Summary document - Climate change mitigation and adaptation stategy for the Emilia-Romagna Region - Regione Emilia-Romagna - Ambiente
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Climate change mitigation
and adaptation stategy
for the Emilia-Romagna Region
Summary document
By: Emilia-Romagna Region, Directorate-General for Care of Land and the Environment Head of the project and coordination: Paolo Ferrecchi Valerio Marroni Patrizia Bianconi With the collaboration of: Amorusi Angela (ART-ER) Ballarini Adele (ARPAE) Botarelli Lucio (ARPAE) Cancila Enrico (ART-ER) Tugnoli Simonetta (ARPAE) Scapinelli Davide (ART-ER) Tollari Fabrizio (ART-ER) Tomozeiu Rodica (ARPAE) Zinoni Franco (ARPAE)
CONTENTS 1. The regional joint strategy 4 2. Observing and predicting climate change in Emilia-Romagna 6 2.1 Regional emissions trend 6 2.2 Climate change trends on a global and local scale 8 3. The regional vulnerabilities and risks associated with climate change 10 4. Actions: Intervention priorities 22 4.1 Infrastructure and transport 22 4.2 Land (landslides, floods and soil degradation) 24 4.3 Water resources 26 4.4 Coastal areas 28 4.5 Settlements and urban areas 30 4.6 Energy system 32 4.7 Production system 33 4.8 Agriculture 34 4.9 Cross-cutting actions 36 5. Managing: processes and tools for adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development 38 5.1 Governance structures 38 5.2 Regional forum on climate change 38
Scientific evidence, awareness and action
More resilient and more sustainable
Today, climate change is a priority issue that involves science, society and politics. In recent
years, there has been increasingly strong scientific evidence of the extent of global warming
and a growing awareness that it is caused by greenhouse gas emissions deriving from the
use of fossil fuels and unsustainable use of land and natural resources. At the same time,
people have become more aware of the need to implement global policies to drastically
reduce emissions and to mitigate rising temperatures (mitigation), as well as adaptation
strategies to limit the impact of climate change that will occur in any case. International mi-
lestones on these fronts include the 2013 EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change and,
more recently, the 2015 Paris Agreement.
In our Region, the study of climate change and the development of mitigation and adapta-
tion policies have witnessed significant milestones and developments in recent years.
In 2015, we signed the Under2 Memorandum of Understanding, which commits the Region
to an 80% reduction of its emissions by 2050, and we defined the Mitigation and adapta-
tion strategy for the Emilia-Romagna Region, marking the start of a journey of a process of
knowledge, integration and strengthening of regional policies for mitigation and adaptation
that will go far beyond what is required by the directives and regulations of the European
Commission.
The Emilia-Romagna Region is aware that climate change necessitates significant econo-
mic and social choices, as well as behavioural changes. In every sector. Without exception.
This is not alarmism, but common sense.
It is a necessity. It is an obligation. Not just in economic terms, but also socially and morally.
The issue of climate change is not necessarily negative: it is also – although it is never suffi-
ciently characterized as such – an opportunity.
There is in fact huge potential to create development and work opportunities, increasing the
resilience of our cities, developing new production methods and enhancing the land.
The Emilia-Romagna Region believes this and is ready to do its part.
The Mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna Region therefore represen-
ts the start of a journey towards integrated management of its own policies and resources,
distinctive characteristics and value for a more resilient and sustainable society.
Paola Gazzolo
Councillor for the conservation of soil and the coast,
civil protection and environmental and mountain policies
2
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentVulnerability, analysis and strategy
This document is a summary of the longer “Mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emi-
lia-Romagna Region” document, approved by Assembly Resolution no. 187 of 29 December
2018.
The complete document, which can be downloaded from http://ambiente.regione.emi-
lia-romagna.it/it/cambiamenti-climatici, contains, in addition to a thorough assessment of
the regional emission profile and of future and current climate change scenarios, a sectoral
analysis of the main regional vulnerabilities, which is summarized here. For every physical/
environmental and economic sector, the document also specifies the actions that the Emi-
lia-Romagna Region is already taking and/or are included in the plans, programmes and
laws in force. For each of the sectors, the document identifies measures and actions – di-
vided into categories of mitigation and adaptation – that it will be necessary to include in
future planning for the sector.
In order to make this information more readable, it was deemed necessary to prepare a
‘summary’ version containing the main aspects of the original document, which can be con-
sulted for further details.
3
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentthe region’s structural resilience and also in-
volving the private sector in support of the
joint action; to ensure informed decision-ma-
1. The regional joint
king processes, filling knowledge gaps in re-
strategy lation to adaptation.
More recently, in July 2015, with the approval
of the National Climate Change Adaptation
Strategy (SNACC), through adoption of the
decree of the Ministry for Environment, Land
With the 2030 Agenda, the international and Sea Protection, and with the approval, in
community has dedicated attention to clima- November 2017, of the National Energy Stra-
te change, including within the Sustainable tegy (SEN), Italy has bridged the gap with the
Development Goals (SDGs) for 2015-2030, most advanced European regions, which, for
which includes goal 13, “Take urgent action some time, have prepared plan documents
to combat climate change and its impacts”1, and strategies for adaptation and mitigation.
to which national and local governments are At national level, the National Plan for Adap-
required to contribute in various ways. tation to Climate Change (PNACC), which
At the European level, the European Union should represent the SNACC implementa-
(EU) is approving very clear and specific poli- tion document, is at approval stage, along
cies for both mitigation and adaptation. with the Integrated Energy and Climate Plan
In terms of mitigation, with the so-called “cli- (PNIEC), as required by Regulation 2016/0375
mate and energy package”, the EU has finally of the European Parliament and of the Coun-
set a concrete and binding goal for its mem- cil.
ber states: a) by 2020, to reduce its greenhou- The regions are required to make a contri-
se gas emissions, measured in CO2 equiva- bution to emission mitigation, adopting the
lent, by 20% compared to 1990 levels, b) to European and international commitments,
reduce energy consumption by 20% compa- even though it remains a global and interna-
red to a business-as-usual scenario, and c) to tional goal; above all, they can and must act
produce energy from renewable sources for in terms of adaptation, increasingly including
at least 20% of final energy consumption. climate change scenarios in the definition
Given that the 2020 target date is too close of plans, programmes and sizing choices of
to solve problems related to the impact of infrastructure works, with a time horizon of
climate change, the European Commission 2030 and 2050.
has already begun to explore the different Since November 2015, the Emilia-Romagna
scenarios on the post-2020 horizon. With Region has taken part in the Under2 Coali-
communication COM (2011) 112, “A roadmap tion following the signing of the Subnational
for moving to a competitive low-carbon eco- Global Climate Leadership Memorandum of
nomy in 2050”, the Commission states that Understanding, Under2MoU. Local govern-
this transition will consist of a series of stages ments that are members of the Under2MoU
that provide for the reduction of greenhouse are committed to reducing, by 2050, gre-
gas emissions by 25% by 2020, 40% by 2030, enhouse gas emissions by between 80% and
60% by 2040 and 80% by 2050 compared to 95% compared to 1990 levels, or to a quota of
1990 levels. 2 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per capita.
With regard to adaptation, in 2013 the Euro- The goals for the Emilia-Romagna Region
pean Union achieved a major milestone by identified in the Memorandum of Under-
adopting its own Strategy on Adaptation to standing call for a 20% reduction in emis-
Climate Change, in which it defined three sions by 2020 compared to 1990 levels, and a
main goals: to promote and support action target of -80% by 2050.
by member states; to promote adaptation It is in this context of national and internatio-
in particularly vulnerable sectors, increasing nal policies and commitments that the Emi-
lia-Romagna Region has defined its Climate
1 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg13
4
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentchange mitigation and adaptation strategy, ww to define monitoring indicators (among
with the aim of “holding together” these two those already in use by the various plans
aspects in the fight against climate change for both the SEA (Strategic Environmental
which are seemingly disconnected, but in Assessment) and VALSAT (Environmental
fact strongly interconnected in natural and and Territorial Sustainability Assessment)
man-made, as well as complex and varied and for the operational programmes of
environments. the 2014-2020 Structural Funds);
The regional joint mitigation and adaptation ww to design and implement a regional and
strategy is above all the result of a process local policy implementation observatory;
that has actively involved many represen- ww to identify further measures and actions
tatives, sectors affected by regional policies that should be implemented for the va-
and regional system agencies through the rious sectors, in relation to existing sec-
establishment of an intersectoral working tor plans, helping to coordinate regional
group with Council Resolution no. 570/2016. planning with reference to the mitiga-
The regional strategy goals can therefore be tion and adaptation goals;
summarized as follows: ww to identify and promote a participatory
ww to enhance the actions, plans and pro- process involving local stakeholders in
grammes of the Emilia-Romagna Region order to integrate the issue of adaptation
in terms of mitigation and adaptation to and mitigation into all regional and local
climate change by mapping the actions sectoral policies;
already in place at regional level to redu- ww to coordinate with local mitigation and
ce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt adaptation initiatives.
to climate change;
CURRENT
2030 GOAL 2050 GOAL
STATE IN 2017
CO2 emissions Kton CO2 39.000 -40% -80%
5
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary document2.1 Regional emissions trend
The time series of total greenhouse gas emissions calculated
in CO2eq, including contributions from removals, shows a
2. Observing and predicting
downward trend that has sharpened since 2010.
climate change The decreasing greenhouse gas emissions trend shows a re-
in Emilia-Romagna duction peak in 2014 due to both the economic and producti-
ve crisis and to particularly mild winter temperatures that led
to a reduction in heating-related consumption (figure 1).
Figure 1 CO2 eq emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions by sector have sence of a widespread industry and a road
been calculated since 2013 (table 1). network connecting Northern and Central
Regional emissions, partly due to the signifi- Italy, together with significant human activi-
cant quantity of infrastructure spread across ty in the region, results in emissions that can
the Region, include relatively high levels of only be partially contained, although over
greenhouse gas emissions, particularly when the years great progress has been made in
compared to the national average. The pre- terms of reducing emissions.
Table 1 CO2 eq (kt) emissions by sector
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Industrial
production 11.646 11.504 11.699 15.850 16.318
and electricity
Civil 8.765 7.329 8.297 9.573 9.975
Transport 11.992 12.551 11.043 11.057 10.796
Agriculture 3.656 3.595 3.758 3.230 3.148
Other
emissions
(waste
2.485 2.244 2.928 2.516 2.452
management,
fugitive
emissions)
Removals
-3.843 -3.920 -3.806 -3.546 -3.689
(LULUCF)
Industrial
production and 34.701 33.304 33.919 38.642 39.000
electricity
6
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentThe largest contribution to emissions is due in recent years) and fossil-fueled electricity
to transport and civil heating (residential and generation plants, although the contribu-
tertiary). Less significant contributions are tions of the latter have been increasing in re-
made by industry (which has seen significant cent years due to the recovery of natural gas
improvements in its emissions performance power production (figure 2).
Figure 2 Graph CO2 eq (kt) emissions by sector
Industrial production
and electricity
Civil
Transport
Agriculture
Other emissions
(waste management,
fugitive emissions)
Removals (LULUCF)
CO2 emissions are proportional to energy con- The emissions from the civil sector are due
sumption; over the last decade, energy con- to the demand for thermal energy for hea-
sumption by primary source in the Emilia-Ro- ting and are therefore influenced by the ye-
magna Region has undergone a change that ar’s climate.
has led to a reduction in the consumption of The transport sector shows a slight constant
petroleum products in favour of natural gas, drop in emissions mainly due to the renewal
renewable sources and electricity. of the vehicle fleet.
Demand and consumption of electricity is Despite the continuous increase in waste
constantly increasing, particularly during the production, the total sent to landfill has de-
summer to meet the demand for air condi- creased thanks to waste policies implemen-
tioning in buildings. This leads to a signifi- ted in recent years. In particular, the increase
cant increase in emissions from the electrici- in recovered methane has significantly con-
ty production sector. tributed to reducing the sector’s emissions.
7
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary document2.2 Climate change trends
on a global and local scale
The most consistent sign of ongoing climate 5x5km date set). There are also very signi-
change is temperature, for which, at a glo- ficant positive anomalies, especially for the
bal level, observed data show a growth trend maximum temperatures. In fact in the Re-
between 0.6 °C and 1.1 °C in the 1880-2012 gion, in the 1991-2016 period, the maximum
period. Moreover, since 1950, ten-year and annual temperature recorded an average
inter-annual temperature variability, as well increase of about 1.5 °C compared to the
as the frequency and intensity of extreme 1961-1990 period (17.8 °C compared to 16.3
events (last report of the Intergovernmental °C). At a seasonal level, there is a greater re-
Panel on Climate Change, www.ipcc.ch), has corded increase during the summer, with
increased. a trend of 0.6 °C per decade for maximum
With regard to global precipitation, there is a temperatures and of 0.3 °C per decade for
more varied trend, with many regions of the minimum temperatures.
globe having recorded positive trends (nor- The increasing trend is confirmed by the
thern Europe and certain areas of northern trend of the extreme temperature indica-
and central Asia) or negative trends (Sahel tors, namely by the increase in the duration
and Mediterranean area) from 1951 to today, of heatwaves and tropical nights during
although these trends are not always signi- the summer and the decrease in the num-
ficant. ber of days with frost during the winter.
The Mediterranean Basin has been identi- With regard to annual and seasonal cu-
fied as a “hotspot” for climate change, a ba- mulative precipitation, the trend shows a
sin with annual trends of temperature rises slight decrease, except in autumn, for whi-
and a marked reduction in the number of ch a positive trend is reported. Although
rainy days. there is no significant trend in cumulative
precipitation, it is important to highlight
Climate anomalies in Emilia-Romagna the presence of years with significant ano-
Between 1961 and 2016, a significant increa- malies, both negative and positive, espe-
se in minimum and maximum temperatu- cially after 1980 (Figure 4).
res, both at an annual and seasonal level, In the extreme precipitation values, a positi-
was detected in Emilia-Romagna. The an- ve trend in the maximum consecutive num-
nual trend is more notable for the maximum ber of days without precipitation has been
temperatures (0.4°C per decade) than for the observed, especially during the summer.
minimal temperatures (0.2°C per decade). Locally, in the lowlands and in certain sta-
The temporal trend of the annual temperatu- tions in the central Apennines, an increase
re anomaly (Figure 3) shows a very high fre- in the frequency of heavy rain events has
quency of positive cases after 1990 (Eraclito been noted.
Figure 3 Figure 4
Annual minimum and maximum temperature anomaly compared Annual precipitation anomaly compared to the 1971-2000 period;
to the 1971-2000 period; average in the Emilia-Romagna Region average in the Emilia-Romagna Region
Prec. anom (mm)
year
Tmax anomaly Tmin anomaly year
ww Significant increases in annual and sea- ww Slight decrease in annual and seaso-
sonal values of minimum and maximum nal cumulative precipitation averages,
temperatures; signs of a more intense except in autumn, for which a positive
increase in the maximum temperatu- trend is reported.
res, especially during the summer.
8
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentClimate projections in Emilia-Romagna The projections indicate a probable regional average
The climate scenarios for the Region have been obtai- increase in minimum and maximum temperatures of
ned through the statistical regionalization technique around 1.5 °C in all seasons except summer, when the
applied to the results of the global climate model of average regional increase for the maximum tempera-
the Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change ture is expected to be around 2.5 °C (Figure 5). Further-
(CMCC-CM) for the RCP4.5 emission scenario, which more, possible increases in the duration of heatwaves
provides for a reduction over time in the concentra- and tropical nights are estimated.
tion of greenhouse gases following the adoption of With regard to precipitation, the scenarios show a
mitigation policies; the scenario corresponds to the 2 likely decrease in the amount of precipitation in all se-
°C global warming goal, identified in the Paris Agree- asons, except in autumn, when there may be a regio-
ment (2015). nal average increase of around 20% (Figure 6).
The climate scenarios for the Region show significant As evidenced at a global level, even at regional level
signs of change for the 2021-2050 period compared to signs of change may vary in magnitude and be posi-
the 1971-2000 reference period, in terms of both tem- tive or negative depending on the different areas of
perature and rainfall. the region.
Figure 6
Figure 5
Changes in Tmin and Tmax (average in the Emilia-Romagna Changes in average precipitation (in the Emilia-Romagna Region)
Region) in 2021 -2050 vs 1971 -2000, RCP4.5 scenario in 2021-2050 vs 1971-2000, RCP4.S scenario
(E-Obs data set, 0.250x0.250 resolution) (data set 5x5 km)
WINTER SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN WINTER SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN
ww For the 2021-2050 period, a probable increase in mini- estimates that human activities have caused the glo-
mum and maximum temperatures of about 1.5 °C in bal temperature to rise by about 1 °C compared to the
winter, spring and autumn, and about 2.5 °C in summer.
pre-industrial period, and that, if this temperature rise
ww Probable increase in temperature extremes, in parti-
trend continues at the current pace, global warming will
cular of heat waves and tropical nights.
increase by 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2052.
ww Probable decrease in the amount of precipitation,
The same report emphasizes the fact that the tempera-
especially in spring (around 10%) and summer.
ture increase will vary according to geographic area, in
ww Probable increase in total precipitation and extreme
other words there will be regions that will experience a
events in autumn (about 20%) and increase in the
greater increase and others where the increase will be
number of consecutive days without precipitation in
smaller (https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/).
the summer (about 20%).
There are similar temperature projections for the 2021- “Representative Concentration Pathways” (RCPs) refers to the pa-
thways of concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions in the 21st cen-
2050 period, including in the context of the RCP8.5 tury, with consequent and associated projections of radiative forcing
emission scenario. levels on the ground, based on different scenarios of global economic
growth, population variation, exploitation of energy and land resour-
Towards the end of the century, from 2071 to 2100, the
ces and other socio-economic factors.
projections show more intense changes in terms of both In its fifth Assessment Report (AR5, 2014), the IPCC selected four re-
ference RCPs: RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5. The numerical
temperature and rainfall. With the RCP 4.5 scenario, the
suffix, for example 2.6, represents the radiative forcing, measured in
expected increase for maximum temperatures during the W/m2, estimated in the year 2100 compared to the pre-industrial era
summer could be around 4.5 °C, while with the RCP 8.5 sce- (1750), for the different pathways.
The RCP 2.6 scenario considers the adoption of policies to miti-
nario, which considers the absence of mitigation policies gate and reduce very high emissions; the RCP 4.5 scenario consi-
and the increase in greenhouse gas emissions over time, ders the stabilization of the concentration of greenhouse gases,
or the adoption of measures for their significant reduction; the
summer temperatures could increase by as much as 8 °C. RCP 6.0 scenario is a stabilization scenario, with mild emission
reductions; the RCP 8.5 scenario considers the presence of high
emissions, or the non-adoption of mitigation policies (“BAU: bu-
Future scenarios: the Special Report on Global War- siness as usual”).
ming of 1.5 °C (2018) The RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were taken into consideration
in the strategy.
The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (2018)
9
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentpends both on their intrinsic characteristics
and on the possibility (technical, economic
and social) of intervening with adaptation
3. The regional measures.
vulnerabilities and risks As in the case of vulnerability, the physi-
associated with climate cal-biological and socio-economic sectors
change are also interconnected in terms of risks
and the impact of climate change for a gi-
ven sector can affect others: for example, it is
possible that the risk of subsidence in the co-
Vulnerability
astal area is linked to the imbalance betwe-
Vulnerability is one of the risk components
en groundwater withdrawals and recharge,
with respect to climate change. For an area,
due to the increased demand originating in
this is connected to its natural characteristi-
other sectors.
cs and level of human activity. The degree of
The potential trend towards a significant in-
vulnerability is determined by susceptibility
crease in water demand, particularly for the
to damage, by different sectors’ adaptabili-
irrigation sector, faced with reduced resour-
ty and by the interrelations between physi-
ce availability and unchanged infrastructu-
cal-biological and socio-economic sectors,
re conditions, will lead, on the one hand, to
such as between water and agriculture,
the failure to meet water needs and, on the
between air quality and human health, etc.
other, to heightened environmental pro-
Most of Emilia-Romagna is located in the ge-
blems, such as a decrease in the ecological
ographical region belonging to the Po river
and chemical quality of surface water bo-
basin district, the most important Italian area
dies. The water deficit would cause a deple-
in geographical, economic and social terms,
tion of freshwater environments and their
which is also extremely vulnerable to climate
eutrophication, which would have a critical
change, despite its abundant water resour-
impact on hosted ecosystems and the most
ces.
sensitive species.
Considering that climate change could alter
Therefore, just as for the vulnerabilities, the
the seasonal distribution and variability of
greatest risks related to climate change will
precipitation in the area and reduce the ex-
be associated with the water cycle and con-
tent and volume of alpine glaciers, there will
sequently with the availability of water re-
be significant variations in water outflows, as
sources.
already evidenced by hydrological and rain-
Other risks directly or indirectly resulting
fall data.
from this, caused by climate change in the
In the rest of the region, the greatest vulnera-
physical-biological and socio-economic sec-
bility is also linked to the water cycle, namely
tors in Emilia-Romagna, are:
to the increased frequency and intensity of
ww forest fires,
extreme weather and climate events and to
ww hydrogeological instability (landslides
the variation in average annual water availa-
and floods) and subsidence,
bility.
ww soil degradation and onset of desertifica-
Indeed, since 2003, due to the increased de-
tion processes,
mand from various human activities, there
ww loss of agricultural production,
have been frequent water shortages.
ww less availability and lower quality of water,
ww coastal erosion,
ww adverse effects on health,
Risks
ww increased energy consumption,
The risks connected to climate change in the
ww loss of biodiversity and ecosystem change,
physical-biological and socio-economic sec-
ww adverse effects on economic activities (in-
tors are related to the type of impact that the
dustry, commerce and tourism),
change can have and to the degree of resi-
ww saltwater intrusion.
lience of the sectors themselves, which de-
10
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentThe following infographics, for each area in
which the Emilia-Romagna Region has been
divided, only schematically report the main
and major effects that the risks identified
above have on the physical-biological and
socio-economic sectors.
Specifically:
ww Ridge area (which includes municipali-
ties at altitudes exceeding 800 metres
above sea level)
ww Hilly area (which includes municipalities
at altitudes between 200 and 800 metres
above sea level)
ww Lowland area (which includes municipa-
lities at altitudes lower than 200 metres
above sea level)
ww Coastal area (which includes municipali-
ties facing the sea or less than 5 km away)
ww Urban areas (which include municipali-
ties with > 30,000 inhabitants)
For a more in-depth, detailed analysis of the
individual sectors, please refer to the an-
nexes of the complete document – Climate
change mitigation and adaptation strategy
for the Emilia-Romagna Region – which is
available on www.regione.emilia-romagna/
ambiente/cambiamentoclimatico
11
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentLEGENDA
RISK AREA KEY AMBITI DI RISCHIO forestincendi
fires boschivi dissesto idrogeologico
hydrogeological instability
degrado deland
soil degradation suolo e innesco
onset arretramento della linea loss ofperdita della biodiversità
biodiversity and
coastal
di erosion
costa e modifi ca degli ecosistemi
of desertification processes ecosystem change
loss perdita di qualità equality
of environmental sicurezza
andambientale
safety
turismo
tourism
loss of tourist attractiveness
fewer tourists in the winter tourist season
increased management costs for winter sports facilities
loss of economic value of buildings due to structural deterio-
ration, reduced road access to settlements, increased insur-
urbane
urban
areas
ance costs
aree
lower number of inhabitants and settlements
damage to buildings and infrastructure
aumento
increased risksdei
forrischi
peopleper le persone
aumento
increased dei risks
health rischifor
sanitari
peopleper le persone
aumento
increase delle patologie
in diseases related legate alla variabili-
salute
to climate variability
ridge
health
crinale
area
danniand
damage e interruzioni
disruptionalla viabilità
to roads
increased cost for infrastructure
maintenance and repair
transport
Area di
Ridge Area
crinale
area di crinale
(which
(che include
(che
includes include
i Comuni
i Comuni
municipalities aat a
quotaquota
superiore
altitudes superiore
exceedingagli800
800
agli 800
metri metri
s.l.m.)s.l.m.)
metres above sea level)
reduced attractiveness of production sites
production
due to loss of safety and accessibility
sicurezza e accessibilità
sistema
system
increased site insurance costs
increased exposure of slopes to extreme
territorio
estremi
events increased vulnerability
land
increased land maintenance and management costs territorio
interne
waters
acque
inland
12
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary document
ale 07.05.indd 2-3adverse effects on economic adverse effects on health saltwater
intrusione intrusion
salina
activities
economiche
aumento dei consumi
increased energy perdita della
loss produzione
of agricultural minore disponbilità
less availability and lower
consumption agricola
production e qualità idrica
quality of water
air quality fishing and
dell’aria e acquacoltura
qualità
production loss and increased management costs
aquaculture
reduction in the typical amount of fish caught
pesca
coastal areas
alterazione dellaofcomposizione
alteration the composition and
biodiversity and
balance of terrestrial flora and
e ecosistemi
biodiversità
ecosystems
fauna
nicchie and destruction of ecological
ecologiche
sites and niches
loss of arable land
agricoltura
decline in the quantity and quality of local agriculture
products
loss of productive soil layers
decrease in energy production
sistema
from hydroelectric plants
system
energy
increased energy demand due to management
of winter sports facilities and to the presence
of tourists in the summer
aumento del numero
increase e dell’estensioine
in the number delle
and extent aree percorse
of areas impactedda incendi
by fires increase in forest management and restoration
foreste
forests
diminuzione della produzione
costs decrease in timberdiproduction
legname
distruzione e alterazione
destruction degli ecosistemi
and alteration of forestforestali
ecosystems
perditaloss
della
of resilienza dei sistemi
forest ecosystem forestali
resilience
13
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary document
07/05/19 1LEGENDA
RISK AREAS KEY AMBITI DI RISCHIO forestincendi
fires boschivi hydrogeological instability
dissesto idrogeologico
soil degradation
degrado delandsuolo
onsete innesco coastalarretramento
erosion della linea loss ofperdita
biodiversity and
della biodiversità
of desertification processes di costa ecosystem
e modifichange
ca degli ecosistemi
perdita
loss of di qualità equality
environmental sicurezza
andambientale
safety
tourism
turismo
loss of attractiveness and fewer tourists
loss of economic value of buildings due to structural
deterioration, reduced road access to settlements,
urbane
urban
areas
increased insurance costs
aree
lower number of inhabitants and settlements
damage to buildings and infrastructure
aumento
increased risksdei
forrischi per le persone
people
aumento
increased dei risks
health rischifor
sanitari
peopleper le persone
aumento
increase delle patologie
in diseases related legate alla variabilità
to climate variability
hilly
salute
health
increased risk dei
aumento for rischi
new diseases
per nuove patologie
collina
area
danni
damage ande interruzioni
disruption alla viabilità
to roads
increased cost for infrastructure
maintenance and repair
transport
Areaarea
Hilly di
Area
collina
di collina
(which
(che include
include (che include
i Comuni
municipalities i Comuni
aat a
altitudes between 200 tra
quota quota
compresa
compresa
tra i 200andi 200
800
reduced attractiveness of production sites e gli 800
metres e above
glimetri
800seametri
s.l.m.)
level)s.l.m.)
due to loss of safety and accessibility
production
perdita
increased di insurance
site sicurezza ecosts
accessibilità
sistema
system
increased exposure of slopes to extreme events
territorio
estremi
increased vulnerability
land
increased land maintenance and management costs
increased exposure of slopes to extreme events increased
aumento della vulnerabilità dei suoli
soil vulnerability
alteration of the balance of flora and fauna
aumento dei risks
rischifor
sanitari perincrease
le persone
interne
waters
inland
increased health people in groundwater
acque
aumento dei prelievi da falda
withdrawals
14
collina 06.05.indd 2-3
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentadverse effects on economic adverse effects on health intrusione salinaintrusion
saltwater
activities
economiche
aumento dei consumi
increased energy perdita della
loss produzione
of agricultural minore disponbilità
less availability and lower
agricola
production e qualità idrica
quality of water
consumption
air quality fishing and
dell’aria e acquacoltura
qualità
production loss and increased management costs
aquaculture
reduction in the typical amount of fish caught
pesca
biodiversity and coastal areas
e ecosistemi
biodiversità
alterazione della
alteration composizione
of the e
composition
ecosystems
and balance of terrestrial flora
nicchie
and fauna and destruction
of ecological sites and niches
loss of arable land
agricoltura
decline in the quantity and quality
of local products agriculture
loss of productive soil layers
riduzione
anddelle superfi
reduced ci land
arable
increased production costs
and reduced arable land
decrease in energy production
from hydroelectric plants
sistema
system
energy
aumento della
increasedrichiesta
coolingdidemand
raffrescamento
aumento del numero
increase e dell’estensione
in the number delle
and extent of aree
areaspercorse
impacteddaby
incendi
fires
increase in forest management and restoration costs
foreste
forests
diminuzione
decreasedella produzione
in timber di legname
production
alterazione dellaof
alteration composizione e della
the composition distruzione e alterazione
destruction degli ecosistemi
and alteration of forest
consistenza delle coperture
and consistency forestali
of forest cover forestali
ecosystems
loss
perdita of forest
della ecosystem
resilienza resilience
dei sistemi forestali perditaloss
della
ofresilienza dei sistemi
forest ecosystem forestali
resilience
15
07/05/19 16:10
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentKEY AMBITI DI RISCHIO
LEGENDA
RISK AREAS forestincendi
fires boschivi hydrogeological instability
dissesto idrogeologico
soil degradation
degrado delandsuolo
onsete innesco arretramento
coastal erosion della linea loss of biodiversity
perdita and
della biodiversità
of desertification processes di costa e modifi
ecosystem ca degli ecosistemi
change
loss of environmental
perdita di qualità quality andambientale
e sicurezza safety
tourism
turismo
loss of attractiveness and fewer tourists
loss of economic value of buildings due to structural
deterioration, reduced road access to settlements,
urbane
urban
areas
increased insurance costs
aree
lower number of inhabitants and settlements
damage to buildings and infrastructure
aumento
increased risksdei
forrischi
peopleper le persone
aumento
increased dei risks
health rischifor
sanitari
peopleper le persone
aumento
increase delle patologie
in diseases related legate alla variabilità
to climate variability
salute
health
aumento
increased risk dei
for rischi per nuove patologie
new diseases
pianura
pianura
lowlands
danni
damage e interruzioni
and allaroads
disruption to viabilità
increased cost for infrastructure
maintenance and repair
transport
diminuzione
reduction delle potenzialità
of the potential of inlanddel
trasporto
navigation fl uviale
Area diArea
Lowland pianura
di pianura
area (which
(che include
(che
includes include
i Comuni
i Comuni
municipalities
a quotaa quota
inferiore
inferiore
ai
at altitudes lower than 200ai
200200
reduced attractiveness of metri metri
s.l.m.)s.l.m.)
metres above sea level)
production sites
production
perdita
due to loss ofdisafety
sicurezza
andeaccessibility
accessibilità
sistema
system
increased site insurance costs dei
increased exposure of slopes to extreme events
territorio
estremi
increased vulnerability
land
increased land maintenance and management costs
increase in erosion and surfaces vulnerable to extremes
estremi
events
aumento dei rischi sanitari per le persone
increased health risks for people increase in groundwater
aumento dei prelievi da falda
interne
withdrawals
waters
inland
acque
increased sanitization and purification costs
16
pianura 07.05.indd 2-3 Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentadverse effects on economic adverse effects on health intrusione salinaintrusion
saltwater
activities
economiche
aumento dei consumi
increased energy perdita della
loss produzione
of agricultural minore disponbilità
less availability and lower
agricola e qualità idrica
quality of water
consumption production
air quality fishing and
deterioration of air quality due to seasonal increase in short-term pollutants
dell’aria e acquacoltura
qualità
production loss and increased management costs
aquaculture
reduction in the typical amount of fish caught
pesca
biodiversity and coastal areas
alterazione della
alteration ofcomposizione e
the composition
e ecosistemi
biodiversità
ecosystems
and balance of terrestrial flora
and fauna and destruction
ecologiche
of ecological sites and niches
decline in quantity and quality
diminuzione della sostanza organica e
agricoltura
reduction of organic matter and reduction agriculture
of productive surfaces
increased production costs
and reduced arable land
decrease in energy production
sistema
from hydroelectric plants
system
energy
aumento della richiesta di raffrescamento
increased cooling demand
aumento dei blackout
increase in blackouts
alterazione e perdita della resilienza degli ecosistemi forestali residuali
alteration and loss of resilience of residual forest ecosystems
foreste
forests
17
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary document 07/05/19 16:11LEGENDA
RISK AREAS KEY AMBITI DI RISCHIO incendi
forest fires boschivi dissesto idrogeologico
hydrogeological instability
soil degradation
degrado deland onset
suolo e innesco arretramento
coastal erosion della linea perdita
loss of della biodiversità
biodiversity and
of desertification processes di costa e modifi
ecosystem ca degli ecosistemi
change
turismo loss of tourist attractiveness
tourism
loss of attractiveness and lower tourist numbers
increased cost of management and safety of facilities
loss of economic value of buildings due to structural
deterioration and increased insurance costs
urbane
urban
areas
aree
damage to buildings and infrastructure
aumento
increased dei rischi
health risks sanitari per le persone
for people
aumento
increase delle patologie
in diseases related legate alla variabilità
to climate
coastal
salute
variability and extremes and to air quality
health
aumento
increased risk dei
for rischi
new per nuove increased
diseases patologie
costs for the health system
costa
area
danni
damage e interruzioni
and disruptionalla
to viabilità
roads
increased maintenance and ten-
repair cost loss of infrastructure
transport
Coastal area (which
Area Area
di dimunicipalities
costa
includes costa
(che (che
includeinclude
i
facing the sea ori Comuni
Comuni che
chethan
less
loss of economic value and si aff si aff
acciano
5 km away)
acciano
sul sul
mare mare
o o
attractiveness of production sites due to
interruzione della produzione che distano
che distano dameno
da esso esso meno
production
a decrease or interruption in production di 5 km)
di 5 km)
sistema
system
increased insurance costs
structural deterioration
damage to production facilities and loss
of economic value of sites
territorio
increased maintenance, management and safety costs
in sicurezza
land
aumento della vulnerabilità
increased vulnerability
increased maintenance and management costs
aumento
increase dell’erosione
in erosion e delle superfi
and surfaces ci vulnerabili
vulnerable alle ingressioni
to marine ingressionmarine
aumento
increased dei risks
health rischi for
sanitari per le persone
people intrusione
saltwater salinainto
intrusion nelle
aumento
increase dei prelievi da
in groundwater falda
withdrawals falde
aquifers increased sanitization
interne
waters
inland
acque
increased sanitization and purification costs and purification costs
increased maintenance and management costs
aumento
increased della vulnerabilità
vulnerability
costa07.05.indd 2-3 18
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentadverse effects on economic adverse effects on health intrusione salina
saltwater intrusion
activities
economiche
aumento dei consumi perdita della
loss produzione
of agricultural minore disponbilità
less availability and lower
increased energy agricola e qualità idrica
consumption production quality of water
deterioration of air quality due to seasonal increase in short-term pollutants
air quality fishing and
dell’aria e acquacoltura
qualità
production loss and increased management costs
aquaculture
reduction in the typical amount of fish caught
pesca
failure to satisfy demand in the tourist season
increased risk of conflict in the use of the resource
coastal areas
and of groundwater drainage
loss of economic value of assets and structures
loss or deterioration of morphological and
functional characteristics | loss of attractiveness
increased vulnerability to extreme events
damage to infrastructure and buildings
subsidenza | ingressioni
subsidence marineingression
| marine
biodiversity and
e ecosistemi
alterazione della
alteration of composizione
the composition e
and balance
biodiversità
ecosystems
of flora and fauna and destruction
delle nicchie ecologiche
of ecological niches
decline in the quantity and quality of products
agricoltura
agriculture
reduced arable land and increased
production costs
colturereduced arable land and crop damage
aumento della richiesta
increased di raff
cooling rescamento
demand
aumento dei rischi
increase indiblackouts
blackout
sistema
system
energy
alterazione e perdita
alteration anddiloss
resilienza degli ecosistemi
of resilience forestali
of residual forestresiduali
ecosystems
foreste
forests
19 07/05/19 16:11
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentLEGENDA
RISK AREAS KEY AMBITI DI RISCHIO forestincendi
fires boschivi dissesto idrogeologico
hydrogeological instability
degrado deland
soil degradation suolo e innesco
onset arretramento
coastal della linea loss ofperdita della biodiversità
biodiversity and
of desertification processes di erosion
costa e modifi
ecosystem ca degli ecosistemi
change
loss of tourist attractiveness
turismo
tourism
loss of attractiveness and lower tourist numbers
increased cost of management and safety of facilities
loss of economic value of buildings due to structural deterioration,
reduced road access to settlements, increased insurance costs
urbane
urban
areas
aree
damage to buildings and infrastructure
aumento
increased deirisks
health rischifor
sanitari
peopleper le persone
aumento
increase delle patologie
in diseases related legate alla variabilità
to climate variability
health
salute
aumento
increased risk dei
for rischi per nuove patologie
new diseases
increased costs for the health system sanitario
aree
urban
danni
damage ande interruzioni allaroads
disruption to viabilità
increased cost for infrastructure
maintenance and repair
transport
Urban areasurbane
Aree urbane
Aree (which in-
clude municipalities
(che includono
(che with
i Comuni
includono i Comuni
structural deterioration and increased > 30,000 inhabitants)
insurance costs > 30.000)
> 30.000)
production
sistema
system
loss of economic value and attractiveness
of production sites due to a decrease or
interruzione
interruption della produzione
in production
increased insurance costs
increased maintenance, management and safety costs
territorio
in sicurezza
land
aumento
increased deirisks
health rischifor
sanitari
peopleper le persone
aumento dei prelievi da falda
interne
waters
increase in groundwater withdrawals
inland
acque
increased sanitization and purification costs
20
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentadverse effects on economic adverse effects on health intrusione salina
saltwater intrusion
economiche
activities
aumento dei consumi perdita
lossdella produzione
of agricultural
minore
less disponbilità
availability and lower
increased energy agricola e qualità idrica
consumption production quality of water
deterioration of air quality due to seasonal increase in short-term pollutants
air quality fishing and
dell’aria e acquacoltura
qualità
aquaculture
pesca
coastal areas
areas
biodiversity and
e ecosistemi
biodiversità
ecosystems
agricoltura
agriculture
aumento della richiesta di raffrescamento
increased
aumento cooling demand
dei blackout
sistema
system
energy
increase in blackouts
foreste
forests
21
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary document4. Actions: Intervention
priorities
The following are some of the main inter- network with consequent difficulties in ma-
ventions identified for certain sectors divi- naging mobility in urbanized areas.
ded into short-term actions (by 2020), me- This has negative repercussions in economic
dium-term actions (by 2020) and strategic terms, linked to the cost of restoring infra-
guidelines. For a more in-depth and comple- structure and services, and in terms of safety,
te version of this information, please refer to linked to the safety of people who use this in-
the Mitigation and adaptation strategy for frastructure for travel.
the Emilia-Romagna Region document, ap- The PRIT2025 outlines an integrated plan
proved by Assembly Resolution no. 187 of 29 for mobility management: from manage-
December 2018. ment of demand to organization of networks
and services in the area, improving accessi-
4.1Infrastructure and transport bility and incorporating the guidelines of the
The transport sector in Emilia-Romagna is Climate change mitigation and adaptation
extremely vulnerable to climate change: on joint strategy.
the one hand, the settlement fragmentation In particular, the intervention priorities
that increases the demand for mobility of pe- concern mitigation measures, such as: pro-
ople and goods and makes the sector one of motion of electric mobility with alternative
the most energy-intensive at a regional level, sources to fossil fuels; upgrading of electric
where the main energy source is fossil fuels, outlets throughout the entire area; zero-e-
on the other hand, the increased frequency mission conversion of public fleets (vehi-
of extreme weather and climate phenomena cles and buses); improvement of the railway
that jeopardizes the regional infrastructure electrification system and of rolling stock.
The table gives a detailed description of the actions to be implemented in the short and me-
dium term and of the allocated resources.
Implementation period Type of measure
Support for the transition of businesses and consumers to electric
vehicles
Incentives will be provided for the entire 2018 – 2019 – 2020 three-year
period. Specifically, this consists of a contribution equal to the cost of
three years of regional motor vehicle tax, up to a maximum amount of
191.00 euro for each year. Residents of the Region will be able to access
the contribution and become the owner of a new petrol-electric hybrid
vehicle
Short-term actions (by
2020) Improvement of fast charging areas through:
an allocation of over 2 million euro for the purchase of charging sy-
stems by local authorities, agencies and public transport companies
The charging network is already undergoing further implementation
thanks to agreements signed by the Region with the major cities and
electricity distributors
Signing of new agreements with the main electricity distributors for
the installation of around 1,500 new facilities by 2020.
22
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary documentImplementation period Type of measure
Exclusive purchase of zero-emission buses from 2025-2030 and exclusi-
ve purchase of zero-emission vehicles for public fleets by 2030
The Region has already planned to replace 20% of its buses by 2020, sub-
stituting, in particular all Euro 0 and E1 with low-impact vehicles and de-
veloping the LNG (liquified natural gas) technology for local public tran-
sport in certain cities, and providing for the construction of three LNG and
biomethane filling stations. New power line projects will be developed,
partly thanks to residual ERDF ROP funds (European Regional Develop-
ment Fund - Regional Operational Programme, 2014-2020) in various
cities in the Region with a 7 million-euro pilot project for electric public
mobility. At the end of the pilot project, the Region will increasingly incen-
tivize transport companies to exclusively purchase electric buses in urban
areas.
Promotion of the implementation of the EV charging infrastructure,
in particular in all public buildings
Medium-term actions
(beyond 2020)
Support for EV battery charger installation in the workplace
Improvement of the railway electrification system
The new 2019-2034 service contract provides for a complete renewal of
the railway fleet, with the replacement of most of the regional rolling
stock. The first and most sizeable introduction of new stock will take
place starting in June 2019 and will end in 2020 with 86 new trains,
entailing an investment of around 600 million euros.
Improvement of regional rolling stock
The new 2019-2034 service contract provides for a complete renewal of
the railway fleet, with the replacement of most of the regional rolling
stock. The first and most sizeable introduction of new stock will take
place starting in June 2019 and will end in 2020 with 86 new trains,
entailing an investment of around 600 million euros.
The strategic guidelines identified to mana- structure vulnerabilities, and finally to the
ge the risks associated with climate chan- definition of new technical standards and
ge promote the optimisation of existing optimal solutions to refer to.
networks with respect to the construction Adaptation of the infrastructure and tran-
of new and large-scale works, providing for sport system must also be implemented
a weighted assessment of infrastructure ef- through local mobility planning tools, ac-
ficiency standards and their vulnerability to cording to the respective powers of local au-
climate change in relation to their functio- thorities.
nality. In order to allow the implementation of
A crucial role is played by promotion of complementary and support measures,
analysis of the vulnerabilities of the tran- it is advantageous to implement aware-
sport system, with reference to the three ness-raising actions, public debate and re-
aspects of sensitivity (infrastructure, services gional coordination, involving all stakehol-
and demand), including preparation of vul- ders, in particular the infrastructure and
nerability maps based on experience. When services managers.
identifying adaptation measures, particular
attention is also paid to biodiversity and na-
tural ecosystems, as well as to their evolution
under climatic variables. This type of activity
requires coordinated methodologies defi-
ned at national level, with regard to the type
of phenomena that can be expected, the
methods of diagnosing of land and infra-
23
Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy for the Emilia-Romagna region - Summary document4.2 Land (landslides, floods and soil ww Improvement of systems for forecasting,
degradation) early warning and monitoring of phe-
A very large proportion of regional residen- nomena, information to the population
tial areas, infrastructure, real estate and pro- and dissemination of risk culture and the
duction business is subject to potential criti- Alert Web portal
cal issues due to hydrogeological instability. The intervention priorities relate to the con-
About 12% of the Region is potentially expo- struction of hydraulic works for waterways,
sed to landslides that affect large areas of the especially in sections near towns and indu-
mountainous/hilly area; 45% of the region is strial sites. These are accompanied by: or-
subject to hydraulic hazards, very often in re- dinary and extraordinary maintenance for
lation to the secondary reclamation network hydraulic safety and slope security; beach
in the lowlands. Furthermore, the region’s nourishment of coastal areas; interventions
land has an average sensitivity to desertifica- for the defence of drainage canals, as well
tion in lowland and foothill areas and a low as irrigation works to combat water scarcity,
sensitivity in hilly and mountainous areas. especially in the agricultural sector. In order
Following agri-environment measures and to guarantee necessary prevention and to
regional soil protection policies, soil loss due reduce the vulnerability of areas, businesses
to water erosion (5.64 t/ha/year) is however sli- and citizens, efforts will be intensified in the
ghtly lower than the Italian average (7.7t/ha/ coming years to improve early warning sy-
year), although considerably higher than the stems and to provide adequate knowledge
EU average. of the tool for ever greater efficiency.
Climate change scenarios, envisaging an in- The guidelines identified by the regional
crease in extreme events, will lead to grea- strategy to manage the risks associated with
ter hydrological instability in relation to the climate change must aim to: improve geo-
easier triggering or recurrence of landslides technical and structural knowledge of river
and to more frequent river floods, especially bank defence systems and their control du-
in the small foothill basins connected to the ring an event; systematize maintenance, se-
urban fabric. The expected long dry periods, curity and vulnerability reduction plans for
reduced precipitation and positive tempera- structures and infrastructure (such as roads
ture anomalies will lead to more arid condi- and distribution networks) of strategic im-
tions which, combined with unsustainable portance, including for the safety of the area
management, especially in agriculture, may and its inhabitants; relocate areas exposed to
accentuate soil degradation and trigger de- greater risk.
sertification processes. The key objectives are:
Various measures, acting on different fronts, ww maintenance of correct and fast emer-
are planned to contain the increasing hydro- gency management to deal with the un-
geological risk: predictability of extreme events
ww Improvement of knowledge of phenome- ww application of innovative tools and
na and of the area, data sharing methods for monitoring phenomena
ww Policies and regulations regarding land and collecting and sharing data, informa-
management and use of water resources tion and predictive and hydrometeorolo-
ww Planning and implementation of structu- gical modelling systems
ral defence interventions, widespread ww constant study of the alterations of the
maintenance of the area and works most significant hydrological regimes
ww Promotion of activities and practices fo- and phenomena (e.g. flash floods) due to
cused on sustainability and the preven- climate change and its effects on soil de-
tion and mitigation of soil degradation gradation, development of technologies
ww Integration between functional coordina- for the control and widespread surveil-
tion and planning levels lance of banks through research
24
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