country within a year. Supply of potable water obviously requires first
compilation of information on the existing status
● Water as an urgent concern: The fact that water should be treated as an urgent concern for
public health and the ecosystem of the country cannot be denied.
● Imperceptible threat: The threats to human health due to poor water quality, except when
they appear as an epidemic, are largely imperceptible.
● This generally subjects the population to subtle health problems without its knowledge or
consent.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 39
Page 6: Whale shark beached at Odisha’s Sunapur coast dies
Context
● A 14.9-foot-long whale shark which was washed ashore
near Sunapur in Odisha’s Ganjam district died despite
attempts by fishermen to save it.
According to forest officials
● The whale shark was found by local fishermen.
● As it was alive then, the fishermen pushed it into the sea.
It came to the shore with the high tide and then died.
● Whale sharks are annual visitors to the Odisha coast.
● In the past, the carcasses have been found near
Gopalpur, Rushikulya river mouth, Chilika lake coast,
Devi river mouth, Bhitarkanika and Balasore on
Odisha coast.
About Whale Shark
● The whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is a slow-moving,
filter-feeding carpet shark and the largest known extant
fish species.
● The largest confirmed individual had a length of 18.8
m (62 ft).
● The whale shark holds many records for size in the
animal kingdom, most notably being by far the largest
living non mammalian vertebrate.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.orgP a g e | 40
● It is the sole member of the genus Rhincodon and the only extant member of the family
Rhincodontidae, which belongs to the subclass Elasmobranchii in the class Chondrichthyes.
● Before 1984 it was classified as Rhiniodon into Rhinodontidae.
● Distribution and habitats
✓ The whale shark inhabits all tropical and warm-temperate seas.
✓ Found in Kerala, Lakshadweep, Gulf of Kutch and Saurashtra coast of Gujarat
in India.
Page 9: BEL bags $40 mn defence deal from Armenia
Context
● In a boost to defence exports, Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) won a $40 mn order for
supplying four Weapon Locating Radars (WLR) to Armenia beating firms from Russia and
Poland in the competition.
Indigenously developed
● The Swathi Weapon Locating Radar (WLR) is a mobile artillery-locating phased array
radar developed by India.
● The WLR has been jointly developed by Electronics and Radar Development
Establishment (LRDE), a lab of Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO) and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).
● The sub-systems have been fabricated by BEL based on the DRDO designs and delivered to
LRDE for integration.
● It provides fast, automatic and accurate location of all enemy weapons like -
✓ mortars, shells and rockets firing within in its effective zone of coverage and
simultaneously handles multiples projectiles fired from different weapons at
different locations.
● The system is capable of adjusting the fire of our own artillery weapon also.
● The weapon includes 81mm or higher calibre mortars, 105mm or higher calibre shells and
120mm or higher calibre free flying rockets.
● Thus, WLR has two roles to perform -
✓ Weapon Location Mode for enemy Artillery and
✓ Direction of Own artillery Fire (DOOAF) Mode for our own Artillery.
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