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ifa ECP Monitor Country Report
ifa ECP Monitor Country Report
Singapore2 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
1. External cultural policy objectives in
geopolitical context
Singapore is an island city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula with a pop-
ulation of 5.69 million.1 Once a British colony, Singapore first joined the Federation of Ma-
laysia on its formation in 1963 but seceded to become an independent nation on August 9,
1965. After gaining its independence, Singapore quickly moved out of its developing country
situation and ascended to prominence in the global economy. It is ranked as the most open
and the most pro-business economy globally by the World Economic Forum in 2019.2
Table 1: Singapore’s geopolitical and geo-economic position
2019 2015
Hard power rank 40th (2021) n/a -
World trade rank ($ million)3 15th / 749,307 14th / 666,063
Soft power rank 21st / 61.51 21st / 52.50 -
Diplomacy rank n/a 50th (2016)
-
Singapore is ranked 40 out of 140 for “hard power” by the Global Fire Power in 2021. Keenly
aware of its limitations in hard power, Singapore focuses on creating diplomatic and economic
space for itself through proactive and creative diplomacy. According to the USC Soft Power
30, Singapore’s strongest influence is in its position as a global hub of finance and business.
Thanks to its strategic position as a global node, instead of expanding its overseas presence
through “brick and mortar institutions,” Singapore opens its gate widely for stakeholders
across the globe. For example, Singapore is ranked the 2 nd in Global Talent Competitiveness
Index 2017 with its heavy investment in digital technology and educational reforms.
In one of the speeches given by Rosa Daniel from the Ministry of Culture, Community and
Youth (MCCY), cultural diplomacy is important for Singapore to stay relevant regionally and
globally.4 However, at the same time, external cultural policies are always a negotiation be-
tween its economic agenda and socio-cultural agenda (Kong, 2000). On the one hand, Singa-
pore has an acute need for arts and culture to build a coherent and robust national identity as
a multi-racial and multi-cultural society. On the other hand, Singapore also needs to
strengthen its edges in finance and business and embrace technologies and innovation to gain
greater influence in regional and global dialogues. In recent years, an emphasis has been placed
on cultural values than immediate economic gains in its foreign policy. It seems that Singapore
seeks to harness its strength in innovation to slowly expand into areas like arts, culture, and
media.
1
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SG in 2020.
2
World Economic Forum (2019). https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf.
3
https://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/SGP. The rank is taken from the table of leading exporters and importers
in world merchandise trade in World Trade Statistical Review 2016 & 2020.
4
Refer to Remarks by Mrs Rosa Daniel, Deputy Secretary Of the Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth at the Malraux
Seminar on 12 Mar 2018, at the National Gallery Singapore.3 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
Table 2: Economy of Singapore
2019 2015
Population (millions) / ranking 5.70 / 114th 5.54 / 116th
GDP ranking 34th 37th
GDP per capita ($) 65,640 55,647
Cultural economy (%GDP) 0.37 0.64
Education economy (%GDP) 2.5 2.8
R&D economy (%GDP) 1.8 (2018) 2.3
Media economy (%GDP) 0.11 0.15
Sources: World Bank, Data.gov.sg
The nation-building politics as a soft authoritarian regime has determined Singapore’s devel-
opment model and directed it in a planned, top-down fashion. After implementing several
master plans like the Arts and Culture Strategic Review (2012-2016, with an injection of $270
million), Singapore successfully shifted from Asia’s Global City to the world’s leading techno-
nation (Chung, 2017).5 However, arts and culture still take a secondary position compared to
other indicators like education and R&D. Culture, to the Singapore government, serves more
as an ideological tool to socialize the migrant society into a cohesive community (Chong,
2018).
Table 3: Government spending on ECP fields as a % of total outlays
2019 2015
Culture 2.5 3.8
Education 16.9 17.7
R&D 11.9 (2018) 13.7
Media 0.75 0.90
Sources: Data.gov.sg, Singapore Cultural Statistics 2020
In general, government expenditures in all four areas of ECP have decreased compared to
2015. Notably, from 2017 to 2021, the Singapore government has shifted its focus to domestic
social development in recent years. Singapore’s spending on foreign affairs averages about
470.6 million Singapore dollars (€300 million) every year, about 0.1% of the government’s
annual total expenditure. The government funding and philanthropy for arts and culture have
also decreased steadily from 2015 to 2019.
5
Refer to pp.7 of Our SG Arts Plan (2018-2022) Draft.4 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
2. External cultural policy: an overview
One of the primary goals of Singapore as a small state is to find its niche identity and balance
its economic and cultural agendas in practicing cultural diplomacy and expanding foreign pol-
icy space. Education and science are two of Singapore’s strengths in ECP, with scholarships,
the Global Ready Talent program, and collaboration projects funded and supported by MOE
and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Culture and arts are a secondary concern to Sin-
gapore in its external cultural policies when it comes to governmental funding. According to
Singapore Cultural Statistics published in 2020, the number of international development
grants allocated by the National Arts Council to artists and art companies to promote Singa-
pore arts internationally has decreased significantly from 435 in 2015 to 192 in 2019.
Singapore does not emphasize marketing its culture as uniquely different from others. On the
one hand, it is de rigueur to describe Singapore as a “cultural desert” in the sight of its short
national history and lack of longstanding artistic traditions. On the other hand, all major areas
of Singapore’s ECP are interconnected and shielded under the umbrella of technology and
innovation. For these reasons, Singapore focuses on people-to-people diplomacy by inviting
actors overseas and across all social sectors to also engage in and shape its cultural diplomacy.
Table 4: Key ECP Statistics for Singapore
2019
Number of countries with ECP activities >60 (2021)
Total number of institutions abroad >27 (2021)
Total number of FTE staff engaged in ECP activities -
ECP freelance & local contract staff -
Government financial support (€ million) 16.4 (2014-2019)
Financial scale of all ECP activities (€ million) 15.026
Comparative ECP ranking medium
Singapore embraces the objectives of regional and international bodies like UNESCO and
ASEAN. It also keeps open and productive diplomatic ties with many countries, mainly the
Commonwealth, East Asian, and Southeast Asian countries. According to Lowy Institute
Global Diplomacy Index in 2019, Singapore has 28 embassies and high commissions abroad,
17 consulates, and 4 permanent missions. However, while Singapore houses many cultural
institutions from abroad, it does not actively seek to increase its overseas presence through
similar channels. In this regard, Singapore’s approach of drawing foreign institutions to its
home soil instead of projecting its power of influence abroad is similar to Qatar. Both Doha
and Singapore position themselves as global cultural hubs well integrated into regional and
international networks.
6
Singapore Budget 2019. MCCY (International & Public Relations, Public Communications). Singapore’s fiscal year starts
from 1 April to 31 March next year. Calculated with an average exchange rate of SGD to EUR 0.656:1 from 1 April 2019 to
31 March 2020 ECB.5 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
In 2014, the Singapore government established the Cultural Diplomacy Fund of about S$25
million (about €16 million) to support various cultural diplomacy platforms worldwide for
the next five years. Some examples of projects funded included platforms for ASEAN, show-
case opportunities in Australia like AsiaTOPA, and George Town Festival. 7 The Cultural
Diplomacy Fund is comprised S$20 million (€13 million) from the Ministry of Culture,
Community and Youth (MCCY), and S$5 million (€3 million) from the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs (MFA).
Figure 1: Institutional map of Singapore’s ECP
3. Fields of ECP
In Singapore, cultural diplomacy is carried out by government bodies like the National Arts
Council (NAC) and the National Heritage Board (NHB) under the Ministry of Culture,
Community and Youth (MCCY). They often work closely with the Ministry of Education
(MOE) and other statuary boards like the Economic Development Board (EDB) and the Sin-
gapore Tourism Board (STB) to push forward international collaborations in various fields.
For example, from 2014 to 2019, MCCY, NAC, and NHB have supported over 1,000 artists,
arts groups, and cultural professionals’ participation in more than 300 international festivals,
exhibitions, residencies, and professional development programs. 8
At the grassroots level, artists, arts groups, and other organizations also engage in cultural di-
plomacy (often with government funding) by organizing or attending festivals and residencies
or artistic collaboration. However, these activities are usually carried out at an individual level
and scatter across all social sectors of Singapore. Two examples of independent arts and cul-
ture groups are Dance Nucleus and Singapore Unbound, a New York City-based literary non-
profit facilitating cultural exchanges. Another noteworthy example is the Gillman Barracks
Program. It is a joint effort from the EDB, NAC, and JTC Corporation to set up galleries with
7
Refer to the Full Report on the IPS-SAM Roundtable on Cultural Diplomacy.
8
Refer to pp. 12 of the MCCY COS 2019 FACT SHEET.6 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
an international focus and implement projects in collaboration with arts from countries like
the US, China, Australia, and Japan.9
In addition to state-planned and grassroots arts and cultural activities, non-state actors like the
Singapore International Foundation (SIF) also play a crucial role in shaping Singapore’s cul-
tural diplomacy. From 2000 to 2016, the SIF partnered with art creators as cultural ambassa-
dors and supported over 700 artists in presenting Singapore culture in more than 50 coun-
tries.10 The SIF works with individuals and groups from all social sectors, including academia,
young citizens, civil society, to seek international collaborations through fellowship opportu-
nities, Volunteer Cooperation programs, and initiatives like Arts for Good. The SIF sees itself
as a complementary alternative to initiatives led by the Singapore government, which are often
constrained to a small budget compared to other nations like the UK, Japan, and Korea. It
aims to develop a coherent and strategic national framework for cultural diplomacy focusing
on people-to-people connection.11
3.1. Culture and the arts
Table 5: Key statistics on culture and the art
2019 2015
Singapore International
Number of countries present Foundation: > 60 -
Gilman Barracks: 10
Number of institutes 0 0
Number of artists in exchange Singapore International
-
programs Foundation: 501(2021)
Number of cultural agreements >8 -
Government financial support
- -
($ million)
In 2012, the Arts and Culture Strategic Review 2012-2016, with a fund of S$16.35 million
(about €11 mllion), cemented the importance of arts and culture in building a Singaporean
identity and social life. The latest Singapore Arts Plan 2018-22 resonates with the critical 1989
Report of the Advisory Council on Culture and the Arts. It emphasizes the social dimension
instead of the economic gains brought by cultural exchanges. Three strategic thrusts that lie
at the core of its vision are “Inspire our people,” “Connect our communities,” and “Position
Singapore globally.” The third goal to position Singapore globally is further divided into three
components – establishing Singapore as a valuable collaborative partner for arts and culture
in the region, developing international residencies and capacity-building programs, and ex-
tending an effective Singapore presence overseas.
9
Refer to pp. 359 of The State & the Arts in Singapore: Policies and Institutions.
10
Refer to pp. 5 of the Full Report on the IPS-SAM Roundtable on Cultural Diplomacy.
11
Refer to pp. 28 of Winning Hearts and Minds: Public Diplomacy in ASEAN by the SIF.7 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
In particular, Paul Tan, the Deputy Chief Executive Officer at NAC, stresses the non-instru-
mental value of arts and how the SG Arts Plan will serve as a document to help other govern-
ment agencies appreciate what the arts can do (IPS, 2018). In other words, Singapore’s cultural
diplomacy aims to secure a more independent existence from the states while inviting individ-
ual artists and professionals to get engaged. At this stage, Singapore is not mainly concerned
with building a particular national image but an arts community with a local and global reach.
As articulated in the SG Arts Plan, NAC plans to sustain and expand Singapore’s influence in
arts and culture by hosting and participating in regional and international events and festivals.
Some of the most important platforms for Singapore include Venice Biennale, International
Society for Performing Arts (ISPA), Australia Performing Arts Market (APAM), BIG-
SOUND, Internationale Tanzmesse NRW, Art Basel (Hong Kong), and international book
fairs such as the London Book Fair and Beijing International Book Fair. Domestically, NAC
focuses on building networks and Singapore-led platforms like Singapore International Festi-
val of the Arts, Singapore Art Week, Singapore Biennale, and Singapore Writers Festival.
In the cultural policy report produced by the Institute of Policy Studies at the National Uni-
versity of Singapore, speakers representing crucial cultural institutions like Esplanade, Singa-
pore’s national performing arts center, have emphasized Singapore’s focus on people-to-peo-
ple connections in practicing its cultural policy. 12 The SIF and NAC have adopted a similar
approach. On the one hand, Singapore’s focus on people-to-people diplomacy may partially
explain its reluctance to establish overseas cultural institutions. On the other hand, it also
shows the Singapore government’s readiness to welcome more ground-up initiatives, espe-
cially with grants like the Market and Audience Development Grant and Capability Develop-
ment Grant offered by NAC to support overseas presentations.
Singapore has one World Heritage site, the Singapore Botanic Gardens, and one Intangible
Cultural Heritage, Hawker Culture. The limited number of cultural heritages is one of Singa-
pore’s weaknesses in attracting visitors. However, the Singapore government has been learning
to use digital media for marketing Singapore arts and culture, especially those that enhance
the quality of urban life. In addition, NAC has been working with STB to implement its
global Passion Made Possible campaign to attract travelers and potential audiences, focusing
on larger markets like Australia and China. 13
3.2. Language
Singapore is a multi-racial country with diverse ethnic groups and cultures. The major ethnic
groups in Singapore are the Chinese, Malays, Indians, and others (mainly Eurasians). While
the government recognizes the importance of English from the early stage of its independence,
it also adopts Mandarin, Malay, Tamil, along with English, as the four official languages of
Singapore. A bilingual education policy is implemented and promoted in Singapore. It re-
quires all students in public schools (known as ‘national schools’ in Singapore) to learn English
as the first language in schools and a ‘Mother Tongue Language’ (MTL) as a second language.
In 2020, the literacy rate among the resident population aged 15 and over remained high at
12
In particular, Jean Tan (Executive Director of the Singapore International Foundation) and Kenneth Kwok (Assistant Chief
Executive of the NAC).
13
https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/singapore-tourism-board-and-singapore-economic-development-
board-launch-passion-made-possible-brand-for-singapore-6027528 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
97.1 percent in Singapore. Among those who spoke English most frequently at home, most of
them also spoke a mother tongue language or dialect as a secondary language (Singapore De-
partment of Statistics, 2020).
While Singlish, a localized version of English in Singapore, has gained momentum in Singapo-
rean popular culture, the Singapore government does not promote it in official channels. One
concern may be that Singapore has to weigh the economic value of its official languages against
their cultural value. For example, the Singapore government launched the Speak Good English
Movement (SGEM), which lasted until this day to enhance its international profile. In recent
years, Singapore has also put more emphasis on Mandarin because of China’s rise. However,
these shifts contradict the ideology of its bilingual policy, which is to preserve ethnic and cul-
tural heritage (Tan & Ng, 2011). In addition, Singapore does not have any language institutes
abroad or participate in international promotion of languages like Belgium. In this regard,
Singapore’s language policy is similar to Switzerland’s, which is to keep a peaceful co-existence
of multiple official languages.
3.3. Primary and secondary education
Table 6: Key figures on primary and secondary education
2019 2015
Number of countries 7 -
1 directly funded by MOE
Number of schools 17 authorized as Appointed -
Examination Centres admin-
istering the iPSLE
Singapore International
Number of students School Hong Kong (SISHK): -
~1,500
Singapore International
Number of staff / teachers School Hong Kong (SISHK): -
>150
While Singapore is home to 61 international schools, it only has one overseas school run by
MOE, Singapore International School in Hong Kong. 14 In addition, 17 schools are not funded
by but are officially affiliated with the Singaporean government. They are authorized as Ap-
pointed Examination Centers administering the iPSLE – a specialized version of Singapore’s
multilingual, standardized test for students leaving primary schools in Singapore. These
14
“The Singapore International School Hong Kong (SISHK) is the only overseas school run by MOE to cater to Singaporean
students who are based abroad. We currently do not have any plans to set up a similar school elsewhere.” In March 2017.
Retrieved from: https://www.international-schools-database.com/in/singapore;
https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/speeches/20170307-moe-fy-2017-committee-of-supply-debate-speech-by-minister-
of-education-schools-ng-chee-meng9 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
schools are in seven countries: Cambodia, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Philippines, Thai-
land and Vietnam.15
In addition, ASEAN international students in Singapore enjoy lower tuition fees in govern-
ment-aided primary, secondary and pre-university schools.16 Together with students from
China, they are also eligible to apply for the ASEAN scholarships provided by MOE. 17
3.4. Tertiary education and science
Table 7: Key figures on tertiary education and science
2019 2015
Tertiary education
Number of countries
(Fulbright)
>40 -
Number of universities / colleges
0 -
abroad
Number of students
Inbound ~50,000 -
Outbound 23,752 -
Number of government schol-
- ~900
arships awarded 18
Government financial support
85.28 -
(€ million)19
Science
Number of countries >15 -
>15 International
Number of projects -
Collaboration Projects
15
SEAB (Singapore Examination and Assessment Board). (2021). Retrieved from https://www.seab.gov.sg/home/ser-
vices/ipsle
16
https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/press-releases/20201209-school-fees-to-remain-unchanged-for-singapore-citizens-
and-permanent-residents-in-government-and-government-aided-schools-in-2021
17
https://www.moe.gov.sg/financial-matters/awards-scholarships/asean-scholarships
18
https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/parliamentary-replies/20150713-scholarships-awarded-to-international-students; In
one of Singapore MOE’s parliamentary replies in 2015, it mentioned that since 2012, about 900 scholarships are awarded
to international students each year.
19
The number (S$130 million) only indicates the worth of the total scholarships instead of the real costs incurred in the
education system. Retrieved from: https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/parliamentary-replies/20190805-government-spend-
ing-on-foreign-students.10 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
Singapore is the choice destination for around 50,000 foreign students from around the
world. Singapore also has 23,752 students studying abroad in 2021, according to UNESCO.20
Since 2012, MOE has been offering about 900 scholarships annually to international students
at local universities.
Another major part of Singapore’s education diplomacy is the Singapore Cooperation Pro-
gram (SCP) under MFA. The SCP works with more than 50 local and international partners
and shares Singapore’our development experiences with over 132,000 government officials
from 180 countries, territories, and intergovernmental organizations. As part of the SCP, the
initiative for ASEAN Integration targets individuals explicitly with the potential to take on
leadership positions across the ASEAN region. So far, it has organized capacity-building
courses for over 43,000 officials from Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Vietnam.
Singapore is in the process of transforming itself into a global research hub. In 2019, its Gross
Expenditure on R&D (GERD) is S$9.7 billion (€6.5 billion), which is 1.9% of Singapore’s
overall GDP. The National Science Foundation is the leading science institution located in
the National University of Singapore, and it is situated directly under the Prime Minister’s
Office. According to its RIE2025 Plan, there are 15 interdisciplinary programs collaborating
with nine partner universities from 7 countries housed at CREATE under the National Sci-
ence Foundation.21 One notable example is the Singapore-Berkeley Building Efficiency and
Sustainability in the Tropics (SinBerBEST). It is a joint program between the University of
California, Berkeley, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), and NUS. The interdiscipli-
nary program aims to develop innovative energy-efficient and sustainable technologies for
buildings in the tropics.
Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) under the Ministry of Trade and
Industry (MTI) is another key player in Singapore to push forward international scientific
collaborations. Through a number of fellowships and scholarships A*STAR offers to interna-
tional scientists, it has funded more than 1,000 scholars since 2009.
Singapore has been actively looking for international partnerships in science and innovation.
For example, from 2016 to 2019, the National University of Singapore was a member of the
European Leadership in Culture, Science and Innovation Diplomacy (EL-CSID), which anal-
yses the relevance of cultural, science, and innovation diplomacy for EU external relations and
locates developments in these fields in the evolving global context. In 2019, a new European
Union-Singapore initiative was launched to encourage top Singaporean scientists to join re-
search teams funded by the European Research Council (ERC).22
20
http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow.
21
Refer to pp.45 of Research, Innovation and Enterprise 2025 Plan.
22
https://www.nrf.gov.sg/programmes/international-collaborations/new-eu-singapore-initiative-for-top-singaporean-
scientists-to-join-european-research-council-teams11 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
3.5. Foreign Media
Table 8: Key figures on foreign broadcasting, including social media
statistics
Mediacorp 2019 2015
TV
Number of countries 29
broadcasted to
Number of languages 4
Number of channels 1; CNA.asia
Audience / weekly (million)23 CNA: >2.3 million
Digital & social media followers YouTube: 1.51 (2021 Aug)
(million) Facebook: 3.79 (2021 Aug)
Twitter: 1 (2021 Aug)
New Media
Active users of social networks Facebook: 2853 (2021)
(in millions) YouTube: 2291 (2021)
WhatsApp: 2000 (2021)
Instagram: 1386 (2021)
Mediacorp
TV - -
Audience /
Radio - -
weekly (million)
Digital 73(2021) -
Total Number of coun-
tries broad- 29 -
casted to
Number of
4 -
languages
Number of
6 -
channels
Audience /
- -
weekly (million)
Budget
- -
(€ million)
23
https://www.mediacorp.sg/en/advertising/our-brands/cna12 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
Singapore’s broadcasting and film and video sectors make up about S$1.3 billion (€873 mil-
lion). Its entire media industry is about S$3 billion (€2 billion) value-added, which is about 1
percent of Singapore’s Gross Domestic Product (How & Krishnan, 2020). Mediacorp is Sin-
gapore’s largest content creator and public-owned transmedia platform. In particular, its
Channel NewsAsia (CNA) is a subscription network to 29 countries across Asia, Australia,
and the Middle East. Digitally, CNA content is consumed by an increasing average of about
10 million unique visitors, generating about 73 million page views every month. CNA has also
collaborated with international partners, including ESPN, 99.co, Mothership, Vice Media, and
more.24
In recent years, the Economic Development Board has also successfully attracted large multi-
nationals like Netflix, iQiyi, and HBO to set up their headquarters in Singapore. As a media
hub in Asia and a global hub for content distribution, Singapore aspires to achieve more with
digital innovation. Starting from 2013, Mediacorp seeks to build a single multi-media digital plat-
form, meCONNECT, that integrates media services including television, radio, and news channels
like CNA.25
In 2020, Mediacorp officially renamed its over-the-top (OTT) platform, Toggle, to me-
WATCH, which offers media services directly through the Internet. With increasing cooper-
ation with key partners like Netflix and HBO, Singapore’s television landscape exhibits an
obvious trend to embrace digital transformation in its media diplomacy, blurring the line be-
tween what is domestic and foreign.
4. Challenges and future outlook
According to Softpower 30, Singapore easily breaks into the top global hubs of finance, busi-
ness, and innovation with its attractive business models and creative approach. However, its
glaring weakness lies in its cultural engagement. Indeed, there is no single image of Singapo-
rean arts and culture that can be exploited by the government and “marketed” to an interna-
tional audience. Nevertheless, the government’s seemingly discrete and discontinuous act of
promoting arts programs and projects is consistent with its “bureaucratic imagination” of the
arts, which is to selectively apply arts to counter socio-economic challenges and bring different
people together in a society (Chong, 2015).
In recent years, the Singapore government has tended to invest in its ECP without expecting
immediate economic gains with programs like the SCP. However, there is still an identifiable
gap between Singapore’s ambition to position itself globally with a declining number of inter-
national development grants supported by NAC to artists and art companies to promote Sin-
gapore’s arts internationally from 2015 to 2019.
In other ECP fields like education, science, and media, of its ECP, Singapore fully embraces
innovation and keeps strengthening its position as a global node. Singapore has successfully
established a model of economic development that has guiding significance to its ASEAN
neighbors as well as the world, and it continues to attract foreign talents and seek cooperation
24
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/mediacorp-digital-network
25
https://www.mediacorp.sg/corporate/news-release/media-releases/mediacorp-rolls-out-mewatch-melisten-mere-
wards-and-meconnect-1236977813 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
in all the ECP fields. To advance its cultural diplomacy, Singapore will need to strengthen its
image as a regional leader and feed into the narrative that highlights its positive contributions
to global challenges.14 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
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Singapore. Retrieved from: https://repository.nie.edu.sg/bit-
stream/10497/17829/1/JAPP-4-3-331.pdf15 ifa ECP Monitor Country Report | Singapore
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The External Cultural Policy Monitor
Developed by Helmut K. Anheier, Hertie School & UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs,
and ifa Competence Centre. Supervised by Helmut K. Anheier. Coordinated by Sarah
Widmaier for ifa.
Preferred citation
Yang, Yuqing (04/2022). “Singapore. Country Report,” in: Helmut K. Anheier and ifa (eds.).
The External Cultural Policy Monitor. Stuttgart: ifa.
The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the ifa.
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Author: Yuqing Yang
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.17901/ecp.2022.018You can also read
