RUMOURS AND INFODEMICS: JOURNALIST'S SOCIAL MEDIA VERIFICATION PRACTICES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC - Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
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Rumors and Disinfodemics: Journalist’s Social Media Verification Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Submitted: 5 Maret 2021, Accepted: 16 Agustus 2021
Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
ISSN: 1979-2522 (print), ISSN:2549-0168 (online)
DOI:
RUMOURS AND INFODEMICS: JOURNALIST'S SOCIAL MEDIA
VERIFICATION PRACTICES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Chelin Indra Sushmita1, Pawito2, Andre Noevi Rahmanto3
123
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, Program Studi S2 Ilmu Komunikasi,
Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS) Indonesia
email: Chellyneindra@gmail.com
Abstract. The spread of rumors and infodemics on the Internet and social media during the Covid-19
pandemic which is unstoppable and usually believed to be the truth is more dangerous than the transmission of
the Covid-19 outbreak because it has the potential to threaten safety, cause racism, and hatred of the
community. It is the duty of journalists to doing fact-checking and corrects any rumors or infodemics. Fact-
checking is one of the most important elements of professional journalism. Technological advances have made
infodemics spread rapidly which has become a new challenge for professional journalists as information agents
and spearheads of accurate reporting. This became the basis for mass media companies such as Kompas.com
and Solopos.com to form journalism team checks to verify the facts and infodemics rumors that circulated
widely on the Internet and social media during the Covid-19 pandemic. Fact-checking journalism is a new trend
in digital journalism studies. This paper reviews the work practices of fact-checking journalists in verifying
infodemics from social media content as the spearhead of accurate reporting as well as a manifestation of
hypermedia organizations. A series of qualitative interviews were conducted with journalists at Solopos.com
and Kompas.com who were in charge of the fact-check section. The results showed that journalists carried out a
series of processes both manually and utilizing digital technology in verifying content and checking several
facts to ensure rumors and infodemics on social media about Covid-19 that were spread on social media be
compiled into news using journalistic principles. The work process of fact-checking journalists is often done
collaboratively to form hypermedia organizations.
Keywords: rumors, infodemics, online journalism, fact-check, covid-19, journalism, journalists
Abstrak. Persebaran rumor dan infodemik di Internet dan media sosial selama pandemi Covid-19 yang tidak
terbendung dan sering kali diyakini sebagai kebenaran oleh masyarakat dinilai jauh lebih berbahaya daripada
penularan wabah Covid-19, karena berpotensi mengancam keselamatan, menimbulkan rasisme, serta kebencian
terhadap suatu golongan. Sudah menjadi tugas jurnalis dan untuk mengecek fakta dan meluruskan setiap rumor
serta infodemik yang beredar di masyarakat. Pengecekan fakta adalah salah satu elemen penting dalam
jurnalisme profesional. Kemajuan teknologi membuat infodemik tersebar dengan cepat yang kemudian menjadi
tantangan baru bagi jurnalis profesional sebagai agen informasi dan ujung tombak pemberitaan yang akurat. Hal
ini menjadi landasan bagi perusahaan media massa berskala nasional seperti Kompas.com maupun lokal, yaitu
Solopos.com membentuk tim jurnalisme cek fakta untuk memverifikasi rumor serta infodemik yang beredar
luas di internet dan media sosial. Jurnalisme cek fakta merupakan tren baru dalam perkembangan jurnalisme
digital. Tulisan ini mengulas praktik kerja jurnalis pemeriksa fakta dalam memverifikasi infodemik dari konten
media sosial sebagai ujung tombak pemberitaan yang akurat sekaligus sebagai manifestasi organisasi organisasi
hipermedia. Serangkaian wawancara kualitatif dilakukan kepada jurnalis di Solopos.com dan Kompas.com yang
bertugas sebagai jurnalis pemeriksa fakta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan para jurnalis melakukan serangkaian
proses verifikasi konten dan pengecekan fakta baik secara manual maupun memanfaatkan teknologi digital
untuk mengkonfirmasi rumor serta infodemik tentang Covid-19 yang tersebar di media sosial untuk disusun
dalam berita sesuai kaidah jurnalistik. Proses kerja jurnalis pemeriksa fakta ini sering kali dilakukan secara
kolaboratif yang membentuk organisasi hipermedia.
Kata kunci: rumor, infodemik, jurnalisme online, cek fakta, covid-19, jurnalisme, jurnalis
Vol.14/No.1 / APRIL 2021 - Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
Vol.14/No.1 / APRIL 2021 - Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
116Rumors and Disinfodemics: Journalist’s Social Media Verification Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Submitted: 5 Maret 2021, Accepted: 16 Agustus 2021
Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
ISSN: 1979-2522 (print), ISSN:2549-0168 (online)
DOI:
INTRODUCTION information regarding these herbs’ future
The spread of infodemics amid the treatment has not been perceived. This
Covid-19 pandemic can be said to be shows that an infodemic can come from
almost unstoppable, one of which is the anywhere, either from vague sources or
speed of the internet and the massive use from the authorities that are spread out
of social media (Cinelli et al., 2020). This because of the mass media. So that the
occurs, because the public tends to communication process during the Covid-
consider the content of the message 19 outbreak, including those carried out by
received as more important than the party journalists through the mass media, should
who delivers the information (Casero- not be arbitrary, let alone cause infodemics
Ripollés, 2020). Like pathogens in or hoax. Infodemic circulation in the midst
epidemics, this misinformation of a pandemic becomes very dangerous,
(infodemic) spreads much faster and often because it can cause panic, fear, and worry
creates increasingly complex problems (Malecki et al., 2020; Pramiyanti et al.,
during the Covid-19 pandemic. The crisis 2020). The uncontrolled circulation of
that occurs due to the spread of the infodemics can also trigger hatred,
infodemic in almost every country, suspicion, discrimination, and
including Indonesia. Infodemics that go psychological health problems that can
popular among the public can be created reduce physical health, or even cause death
by everyone, including the government (WHO et al., 2020). WHO is well aware
and the narrative in the mass media. Not that the spread of infodemics cannot be
only at the national level, infodemics can avoided or even eliminated when an
also appear in the regional level, such as outbreak occurs. Besides, the distribution
when Solo City residents claim to have of infodemics can still be managed so as
found an anti-corona herbal medicine not to worsen the situation.
called Contravid. News about the herbal The General Director of the World
medicine made by residents of Punggawan Health Organization (WHO), Tedros
Village, Banjarsari District, Solo City Adhanom Ghebreyesus has called
named Tri Dewa, which was claimed to misleading information related to Covid-
have cured seven Covid-19 patients in 19; that is infodemic as something more
Jakarta in April 2020, was published in dangerous than the Covid-19 pandemic
several online mass media, including (WHO, 2020b). Infodemic is a type of
Kompas.com and Solopos.com. This herbal hoax that is dangerous when it is believed
medicine is made from 20 types of empon- to be the truth. Yet, in journalists’ life
empon claimed to be truly effective in during the Covid-19 pandemic, they
treating Covid-19 even though it has not experience various dilemmas and
been tested in the laboratory. Even that the challenges; one of which is related to
Food and Drug Administration (BPOM) infodemics. Infodemic is a condition for
refuses Tri Dewa's request to test the the development of information related to
herbal medicine (Chaniscara, 2020). a phenomenon without considering the
The information about this anti- elements of truth of data and facts.
corona herbal medicine also creates a Infodemics can also be understood as fake
commotion in the community; considering news that spreads rapidly in cyberspace,
that at that time there was no drug or and it is actually confusing, because the
vaccine to cure patients infected with the truth cannot be justified (Department of
corona virus until contracting with Covid- Global Communications, 2020). WHO
19. The anti-corona herbal concoction is ever said that the massive spread of
also claimed to have been ordered by five infodemics has made it difficult for people
foreign countries, such as the United to distinguish and trust the information
States, Spain, and Italy, although the being received, and (sometimes) has
Vol.14/No.1 / APRIL 2021 - Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
117Rumors and Disinfodemics: Journalist’s Social Media Verification Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Submitted: 5 Maret 2021, Accepted: 16 Agustus 2021
Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
ISSN: 1979-2522 (print), ISSN:2549-0168 (online)
DOI:
caused anxiety and panic. Infodemics even to the public in the midst of crisis
have a potency to threaten safety, lead to situations due to natural and non-natural
racism and hatred of a group due to disasters (Houston et al., 2019; Prajarto,
misinformation (Krisdamarjati & Chrysna, 2008). Besides, the journalists can play a
2020). The spread of infodemics that are role in educating the public by delivering
difficult to contain can be an opening and accurate information and rectifying
trace for the hoax. infodemics by verifying rumors related to
Based on the monitoring of the AIS Covid-19 on social media. David
Team of the Directorate General of Aptika, Heymann, a professor of epidemiology and
Ministry of Communication and infectious diseases at the London School
Informatics, up to May 5, 2020, there were of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, ever
1,401 hoaxes and disinformation contents said that mass media has a key role in
about Covid-19 circulating in the providing accurate, fact-based information
community (Kominfo, 2020). In order to to the general public which can also be
tackle the spread of hoaxes, the official disseminated through social media
website of Kominfo.go.id and the website (Zarocostas, 2020). The era of abundance
of the Covid-19 Handling Acceleration of information in the current digital age
Task Force on the Covid19.go.id routinely shows the tendency of people to access,
publish fact-checking reports to straighten obtain, and share any information through
out hoax, which are forms of infodemics social media. Therefore, the fact-checking
that are widely circulating in the process related to various information that
community. This shows that the spread of has been widely circulated and has become
infodemics that fall into the hoax category a public concern during the Covid-19
in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic is a pandemic has become a basis that should
dangerous phenomenon and must be be upheld and applied by professional
fought so as not to cause another crisis that journalists in carrying out their reporting,
makes things even more complicated. The writing, and publishing tasks through the
advancement of digital technology is so mass media where they work.
fast that it can even spread infodemics Factuality and verification of
quickly, it could even be faster than the information are at the core of journalism
SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes Covid-19. that is committed to the truth so that
Infodemic can be interpreted as excessive whatever is conveyed to the public who
information related to a problem, in this access the information has been verified
case Covid-19, which worries the public with high journalism standards (Kovach &
because it is difficult to distinguish Rosenstiel, 2001). The verification process
between right and wrong.(WHO, 2020a). is carried out by finding as much data as
Infodemics usually circulate on social possible through legitimate sources to be
media and its accuracy cannot be written as news. There are two essential
ascertained by the general public. elements in the process of verifying
However, this misinformation is often information sources, namely the media
trusted and used as a guide(Nguyen & content and the media resources
Nguyen, 2020) people in need, no matter themselves. In other words, the results of
how high the level of education and fact-checking depend very much on the
literacy. source and ability of a fact-checking
Journalists can help to convey fact- journalist from a credible mass media.
based and science-based information that Now, fact-checking is not only a digital
contains truth, educate, and raise public journalism activity, as several digital
optimism to overcome the Covid-19 applications facilitate this activity. Fact-
pandemic. Basically, the journalists play checking journalism is developing into a
an important role in conveying information new genre in digital journalism. Fact-
Vol.14/No.1 / APRIL 2021 - Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
118Rumors and Disinfodemics: Journalist’s Social Media Verification Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Submitted: 5 Maret 2021, Accepted: 16 Agustus 2021
Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
ISSN: 1979-2522 (print), ISSN:2549-0168 (online)
DOI:
checking journalism activities are often Kompas.com has consistently
carried out outside the usual journalism published fact-check reports, including
habits, specifically by collaborating those related to infodemics during the
between one media company and various Covid-19 pandemic. Likewise,
other mass media. This collaborative work Solopos.com as a regional news portal with
was facilitated by the Cekfakta.com a fairly wide reach in Central Java which is
platform and mass media organizations registered as a member of AMSI is also
such as AMSI, which was later attributed quite active in publishing fact-check
to as a manifestation of hypermedia reports as an effort to ward off hoaxes,
organizations, such as those carried out by especially during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Kompas.com and Solopos.com. Based on the observations of researchers,
Kompas.com and Solopos.com fact-checking reports from Kompas.com
supporting the movement against hoaxes and Solopos.com received a positive
by fact-checking news. This fact-check response and were used as a reference by
report was increasingly published during the public to find out the truth of
the Covid-19 pandemic with a lot of information or claims related to Covid-19
confusing information facing hoax that on the Internet and social media whose
circulating on the internet. Hoax or fake truth was unknown or even called a hoax.
news became one of the challenges for the Moreover, Solo city is the first region in
work of journalists who are agents of the Indonesia that establishes the status of
cutting edge information and reporting extraordinary events due to the Covid-19
accurate and reliable in the middle of the pandemic which converts all social order
Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, several and leads to the more uncontrolled spread
mass media companies such as of information.
Kompas.com and Solopos.com formed Based on the background, this study
fact-checking teams to ward off the hoax. described the practice of journalists of
Kompas.com is one of the national mass Kompas.com and Solopos.com in verifying
media partners for the Cekfakta.com site and checking facts on infodemic content
which was initiated by Masyarakat and rumors related to Covid-19 on social
Antifitnah Indonesia (MAFINDO), which media. This is because the basic principle
created a collaborative fact-checking of journalism is upholding the principle of
project. The collaboration project which verifying facts and the truth of information
was released on May 5 2018 was also before it is submitted to the public.
supported by some other journalist METHODOLOGY
organizations such as Aliansi Jurnalis Most research on journalism is based
Independen (AJI), Asosiasi Media Siber on qualitative interviews or text analysis
Indonesia (AMSI), and Google News (Broersma & Graham, 2013). The primary
Institute (Herman, 2018). The data in this study were obtained through a
collaborative project is motivated to verify qualitative interview method on six
the facts and misinformation rampant hoax journalists in charge of fact checking in
alarming because they influence public online newspapers Kompas.com and
opinion and threaten democracy. 22 cyber Solopos.com. The data obtained were then
media in Indonesia have become partner analyzed by using thematic analysis based
media for Cekfakta.com, including on a pre-determined theme. Thematic
Kompas.com. Meanwhile, Solopos.com, analysis is a way of analyzing data to
which is a member of AMSI and a identify patterns or find certain themes
subsidiary of Bisnis Indonesia, which through the data that have been collected
owns the Bisnis.com news portal, is also (Braun & Clarke, 2012). There were
active in publishing fact-check reports. several steps that we proceeded in carrying
out thematic analysis, namely
Vol.14/No.1 / APRIL 2021 - Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
119Rumors and Disinfodemics: Journalist’s Social Media Verification Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Submitted: 5 Maret 2021, Accepted: 16 Agustus 2021
Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
ISSN: 1979-2522 (print), ISSN:2549-0168 (online)
DOI:
understanding the data, compiling the issue. The journalists who were the
code, and looking for themes from the informants in this study said that the
primary data obtained from the interview. process of gathering information related to
In addition, we also relied on multiple rumors and infodemics during the Covid-
sources of information obtained through 19 pandemic was carried out by
observation and document analysis in the monitoring Google Trends, trending topics
form of text and audio-visual. on Twitter, Youtube, Instagram, and
This study was a qualitative research keywords that readers were looking for in
to describe certain phenomena in detail. each mass media through Google
Qualitative research aims to describe the Analytics. It is not uncommon for them to
details of phenomena to build take advantage of the warm conversation
understanding and help researchers draw in instant messaging application groups,
conclusions (Creswell, 2016). The purpose such as Whatsapp and Telegram. The
of this study was to describe how issues that were mostly discussed by
journalists at Solopos.com and people on social media during the
Kompas.com worked to straighten out the pandemic were health tips to prevent the
infodemics that were spread on social transmission of Covid-19, Covid-19 drugs,
media through news in the mass media as and comments on statements of public
well as through a rigorous fact-checking figures in the issue of the Covid-19.
process according to the principles of the "As a journalist, sometimes I monitor
Journalistic’s Code of Ethics. people’s conversations on social media. It
This study was conducted in the becomes important to find out what issues
period of August to September 2020. The are being discussed a lot. I usually
journalists at Solopos.com were chosen, monitor issues around Covid-19 through
because they represented local-based Google Trends, Google Analytics, trending
online mass media who were quite active topics on Twitter and Instagram. This
in checking facts related to infodemics and information can become material for fact-
rumors during the Covid-19 pandemic. check coverage, because not all issues or
Meanwhile, Kompas.com is one of the rumors or claims that are publicly
national-scale online newspapers that is discussed on social media can be
quite active in broadcasting fact-check justified". (Y1, a journalist at
news related to infodemics in the midst of Kompas.com)
the Covid-19 pandemic, locally, In the digital era, social media has
nationally, and to the international scene. become an important tool for professional
journalistic work at both the institutional
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and individual levels (Ferrucci, 2018).
Information Gathering Social media can also be used to search,
The process of gathering information collect, transfer, and check any
by journalists in the digital era is information (Gloviczki & Gloviczki,
facilitated by the presence of internet 2015), especially in the midst of the
technology and social media (Safori, Covid-19 pandemic. Social media can also
2018). In the midst of the Covid-19 rely on building online collaboration for
pandemic, the information on the internet fact-checking through a new crowd-
and social media is almost unlimited. All sourcing method for preparing journalistic
information in the form of issues, rumors, reports. Social media contains the latest
and hoaxes can be found easily on the issues that are currently trending
internet, especially social media that discussions among the public and can be
enable journalists to gather initial used by journalists as material for in-depth
information as news material (Pathak, coverage of the coverage issue (Lindén,
2018), especially in regard to the Covid-19 2017). At the level of social institution,
Vol.14/No.1 / APRIL 2021 - Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
120Rumors and Disinfodemics: Journalist’s Social Media Verification Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Submitted: 5 Maret 2021, Accepted: 16 Agustus 2021
Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
ISSN: 1979-2522 (print), ISSN:2549-0168 (online)
DOI:
social media influences journalism by amount of content on social media to be
forcing journalists to write and report news reported (Backholm et al., 2017). On the
about certain topics that become a concern one hand, social media is a source of up-
to the public (JRN, 2018). In other words, to-date information that has an abundance
online journalists cannot avoid the topic as of data, although not all data can be trusted
long as they want to get public attention. simply. Particularly in the midst of an
Yet, the journalists should understand that emergency situation, the rate of
not all contents on social media can be information on social media is actually
justified. getting faster. Combating hoaxes and
Therefore, journalists should uphold correcting unknown rumors are not new
the principle of verification as one of the things to the journalistic work undertaken
footholds in the journalistic’s Code of by journalists in credible mass media, such
Ethics (Winarto, 2017). It cannot be denied as Solopos.com and Kompas.com. Along
that the use of social media as a source of with the ease of accessing information and
information among journalists is the ease of producing content, hoaxes and
something commonly done in the digital various confusing information are
era marked by the development of the increasingly being encountered, especially
internet (Paulussen & Harder, 2014). in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic
Actually, finding the truth about which often triggers unrest.
something is the main task of journalists to The use of social media as an initial
serve the public interest for accurate and source in news writing by mainstream
qualified information (Siregar, 2006). Yet media journalists shows a shift in work
practically, the journalists often find it patterns of journalism (Dörr &
difficult to collect, use, and validate Hollnbuchner, 2017). Scientific data on the
content on social media as a newsworthy number of journalists using social media is
source of information. Along with the use hard to find. However, the majority of
of social media as a source of information, journalists in the digital age use Twitter
analyzing the conversation patterns of and Facebook for professional purposes
netizens on social media is a vital action (Hermida, 2013; Oriella PR Network,
for journalists who are quite exhausting 2013). Currently, it is almost impossible
(Pradhan & Kumari, 2018). In addition to for journalists not to get any news in a day,
ensuring the accuracy of the information, because they can use social media as an
the journalists must also trace the content initial source of information. Since 2010
creator. In this condition, the journalists until the present time, Facebook and
face the challenge of filtering and finding Twitter have become the social media
the truth of information obtained from mostly being used by journalists as initial
social media (Backholm et al., 2017). sources of information (Pradhan &
“Filtering and gathering information that Kumari, 2018). Even today, the mass
deserves to be further explored and media and journalists perceive Twitter as
published as a fact-check report is a another social media to map public
challenge for me as a journalist. In one conversations in cyberspace.
day, there is a lot of confusing information As response, Hermida (2010)
that we can collect, so that we have to sort mentions social media as an ambient
carefully which issues are most urgent to environment where journalists can monitor
be reported ". (Y2, a journalist at the flow of news and information while
Solopos.com) detecting emerging conversational trends
The previous fact is in line with the (Hermida, 2010). Yet presently, a number
results of Backholm’s study (2017) which of researchers have wondered about the
shows that journalists experience a number extent of social media's influence on
of challenges in filtering the enormous journalistic products. The question is
Vol.14/No.1 / APRIL 2021 - Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
121Rumors and Disinfodemics: Journalist’s Social Media Verification Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Submitted: 5 Maret 2021, Accepted: 16 Agustus 2021
Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
ISSN: 1979-2522 (print), ISSN:2549-0168 (online)
DOI:
whether social media have a potency to processes, namely fact-finding and
change the professionalism of journalists' publishing fact-check reports. The
work or not (Paulussen & Harder, 2014). It Solopos.com editorial team has a fact-
is reasonable that in the last five years, a check team consisting of six journalists,
lot of news has been published in the editorial team, reporters and editors who
mainstream mass media, and the news is have different tasks. Meanwhile, the fact-
obtained from social media. checking team members at Kompas.com
"Not all contents on social media can be editorial staff are fronted by two
used as a source of information. There is a journalists and several other journalists
truth verification process that must be who also help to straighten out the
done by journalists. This verification distribution of misinformation or
process is usually quite time consuming disinformation consisting of editorial team,
because it requires a long process. editors, and content creators. The fact-
Including finding out the root of the checking team in the two online mass
information and ensure who spread it is media is formed to straighten out the
not an instant job ". (Y6, a journalist at misinformation and disinformation
Solopos.com) circulating along with the development of
the internet and social media, including
Fact-Checking things happen during the Covid-19
Basically, the working principle of a pandemic. Moreover, the infodemics
journalist is based on the truth by during the Covid-19 pandemic are
prioritizing fact verification in reporting or considered highly dangerous; they could
searching for information, writing and even be far more dangerous than the
publishing news, especially in the midst of outbreak.
a crisis situation, such as the Covid-19 "Misinformation and disinformation or
pandemic (Kovach & Rosenstiel, 2001). what is later referred to as an infodemic is
Because news is a material used by people dangerous, because it is potentially
to study and think about the world outside misleading. In a health crisis situation,
themselves, the information presented by invalid information can be very
journalists through mass media should be dangerous; for example the consumption
reliable and proven to be true. However, of certain drugs without medical referrals.
the truth can always be revised as in the So, in my opinion, tracing the facts related
practice of journalism. Truth, at the to this becomes something the journalists
journalistic level, is not philosophical must do to help cope with a pandemic by
truth, but truth in the functional level educating the public". (Y3, a journalist at
which is formed through a long process Kompas.com)
(Harsono, 2012). Journalists should pay Furthermore, the fact-finding process
attention to every detail of fact and search related to infodemics begins with
for the truth beyond the fact. If it is related monitoring the developing issues
to the infodemics during the Covid-19 accompanied by the circulation of
pandemic, journalists must be highly information on social media. Practically,
diligent in checking the facts and careful in responding hoaxes every day has its own
writing them to be the news that will be challenges, because it is widely circulated
broadcasted through mass media. on Whatsapp groups, social media, and
It is the duty of journalists to check various other digital platforms.
facts regarding the correctness of Misinformation and disinformation often
information to educate and rectify spread in the form of text, images, and
misunderstandings among the public. audio visuals. The process of ensuring this
Meanwhile, the journalists' efforts to ward information is a lengthy and challenging
off infodemics are divided into two process. After obtaining newsworthy
Vol.14/No.1 / APRIL 2021 - Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
122Rumors and Disinfodemics: Journalist’s Social Media Verification Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Submitted: 5 Maret 2021, Accepted: 16 Agustus 2021
Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
ISSN: 1979-2522 (print), ISSN:2549-0168 (online)
DOI:
information, the journalists usually verify addition, the development of social media
in the traditional way, namely through is extraordinary and has made the flow of
face-to-face interviews, telephone, or information flow unstoppable. The
email with sources deemed competent progress of the internet and social media is
(Backholm et al., 2017). This obstacle is a challenge for journalists to collect
one of the causes of the spread of information and carry out verification,
infodemics in the midst of the Covid-19 because the characteristics of social media
pandemic. support an easy access, connectivity and
"So far, what has been done is verifying anonymity (Al-Rawi, 2019). This thing has
viral information on social media, or on made information on social media,
Whatsapp groups. Whether it is a matter of especially related to Covid-19 that tends to
health information and others about be difficult to verify.
Covid-19. The work process is not much In regard to this, the fact-checking
different from the usual journalistic work. process becomes more complicated if the
Confirming to the authorities, or conduct information on the internet and social
literature studies if it is related to health, media is already trusted by the public as
and interview those who are competent. If long as it comes from the official speech or
there is misinformation/disinformation statement of public figures. For example,
related to photos/videos, digital searches the claim of an anti-corona necklace made
are also carried out". (Y5, a journalist at of eucalyptus was conveyed by the
Kompas.com) Ministry of Agriculture Syahrul Yasin
There are a number of digital tools Limpo and a statement about the Solo’s
used in the fact-checking process; from Covid-19 black zone reported by the
Google Reverse Image to check the Chairperson of the Task Force for the
authenticity of images and the Fake News Acceleration of Covid-19 Handling in the
Debunker application to analyze video Solo City, Ahyani has also claimed the
content. Fact-checking can also be done efficacy of anti-corona virus eucalyptus
using Google Earth feature to ascertain the necklaces conveyed by Syahrul Yasin
location of an image or video on social Limpo that the necklace has generated a
media. Meanwhile, the way to check the polemic (Andany, 2020). This information
authenticity of social media accounts used has made Kompas.com fact-check team
to spread infodemics can be done by using actively investigate the truth of the
the twopcharts.com application, information, starting from looking for
Intelligence X, to Followerwonk. All these scientific journals as well as interviewing
hoax debunking processes have a series of health experts who are capable to explain
challenges, because they require the properties of eucalyptus which is
carefulness, especially in paying attention claimed to be effective in warding off the
to low-resolution images and videos that corona virus. Even that the journalists have
circulate on social media. carefully studied a number of literature
Journalists' efforts to break the chain which discuss the benefits of eucalyptus.
of infodemic distribution in the midst of Based on the interviews with some experts
the Covid-19 pandemic are not easy to and literature studies, there is no scientific
implement. Source has become an integral evidence related to the claims made by
part of the news production process. The Syahrul Yasin Limpo, and that the
journalists tend to rely on official sources Ministry of Agriculture has officially
such as the government in writing news explained that the necklace was not anti-
(Backholm et al., 2017). However, during virus, but a health accessory (Nursastri,
a pandemic, it is possible that the 2020).
statements from the authorities may Likewise, Ahyani's statement
develop into a misleading infodemic. In regarding the status of Solo City as a black
Vol.14/No.1 / APRIL 2021 - Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
123Rumors and Disinfodemics: Journalist’s Social Media Verification Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Submitted: 5 Maret 2021, Accepted: 16 Agustus 2021
Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
ISSN: 1979-2522 (print), ISSN:2549-0168 (online)
DOI:
zone area has caused controversy. At that reporting duties in the midst of the Covid-
time, as Chair of the Covid-19 Handling 19 pandemic with all the risks that threaten
Task Force in the City of Solo, Ahyani their safety. The Press Council appeals to
stated that Solo was included in the Covid- journalists to continue to carry out their
19 black zone which shows the high sacred duties during the Covid-19
transmission of Covid-19 in the area pandemic. The journalists are required to
(Isnanto, 2020). This news has become a continue to present accurate current news
headline in several online news sites, both to the public about the development of
on a local or national scale. In this case, Covid-19 in Indonesia by obeying a series
misinformation was also spread due to of appeals issued by the Press Council,
some of the authorities who were not starting from referring to the principles of
careful enough to lead to journalistic code of ethics (KEJ), accurate
misunderstanding. This statement has even reporting in a balanced manner with no
made the Governor of Central Java, Ganjar bad intentions, and carried out
Pranowo inflamed, because he was proportionally (Press Council, 2020).
considered excessive (Saputra, 2020). To Thus, the truth of the news conveyed to the
straighten out this information, the public can be accounted, because it is
Solopos.com fact-checking team conducted written through a long filtering and
a re-interview with Ahyani to the Mayor of verification process.
Solo to confirm the meaning of his “In writing any news, the principles of
statement. The fact-check team also cover both side and verification are very
conducted a literature study on Covid-19 important. Especially if the initial source
zoning in Indonesia. Based on the results of this news was viral content on social
of the fact-check, it is known that Ahyani's media. It is impossible for the news to be
statement was conveyed to make the published if the verification process is not
public more aware of the dangers of the complete". (Y1, a journalist at
Covid-19, because there is actually no Kompas.com)
‘black’ title in the Covid-19 zoning in In the above regulations, the mass
Indonesia context (Ricky, 2020; Sushmita, media must pay attention to the aspects of
2020). the broad public interest before
broadcasting news of the Covid-19. The
"This fact-check is conducted to find out newsroom of the mass media should not
the truth of claims submitted by officials. cause public panic as much as possible
In this case, journalists play their role as with the news broadcast. Furthermore, the
watchdogs. It is expected that those in mass media should not contain patient
authority will not arbitrarily issue identities, photos, and addresses, because
statements in a crisis situation that they are the victims whose privacy must be
triggers panic and confusion in the minds respected. Finally, the mass media and
of the public”. (Y4, a journalist at health authorities can collaborate to deliver
Solopos.com) information that provides certainty,
because most of the rumors and
The Issuance of Fact-Check Reports infodemics during the Covid-19 pandemic
The work process of journalists in are in the scope of health. Besides, the
Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic mass media as a press institution should
refers to the Press Council Regulation not produce news for sensation and
Number 5/Regulation-DP-IV/2008 potentially disturbing the public.
concerning the Professional Protection Various infodemics have emerged
Standards for Journalists (Press Council since the first case of Covid-19 in
Regulation, 2008). This regulation is the Indonesia on March 2, 2020 up to the
basis for journalists to carry out their present time. Every day, there are dozens
Vol.14/No.1 / APRIL 2021 - Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
124Rumors and Disinfodemics: Journalist’s Social Media Verification Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Submitted: 5 Maret 2021, Accepted: 16 Agustus 2021
Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
ISSN: 1979-2522 (print), ISSN:2549-0168 (online)
DOI:
of hoax debunking reports or fact-checks Furthermore, the news written based
uploaded by online newspapers and on the results of fact-checking and
official government websites to straighten broadcast through Solopos.com and
out various hoaxes or information that is Kompas.com is always accompanied by
not yet clear, but has already spread on affirmative diction, such as fact-checking,
social media and consumed by the public. hoaxes, and clarification in the title section
This vague information can be deliberately to attract the attention of readers. The
created and disseminated to mislead the selection of the title and writing of the
public. Ironically, this variety of news narrative is adjusted to the style of
information can also spread not only on the respective mass media. The journalists
social media, but also in news aggregators also often create titles with a click bait
that make the public confused about formula to broadcast fact-check results as a
whether the information is true or false trigger or inducement to the public. On the
(Barua et al., 2020). Almost everyone in other hand, the headlines are sometimes
the world (including the journalists), made in-length to place the search results
assess the abundance of information with related to circulating infodemics. The fact-
unclear source (infodemic) in the midst of check news is expected to be able to
the Covid-19 pandemic as a serious educate and rectify public
problem (Suciu, 2020). Moreover, the misunderstandings regarding something
internet is flooded with a variety of that is considered true, but actually wrong.
information that is not necessarily true and "We always put traced facts in the title,
it can even be false information or hoax. such as hoaxes, false information, false
The journalists who are part of the claims, or clarifications. Writing this title
Solopos.com and Kompas.com fact- is very important, so that people as
checking team state that the spread of readers immediately know whether this
rumors, misinformation, and information is true or not by reading the
disinformation (infodemics) in the midst of title". (Y3, a journalist Kompas.com)
the Covid-19 pandemic is very dangerous Fact-checking reports that were
for society. During the pandemic, the published by Kompas.com can be shared
public has received a lot of information on the Cekfakta.com website. The content
which sometimes caused confusion. In this can be quoted by other mass media
study, the journalists say that the most including Solopos.com following the
widely circulated infodemic is information applicable provisions in the CyberMedia
which relates to health, where it can be Guidelines, which mentions the news
highly dangerous as long as cross-check is sources quoted. This kind of process
not implemented; moreover the shows that fact-checking journalism is the
information is conveyed by public figures, result of collaborative hypermedia
such as artists, influencers, and officials. organizations. Publishing a fact-check
Therefore, the spread of infodemic has report is not an easy task, because there is
become uncontrolled, because almost a lot of process that must be done
everyone has experienced a panic due to beforehand. Fact verification must be done
the crisis situation during the pandemic. by journalists in publishing news related to
"The task of all journalists is to check Covid-19, because the problem in this
facts. It is an exception for this infodemic, pandemic is not only the spread of disease
the writing of the headline must be clear, outbreaks, but also the circulation of
so as not to cause misunderstanding. It rumors and misinformation that abound on
means that when we write the title, we also the internet. In this case, World Health
have to think about the effect when the Organization (WHO) says that journalists
news is delivered to the readers". (Y6, a and media workers play an important role
journalist at Solopos.com) in saving people's lives in a fight against
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125Rumors and Disinfodemics: Journalist’s Social Media Verification Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Submitted: 5 Maret 2021, Accepted: 16 Agustus 2021
Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
ISSN: 1979-2522 (print), ISSN:2549-0168 (online)
DOI:
Coronavirus Infodemic (Muqsith, 2020). journalism-based mass media helped them
In a welcoming video on World Press to understand the situation during the
Freedom Day 2020, the UN Secretary Covid-19 pandemic, because the
General Antonio Guterres stated that the information conveyed was much more
press was an antidote for the accurate than on social media (Pollack et
misinformation pandemic that occurred al., 2020). Bill Kovach and Tom
during the Covid-19 pandemic. The press Rosenstiel explain that journalism exists to
can help to counteract and straighten out build citizenship. Journalism exists to
infodemics through verified, scientific, and fulfill citizens' rights and support the
fact-based news and analysis democratic process (Kovach & Rosenstiel,
(Krisdamarjati & Chrysna, 2020). It is true 2001). Although the face of journalism has
that it is the duty of journalists to changed due to technological advances,
overcome the abundance of unverified but principally the goal of journalism
information by checking the truth. It remains the same, that is to provide any
means that the journalists must ensure that information, so that they can live and
the news being broadcasted through the organize themselves. Thus, the publication
mass media is based on truth; not opinion, of a fact-check report must be absolutely
and it is based on scientific judgment; not clear to justify rumors and misinformation
speculation. that the public already believes.
Walter Lippmann, a well-known
journalist in New York, United States in CONCLUSION
1919 ever said that a journalist must The spread of rumors and
master any science. Meanwhile, Andreas infodemics or misinformation and
Harsono argues that journalism is a disinformation on the internet during the
carpentry skill, so that the journalists Covid-19 pandemic is a new challenge for
should study various disciplines which will journalists' work. The journalists still carry
later be useful for them in carrying out out fact-checking to fulfill their sacred
their tasks. In daily work practices, the duty in the midst of pandemic; that is to
journalists should emphasize objectivity in serve readers by presenting qualified and
carrying out verification. Bill Kovach and verified information, because the main
Tom Rosenstiel explain that the concrete principle in journalism is to verify facts
method of verification begins with the found in the field and package them into
skeptical editing of the manuscript written accurate, comprehensive, and enlightening
independently by the journalists, checking news. Besides, the journalists in the
for accuracy, and avoiding personal division of fact-checking at Solopos.com
assumptions (Kovach & Rosenstiel, 2001). and Kompas.com have carried out a series
Verification is sufficiently important in of verification processes to confirm or
journalism, because it affects readers' trust. justify rumors, misinformation, and
Journalists must be honest about what they disinformation (infodemics) during the
know through the news presented in the Covid-19 pandemic through digital
mass media. technology, expert interviews, and
Furthermore, professional journalists literature studies. The fact-check report is
should broadcast factual and verified published as an effort to educate the public
information, particularly in the midst of regarding the dangers of the Covid-19
the Covid-19 pandemic, because the mass outbreak and as a watchdog for statements
media is the spearhead of news coverage and policies taken by the government in
to educate and raise public optimism. The dealing with the outbreak. The fact-check
results of a study from the Reuters Institute results are published in the formatting
found that 60% of respondents in six style of the online newspaper Solopos.com
countries in the world admitted that and Kompas.com. The content is also often
Vol.14/No.1 / APRIL 2021 - Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
126Rumors and Disinfodemics: Journalist’s Social Media Verification Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Submitted: 5 Maret 2021, Accepted: 16 Agustus 2021
Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi
ISSN: 1979-2522 (print), ISSN:2549-0168 (online)
DOI:
re-uploaded on the Cekfakta.com site 2: Research designs: Quantitative,
which can be quoted by other mass media. qualitative, neuropsychological, and
This process shows that fact-checking biological.
journalism is the result of collaborative https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004
hypermedia organizations.
Broersma, M., & Graham, T. (2013).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Twitter as a News Source. How
We would like to express our gratitude to Dutch and British Newspapers Used
the journalists of Solopos.com fact- Tweets in Their News Coverage.
checking team and Kompas.com for their Journalism Practice, 4, 446–464.
availability as informants in this study. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.201
3.802481
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129Rumors and Disinfodemics: Journalist’s Social Media Verification Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic
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