QUEENSLAND State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017 - Disaster ...
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QUEENSLAND i
State Natural Hazard
Risk Assessment
2017
© The State of Queensland (Queensland Fire and Emergency Services) 30th June 2017. The Queensland Government, acting through Queensland Fire and Emergency Services, supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of publicly funded information and endorses the use of the Australian Governments Open Access and Licensing Framework http://www.ausgoal.gov.au/ All Queensland Fire and Emergency Services’ material in this document – except Queensland Fire and Emergency Services’ logos, any material protected by a trademark, and unless otherwise noted – is licensed under a https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode Queensland Fire and Emergency Services has undertaken reasonable enquiries to identify material owned by third parties and secure permission for its reproduction. Permission may need to be obtained from third parties to re-use their material. Sources for the full page images used in this document: • Front and back covers – Image courtesy of Torsten Blackwood. • Pages 16 and 92 – Images courtesy of Mr “S” Photography. • Pages 2, 22 and 57 – Images courtesy of Torsten Blackwood. • Pages 4 and 44 – Images courtesy of Japan Meteorological Agency. Written requests relating to the copyright in this document should be addressed to: Intellectual Property Coordinator For Queensland Fire and Emergency Services C/- QPS Legal Unit, Legal Division Queensland Police Service GPO Box 1440, Brisbane Q 4001 PH: 07 3364 3958 EM: QFES.IPCopyright@qfes.qld.gov.au Disclaimer To the extent possible under applicable law, the material in this document is supplied as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind whether express, implied, statutory, or otherwise. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply. To the extent possible under applicable law, neither the Queensland Government or Queensland Fire and Emergency Services will be liable to you on any legal ground (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of the use of the material in this document. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply. Thank you The State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017 was a collaborative effort, bringing together the expertise of multiple stakeholders. QFES would like to thank all the organisations and individuals who assisted us in developing this document. Particular thanks to the Queensland Police Service, Geoscience Australia, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, the Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Queensland Reconstruction Authority and local governments throughout Queensland. Queensland State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017
LOCAL TOPIC IDENTIFIER
Foreword
Queensland’s Disaster Management If disaster risk exists then action of
Arrangements (QDMA): Local, District some kind needs to be taken; the very
and State. Starting at the local existence of risk requires that action
government level, the communication be taken to at least reduce it and, at
of risk information between each tier can the same time, to ensure that new risk
inform communities and government, is not created. The success of both the
emergency services and all emergency Sendai Framework and of the QERMF will
management partners in making be measured against the safety of our
decisions to prevent, prepare for communities and whether the impact
and respond to and recover from of hazards is reduced substantially
natural disasters. from current projected impacts and
costings. Meeting this challenge requires
The information contained in this
working on three synergistic pathways:
report, including the hazard specific risk
preventing the creation of new risk,
profiles, together with the more detailed
reducing existing risk, and strengthening
local and district risk assessments and
Katarina Carroll APM resilience. Of course understanding risk 1
disaster management plans can be used
Commissioner, Queensland Fire and Emergency Services in depth is the starting point and we are
by stakeholders across government and
well on our way as this report represents
Disaster events affect the lives of all practitioners throughout the emergency
a maturing capability in the identification
Queenslanders and have a significant management sector.
and analysis of natural hazard risk that
impact on the economy and our This scope of the 2017 State Natural will inform the development of risk-
environment. Whether of natural or Hazard Risk Assessment includes the based plans across the multi-tiered
human origin, disasters are becoming hazards of Tropical Cyclones, Riverine QDMA. Risk-based planning is one of the
increasingly extreme and complex, flooding, Bushfires, Severe Weather, cornerstone enablers for the Queensland
exacerbated not only by the effects of Earthquakes, Heatwaves and Coastal community to be better able to prevent,
climate change but also our globally Inundation. Tropical Cyclones and be prepared for, respond to and recover
interlinked economies. There is a need Riverine flooding remain the hazards from natural disasters.
to improve our collective capability to whose impacts pose the greatest risk
assess and more deeply understand I thank all stakeholders for their
to Queensland.
disaster risk as the first step towards contribution to the 2017 Queensland
the development of resilience including The Queensland Emergency Risk Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and
prevention, preparation, response Management Framework (QERMF) was their continued support and commitment
and recovery planning. This is also developed to build on and enhance the towards our community’s disaster
reflective of the international focus on risk assessments and plans developed resilience. I would also like to specifically
understanding disaster risk as priority by local governments and disaster thank the Queensland Police Service for
one of the Sendai Framework for Disaster districts. Therefore, the QERMF is a partnering with QFES on this initiative,
Risk Reduction 2015-2030. holistic disaster risk management the Queensland Reconstruction Authority
paradigm to be applied across all levels for their support and local governments
Queensland is exposed to a range of QDMA. for their ongoing cooperation.
of natural hazards which can lead
to significant consequences for our The collaborative workshops that I encourage all Queenslanders affected
communities. Within the last decade accompany the risk analysis and by disaster risk to consider this
we have experienced natural disasters the expected outcomes of the valuable report and use it to inform the
of a size and scale that are almost implementation of the QERMF give rise management of risks applicable to their
unprecedented; certainly we have to a number of significant enhancements interests and responsibilities.
endured some of the most significant to Queensland’s safety. As noted by
events in recent history. the United Nations Institute for Disaster
Risk Reduction, the contemporary
These events reinforce the need to international focus represents a shift
understand disaster risk in sufficient from managing disasters to managing
detail to meet the community’s needs risk; from focusing on disasters to
and communicate appropriate risk focusing on risk.
information across the three tiers of
2
Queensland State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017
CONTENTS
Table of Contents
Foreword 1 RIVERINE FLOODING 57
Table of Contents 3 Definition 58
The Queensland context 58
PART A – DISASTER RISK Potential exposures 58
Global to State 5 Drainage Divisions, River Basins
and BOM Flood Gauges 59
Introduction 6 Risk analysis 60
International perspective on disaster risk 8 Risk statement 61
World Economic Forum - Global Risks Report 2017 10 Treatments 62
Understanding disaster risk components 12 References and sources of additional information 62
The economic cost of disaster to Australia 13
The Queensland Emergency Risk Management COASTAL INUNDATION 63
Framework 14 Definition 64
Queensland’s Disaster Management Arrangements 17 The Queensland context 65
Queensland’s developing approach Multi-hazard interaction 66
to risk based planning 18 Potential exposures 66
Risk Based Planning Equation 20 Risk analysis 66 3
PART B – QUEENSLAND Risk statement 67
Treatments 68
The State context 23
References and sources of additional information 68
Geography 24
Queensland’s economy 25 HEATWAVE 69
Economic impacts of Severe Tropical Cyclone Debbie 27 Definition 70
Queensland’s economic sectors 28 The Queensland context 70
Community 29 Multi-hazard interaction 71
Queensland’s State Planning Policy 31 Potential exposures 71
Queensland’s climate 32 Risk analysis 72
Climate change projections 37 Risk statement 73
Treatments 74
PART C – QUEENSLAND References and sources of additional information 74
State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 39
BUSHFIRE 75
The Queensland State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 40 Definition 76
Developing the State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 42 The Queensland context 76
TROPICAL CYCLONE 45 Potential exposures 76
Definition 45 Landsat Fire History 2011-2015 Map 77
The Queensland context 45 Risk analysis 78
Tropical Cyclone Heat Map 47 Risk statement 79
Multi-hazard interaction 48 Treatments 80
Potential exposures 48 References and sources of additional information 80
Risk analysis 49 EARTHQUAKE 81
Risk statement 49 Definition 82
Treatments 50 The Queensland context 84
References and sources of additional information 50 Potential exposures 84
SEVERE WEATHER EVENT 51 Earthquake Heat Map 85
Definition 52 Risk analysis 86
The Queensland context 52 Risk statement 86
Severe Storm Archive Map 53 Treatments 87
Multi-hazard interaction 54 References and sources of additional information 88
Potential exposures 54
SUMMARY AND PRIORITIES 88
Risk analysis 54
Risk statement 55 Queensland Hazard and Risk Priority Map 90
Treatments 56 South-East Queensland inset 91
References and sources of additional information 56
A B C
4
Queensland State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017
DISASTER RISK 5
Global to State
A
A B C GLOBAL TO STATE
Introduction
The Queensland Fire and Emergency A proof-of-concept was assessed at the Similar to the UNISDR Guidelines,
Services (QFES) has responsibility Disaster District level across Queensland the Queensland Emergency Risk
under the Queensland State Disaster in 2016 and this methodology was found Management Framework is intended to:
Management Plan to prepare a State to be effective in the identification of
• Provide consistent guidance in
Natural Hazard Risk Assessment. In risk and, more specifically, in the
understanding disaster risk that
addition, all Australian States and identification of residual risk, for disaster
would act as a conduit for publicly-
Territories agreed via the Law, Crime and management planning at and between
available risk information. This
Community Safety Council to conduct all levels of government.
approach would also assist in the
State level risk assessments by 30 June
In November 2016, the Queensland establishment and implementation
2017 for collaboration and discussion at
Disaster Management Committee of a framework for collaboration
the national level.
endorsed the continued development and sharing of information in
In 2015, QFES researched international of the Queensland Emergency Risk disaster risk management,
best practice in natural hazard risk Management Framework using this including for risk-informed disaster
assessment. This research led to the methodology to facilitate enhanced risk risk reduction strategies and plans.
development of a methodology that based planning so that we may better
6 • Encourage holistic risk
harnesses scientific data relating to each prevent, prepare for, respond to and
assessments that would provide
hazard and uses geospatial information recover from disaster events.
an understanding of the many
systems to analyse historical and/or
Concurrently, in 2016 the United different dimensions of disaster
projected impacts to identify exposures,
Nations Office for Disaster Risk risk (hazards, exposures,
vulnerabilities and subsequently risk.
Reduction (UNISDR) commissioned the vulnerabilities, capability and
This approach also promotes development of guidelines on national capacities). The assessments
sense-checking between scientific data, disaster risk assessment (NDRA) as would include diverse types of
mapping and modelling with local part of a series of thematic guidelines direct and indirect impacts of
knowledge during the risk analysis stage, under its “Words into Action” initiative disaster, such as physical, social,
which is of paramount importance. to support implementation of the Sendai economic, environmental and
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction institutional.
2015-2030 (see Figure 1).
Both of these outcomes may take several
The guidelines, to which Queensland years to mature. However, by keeping
contributed, are the result of the abreast with scientific and technological
collaboration between more than advancements and by also remaining
100 leading experts from national connected at the local level, they are
authorities, international organisations, achievable and will produce tangible
non-governmental organisations, enhancements to the safety and
academia, think tanks and private-sector resilience of the Queensland
entities. community.
They focus on the Sendai Framework’s
first Priority for Action: Understanding
Disaster Risk, which is the basis for all
measures on disaster risk reduction and
is closely linked to the other three
Priorities for Action.
Queensland State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017
preparedness for response and recovery, and thus
engthen resilience
THE SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
Targets
Substantially increase Substantially Substantially increase
stantially reduce
the number of enhance international the availability of
aster damage to
countries with national cooperation and access to multi-
cal infrastructure
and local disaster risk to developing countries hazard early warning
disruption of basic
reduction strategies by through adequate and systems and disaster
vices, among them
2020 sustainable support risk information and
lth and educational
to complement their assessments to people
lities, including
national actions for by 2030
ough developing
r resilience by 2030 implementation of this
framework by 2030
Chart of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030
Scope and purpose
The present framework will apply to the risk of small-scale and large-scale, frequent and
ities for Action infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters, caused by natural or manmade hazards as well
as related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks.
States at local, national, regional and global levels
It aimsintothe following
guide four priority
the multi-hazard areas. of disaster risk in
management
development at all levels as well as within and across all sectors
Priority 3 Priority 4
k Investing in disaster risk reduction Enhancing disaster preparedness for
r risk for resilience Expected
effective response, and to «Build outcome
Back
Better» in recovery, rehabilitation and
The substantial reduction ofreconstruction
disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in
tional, Public and private investmenttheineconomic,
disaster physical,
Experiencesocial,
indicatescultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses,
that disaster
o the risk prevention and reduction through preparedness needs communities and countries
to be strengthened
ction structural and non-structural measures for more effective response and 7
erence are essential to enhance the economic, ensure capacities are in place for
of laws, social, health and cultural resilience of effective recovery. Disasters have Goal
t, by persons, communities, countries and their also demonstrated that the recovery,
guide,
Prevent new andrehabilitation
assets, as well as the environment. These
reduce existing disaster riskphase,
and reconstruction through the implementation of integrated and
lic and can be drivers of innovation,inclusive
growth and economic,
whichstructural,
needs to be legal,
prepared social,
ahead health,
of the cultural, educational, environmental,
address job creation. Such measures technological,
are cost- political
disaster,and institutional
is an opportunity to measures
«Build Back that prevent and reduce hazard exposure
effective and instrumental toand
savevulnerability
lives, to disaster,
Better» through increase
integratingpreparedness
disaster risk for response and recovery, and thus
prevent and reduce losses and ensure reduction measures. Women and persons
strengthen resilience
effective recovery and rehabilitation with disabilities should publicly lead and
promote gender-equitable and Targets
universally
accessible approaches during the response
Substantially reduce and reconstruction phases Substantially increase Substantially Substantially increase
Substantially reduce Reduce direct disaster Substantially reduce
the number of enhance international the availability of
global disaster the number of affected economic loss in disaster damage to
cooperation and access to multi-
ding Principles
mortality by 2030, people globally by relation to global critical infrastructure countries with national
and local disaster risk to developing countries hazard early warning
aiming to lower 2030, aiming to lower gross domestic and disruption of basic
reduction strategies by through adequate and systems and disaster
average per 100,000 the average global product (GDP) by services, among them
2020 sustainable support risk information and
global mortality figure per 100,000 2030 health and educational
gagement from all of Full engagement of all Empowerment of Decision-making to to complement their assessments to people
between 2020-2030 between 2020-2030 facilities, including
ciety compared toState institutions
2005- of anto 2005-local authorities and
compared be inclusive
through and risk-
developing national actions for by 2030
2015 executive and legislative
2015 communities through informed
their while
resilience using a
by 2030 implementation of this
nature at national and resources, incentives multi-hazard approach framework by 2030
local levels and decision-making
responsibilities as
appropriate
ng risk «Build Back Better» for The quality of global Support from developed
ly
versus
preventing the creation partnership and
of, and reducing existing, international cooperation
Priorities for Action
countries and partners to
developing countries to
post- disaster riskThere is a need to
forbe effective,
focused meaningful
action within and be tailored according
across sectors to at local, national, regional and global levels in the following four priority areas.
by States
d and strong needs and priorities as
Priority 1 Priority 2
identified by them Priority 3 Priority 4
Understanding disaster risk Strengthening disaster risk Investing in disaster risk reduction Enhancing disaster preparedness for
governance to manage disaster risk for resilience effective response, and to «Build Back
Better» in recovery, rehabilitation and
reconstruction
Disaster risk management needs to be Disaster risk governance at the national, Public and private investment in disaster Experience indicates that disaster
based on an understanding of disaster regional and global levels is vital to the risk prevention and reduction through preparedness needs to be strengthened
risk in all its dimensions of vulnerability, management of disaster risk reduction structural and non-structural measures for more effective response and
capacity, exposure of persons and in all sectors and ensuring the coherence are essential to enhance the economic, ensure capacities are in place for
assets, hazard characteristics and the of national and local frameworks of laws, social, health and cultural resilience of effective recovery. Disasters have
environment regulations and public policies that, by persons, communities, countries and their also demonstrated that the recovery,
defining roles and responsibilities, guide, assets, as well as the environment. These rehabilitation and reconstruction phase,
encourage and incentivize the public and can be drivers of innovation, growth and which needs to be prepared ahead of the
private sectors to take action and address job creation. Such measures are cost- disaster, is an opportunity to «Build Back
disaster risk effective and instrumental to save lives, Better» through integrating disaster risk
prevent and reduce losses and ensure reduction measures. Women and persons
effective recovery and rehabilitation with disabilities should publicly lead and
promote gender-equitable and universally
accessible approaches during the response
and reconstruction phases
Guiding Principles
Primary responsibility Shared responsibility Protection of persons Engagement from all of Full engagement of all Empowerment of Decision-making to
of States to prevent between central and their assets while society State institutions of an local authorities and be inclusive and risk-
and reduce disaster Government and national promoting and protecting executive and legislative communities through informed while using a
Figure 1
risk, including through authorities, sectors all human rights including nature at national and resources, incentives multi-hazard approach
cooperation and stakeholders as the right to development local levels and decision-making
The Sendai Framework for Disaster
appropriate Risk Reduction (2015-2030) is an international
to national responsibilities as
circumstances appropriate
accord on disaster risk reduction endorsed by the UN General Assembly in June 2015.
Coherence of disaster Accounting of local and Addressing underlying risk «Build Back Better» for The quality of global Support from developed
Source: United Nations Office for Disaster
risk reduction and
Risk Reduction
specific characteristics
(www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/sendai-framework)
factors cost-effectively preventing the creation partnership and countries and partners to
sustainable development of disaster risks when through investment versus of, and reducing existing, international cooperation developing countries to
policies, plans, practices determining measures to relying primarly on post- disaster risk to be effective, meaningful be tailored according to
and mechanisms, across reduce risk disaster response and and strong needs and priorities as
different sectors recovery identified by them
www.preventionweb.net/go/sfdrr
www.unisdr.org
isdr@un.org
A B C GLOBAL TO STATE
International perspective on disaster risk
The Global Facility for Disaster Risk Another consistent international theme is Successful risk assessments produce
Reduction (GFDRR) identifies the three that the foundation for effective disaster information that is targeted,
key global factors influencing the risk management lies in understanding authoritative, understandable and
manifestation and impact of natural the hazards, the exposure and the usable. This can only be achieved
hazard risks as population growth, vulnerability of people, assets and if the process of creating and using risk
urbanisation and climate change. environment to those hazards. information is transparent and if there
Governments, communities and is communication and collaboration
To assist the development of community
individuals can make much better among all involved parties: scientists,
resilience, the GFDRR notes that the
informed prevention decisions by engineers, decision makers,
international community needs to
appropriately identifying risks and governmental authorities and
prioritise disaster risk assessment
anticipating the potential impacts community representatives.
methodology that directly informs
of hazards.
collective planning with accurate and A risk assessment that embraces these
actionable risk information. elements enables the identification and
development of information useful for
risk mitigation.
8
Figure 2
The WorldRiskIndex and its components identify the potential vulnerabilities of countries to
natural hazards.
Source: WorldRiskReport (www.weltrisikobericht.de/english)
Queensland State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017WORLD RISK INDEX MEASURES AND VULNERABILITIES
From a public policy perspective, risk It is the potential vulnerability of Australians also enjoy more
information can be sensitive information communities that forms the basis for comparatively stable economic and
as it requires government, private sector, the WorldRiskIndex which calculates political systems which afford more
community and the individual to decide the disaster risk for 171 countries by options toward resilience.
on action (or inaction) to reduce the multiplying vulnerability with exposure
impacts of potentially hazardous events. to natural hazards.
The chance of risk information translating According to the WorldRiskIndex,
into action, then, depends to a large Australia rates as ‘low’ on a global scale,
extent on sensitive negotiations between despite our reasonably high level of
government and affected communities. exposure to natural hazards. Our rating
is partly due to the global comparisons
Humans can only influence to a degree
of population sizes and rates of poverty
whether, and with what intensity,
in less developed countries (where many
natural events impact our communities.
hundreds of thousands of people may
However, we can take precautions to
experience significant vulnerability and
help prevent the manifestation of a 9
risk from natural hazards with relatively
natural phenomenon from becoming a
little means of assistance per head of
disaster event.
population).
Figure 3
The WorldRiskIndex map shows the disaster risk for 171 countries by multiplying vulnerability
with exposure to natural hazards.
Source: WorldRiskReport (www.weltrisikobericht.de/english)A B C GLOBAL TO STATE
World Economic Forum – Global Risks Report 2017
The World Economic Forum Global Risks These risks are categorised into five This year, environmental concerns are
Report 2017 features perspectives from areas: economic, environmental, more prominent than ever, with all five
nearly 750 experts on the perceived geopolitical, societal and technological. risks in this category assessed as being
impact and likelihood of 30 prevalent above average for both impact and
During the past decade, a cluster of
global risks and 13 underlying trends likelihood.
environment-related risks – notably
that could amplify them or alter their
extreme weather events and failure Extreme weather events have risen to be
interconnections over a 10-year
of climate change mitigation and the number one global risk in 2017 with
timeframe.
Figure
adaptation 2: The
– have Evolving
emerged as a Risks Landscape, 2007-2017
major natural disasters being recorded
consistently central feature of the
Figure 2: The Evolving Risks Landscape, 2007-2017 as the third highest.
global risk landscape.
Figure 2: The Evolving Risks Landscape, 2007-2017
Top 5 Global Risks in Terms of Likelihood
Figure 2: The Evolving Risks Landscape, 2007-2017
Top 5 Global Risks in Terms2007
of Likelihood 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure 2: The Evolving2014
Risks Landscape, 2007-2017 2015 2007 2008of
Breakdown 2016 Asset price
2009 2010
Asset price 2017 2011
Asset price Storms2012and
Top 5 Global Risks in Terms of Likelihood
1st critical information collapse collapse collapse cyclones
2007 2008
Breakdown of Asset
2009 price
infrastructure 2010 price
Asset 2011 price
Asset 2012
Storms and 2013
Severe inco
Top 5 Global Risks in Terms of Likelihood 1st critical information collapse collapse collapse cyclones disparity
me10 Top 5
Income disparity
Global Risks in Terms 2007
of Likelihood 2008 of
Breakdown Interstate conflict
Asset price
2009
infrastructure Asset2010price Large-scale Asset 2011
price Breakdown
2012and
Storms Extreme weather
of critical information
Severe infrastructure
2013 income 2014
Severe income
1st critical information collapse Chronic disease collapse
collapse Middle East Slowing Chinese disparity
cyclones Slowing Chinese disparity Flooding
2007 Breakdown 2008
of Asset price2009
infrastructure with regional
Asset price2010 2nd in developed
Asset price 2011
countries
involuntary Storms instability
Breakdown
and2012 Severeeconomy
of critical information income events
2013 (GLOBALRISKS REPORT 2017
Figure 3: The The
Global RisksRisks
Global Landscape 2017 2017
Landscape
What is the impact and likelihood of a range of global risks?
11
Impact
Likelihood
Figure 5
The World Economic Forum Global Risks Report maps the perceived impact and likelihood of
30 prevalent global risks.
Source: World Economic Forum (www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2017)A B C GLOBAL TO STATE
Understanding disaster risk components
The international review of disaster Queensland’s methodology embodies The Sendai Framework for Disaster
risk methodologies by the UNISDR in this approach to understanding disaster Risk Reduction 2015 – 2030 marks a
2017 noted that the conceptualisation risk. crucial shift from managing disasters
of disaster risk has undergone a to managing disaster risk. The UNISDR
transformation. noted that the long term benefits of
risk informed disaster risk reduction
The UNISDR observed the use of the
strategies and plans significantly
classic disaster risk concepts, which
outweigh the initial outlay costs of
describe risk in terms of likelihood and
conducting risk assessments. The
consequence, however further stated
UNISDR further noted that the financial
that, in order to identify and evaluate
cost of conducting risk assessment is
the best measures for reducing risk,
marginal to the total cost of the impacts
an assessment should also analyse
of disasters.
hazard, exposure, vulnerabilities and
capacities, as well as the direct and
indirect impacts.
12
Figure 6
UNISDR’s Understanding disaster risk model; comprehensive understanding of disaster risk
empowers effective and inclusive disaster risk management.
Source: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (www.unisdr.org)
Queensland State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017DISASTER RISKS AND ECONOMIC COSTS TO AUSTRALIA
This report finds that in 2015, the total economic
Natural disasters affect all states and cost of natural disasters in an average year– including
tangible and intangible costs – exceeded $9 billion,
territories
The economicin cost
Australia. They
of disaster have an
to Australia
which is equivalent to about 0.6% of gross domestic
product (GDP) in the same year. This is expected to
enormous impact on people, the almost double by 2030 and to average $33 billion
per year by 2050 in real terms (Chart ii), even without
environment and our communities
The Australian Business Roundtable
for Disaster Resilience and Safer
Comprehensive information on all costs
of natural disasters is required to
consideringThe the work of the
potential Australian
impact Business
of climate
Roundtable has highlighted, where data
change.
Communities’ The economic cost of the understand the full impact of naturalClearly comprehensive allows, theinformation
intangibleon all costs
costs of natural
of natural
In Australia,
social impact of natural disasters 2016 natural disasters have incurred billions
disasters on our communities and disasters is required to understand
disasters and found that:the full impact of
of dollars in
report states that the true cost of natural tangible costs to individuals, businesses
economy and to also understand the
1 natural disasters on our communities and economy and;
• Natural disasters can have a
disasters is at least 50% greater than
and governments. extent to which expenditure on to also understand the extent to which expenditure
devastating impact on individuals, on
previous estimates when the cost of mitigation and resilience measures mitigation and resilience measures is effective.
families, local communities,
Beyond the known economic costs, it is well recognised
social impacts is incorporated. is effective. businesses and governments.
that natural disasters have wide-ranging social impacts
When both tangible and intangible costs
that are not only highMultiple Australian
in immediate impact,Business
but oftenRoundtable In particular, the social impacts
Chart i: Breakdown of costs between reports
are included, estimates are persist
that the the rest of reports
fortotal people’s(as listed
lives. onthere
While pageis 21) outline the are complex, interrelated and
economic cost of natural disasters in evidenceprojected
considerable costs ofour
of social impacts, natural Other
disasters and
knowledge difficult to quantify.
intangible
Australia in 2015 would haveofexceeded
their economic cost indicate thatunderstood.
is not well investment in resilience • There is clear evidence social
$9 billion, or 0.6% of GDP. measures may reduce the costs of impacts account for a substantial
Where data permits, this report identifies and
disaster relief and recovery by more part of the total economic cost of
This is expected to double by 2030 and
quantifies the social impacts of natural disasters,
than 50% by 2050. natural disasters.
to reach an average of $33 billion perthose on health and wellbeing, education,
including Deaths 13
year by 2050 without considering the and communityThis estimate doesWhen
not include less and injuries • Placing a monetary value, where
employment networks.
potential impact of climate change. visible and intangible costs such as Tangible possible, on these social impacts
considered alongside the tangible costs highlighted in
will assist in better understanding
Building our Nation’sincreased
Resiliencemental health
to Natural issues, family
Disasters
violence, alcohol consumption, chronic the total economic cost of natural
(2013), a much richer picture emerges of the total
and non-communicable diseases and disasters and thereby strengthen
economic cost of natural disasters to Australia.
short term unemployment. the case for building individual
Building our Nation’s Resilience This report
and community resilience.
to Natural Disasters (2013)
1. In line with the
Productivity Commission
report, costs in this report
are defined as:
• Direct tangible costs:
Chart ii: 2015–50 forecast of the total economic cost of natural disasters, identifying costs for each state
those incurred as a result
of the hazard event and $bn (2015 prices)
have a market value 40
such as damage to
private properties and 35
infrastructure
• Indirect tangible costs: 30
the flow-on effects that
are not directly caused 25 ■ TAS
by the natural disaster ■ ACT
itself, but arise from the 20
consequences of the ■ NT
damage and destruction 15 ■ SA
such as business and
■ WA
network disruptions 10
• Intangible costs: capture ■ QLD
direct and indirect ■ VIC
5
damages that cannot be
easily priced such as death ■ NSW
and injury, impacts on 0
health and wellbeing, and 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
community connectedness. Source: Deloitte Access Economics analysis
12
Figure 7
The Australian Business Roundtable has forecast the total economic cost of natural disasters
to Australia to highlight the need for a holistic strategy.
Source: The Australian Business Roundtable: The economic cost of the social
impact of natural disasters report, 2016 (www.australianbusinessroundtable.com.au)A B C GLOBAL TO STATE
The Queensland Emergency Risk Management Framework
Even though substantial challenges The Queensland Emergency Risk In addition to meeting the above
remain in fully assessing disaster risk, Management Framework (QERMF) is international and national standards,
significant progress across multiple underpinned by this multidisciplinary the QERMF also upholds international
areas has occurred, including: approach, uniting international and best practice as championed by the
• hazard data and models for Australian best practice, the strategic UNISDR and the Global Facility for
identifying and analysing risk direction of world risk management Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR)
have grown in number and leaders and using operational and seeks to literally enact the Sendai
accessibility geospatial intelligence to undertake Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction’s
exposure and vulnerability analysis “Priorities for Action”.
• risk data and mapping are
which can directly inform the State’s
increasingly being made freely The QERMF also recognises the
multitiered disaster management
available to users as part of a relevant elements within the
arrangements and planning.
larger global trend toward Emergency Management Assurance
open data The QERMF derives risk methodology Framework (EMAF) as published by
• there is a deeper understanding from: the Office of the Inspector-General
– on the part of governments as • ISO 31000:2009 Risk management Emergency Management, Queensland.
14
well as development institutions – Principles and guidelines The QERMF applies analysis techniques
such as the World Bank – that • SA/SNZ HB 436: 2013 Risk from the field of geospatial intelligence
disaster risk management management guidelines – to conduct broad area/geographic
requires many partners working companion to AS/NZS ISO assessments. This intelligence
cooperatively and sharing 31000:2009 comprises relevant environmental,
information. built, community and hazard information
• SA/SNZ HB 89:2013 Risk
management – Guidelines on risk to gain a true appreciation and create
assessment techniques a comprehensive profile of risk.
• AS/NZS 5050: 2010 Business This approach also makes risk
continuity – Managing disruption assessments a fundamental enabler
related risk for effective pre impact analysis and
• National Emergency Risk planning within disaster operations.
Assessment Guidelines (Australian
Emergency Management Institute,
2015).
Sendai Framework
for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015 - 2030
1
Queensland State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017QUEENSLAND EMERGENCY RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
The ability to develop, access and
use geospatial data, information and
knowledge is essential to providing
the most cohesive representation of
exposure, vulnerability and risk.
As geospatial information is managed
and coordinated by various agencies,
cooperation and communication is vital. Q U E E N S L A N D E ME R G E N C Y
RI S K MA N A G E ME N T F R A ME W O R K ( Q E R MF )
The multidisciplinary approach that
underpins the QERMF directly informs the RISK ASSESSMENT
identification of risk treatment options
that fall into two broad categories:
PROCESS HANDBOOK
• Proactive approaches involving Prepared by Emergency Management Readiness Unit, State Operational Coordination Branch,
Queensland Fire and Emergency Services
prevention and preparedness
measures which may influence 15
the potential and/or scale of
disruptive events.
• Contingency plans and contingent
capability (response) to minimise DISCLAIMER
the impact of potentially disruptive This document was produced by the Queensland Fire and Emergency Services, State Operational Coordination Branch. This
document, and all intellectual property contained within, is copyright (2017) of the Queensland Fire and Emergency Services and
remains in the control of the Director, State Operational Coordination Branch. The document and/or its contents are to be used for
events. Development of
emergency management purposes only and are not to be disseminated to a third party, for any purpose whatsoever, without the prior
consent of the Director, State Operational Coordination Branch. If this document and/or its contents becomes or appears likely at any
time to become subject of any writ, subpoena, right to information action, or any other legal process, then the Director, State
Operational Coordination Branch is to be advised immediately.
contingency plans and contingent
capability can assist to reduce and Figure 8
stabilise the impacts of events,
Queensland’s Emergency Risk Management Framework embraces leading industry standards,
restore and expedite restoration pictured below, and is further detailed in the Risk Assessment Process Handbook, shown above.
of normalcy (recovery). Sources (below, l to r):
www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf
www.iso.org/standard/43170.html
www.aidr.org.au/media/1489/handbook-10-national-emergency-risk-assessment-guidelines.pdf
www.igem.qld.gov.au/assurance-framework/Documents/IGEM-EMAF.pdf#search=EMAF
HANDBOOK 10
National Emergency Risk Assessment
Guidelines Emergency
Management
Assurance FrameworkA B C GLOBAL TO STATE
16
Queensland State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017QUEENSLAND’S DISASTER MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS
Queensland’s Disaster Management Arrangements
The Australian Emergency Management management through regular reviews Centre (SDCC) sit at the State level.
Arrangements are formed around three and assessments of disasters which, in The SDCC is an operational venue for
levels of government: Local, State and turn, enables the Local Government to the provision of State level support to
the Australian Government. develop its Local Disaster Management disaster management operations.
Plan (LDMP). The most senior level of committee is
The Queensland Disaster Management
the Queensland Disaster Management
Arrangements acknowledge these three A District Disaster Management Group
Committee (QDMC). Part of the QDMC
levels of government and also include (DDMG) is established for each Disaster
function is to ensure effective disaster
an additional tier between Local and District. Part of a DDMG’s function is to
management is developed and
State Governments – known as Disaster develop effective disaster management
implemented for the State through
Districts. for the District, including a District
preparation and regular review of the
Disaster Management Plan (DDMP).
The Disaster Management Act 2003 State Disaster Management Plan (SDMP)
This plan is developed through regular
denotes that Local Governments are and to also provide strategic direction
review and assessment of the disaster
primarily responsible for managing during disaster events.
management of the Local Governments
events in their area and must establish
within their District and their LDMPs.
a Local Disaster Management Group 17
(LDMG). Part of an LDMG’s function is The State Disaster Coordination Group
to improve and foster effective disaster and the State Disaster Coordination
NATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS STATE ARRANGEMENTS
Local
Disaster
Local Government Management Group Local
Local Disaster
Coordination Centre
District Disaster Management Group District
District Disaster Coordination Centre
State Government
Queensland Disaster Management Committee State
State Disaster Coordination Centre
Attorney-General’s Department
Australian Government
Australian Government Crisis Coordination Centre
Figure 9
Queensland’s Disaster Management Arrangements comprise four tiers, including
a Disaster District array for improved efficiency and effectiveness.
Source: www.disaster.qld.gov.auA B C GLOBAL TO STATE
Queensland’s developing approach to risk based planning
– the Queensland Emergency Risk Management Framework
The Queensland Emergency Risk The model below (Figure 10) depicts Assessing risk using this methodology
Management Framework (QERMF) is the overarching risk based planning assists in:
underscored by multiple, standardised methodology within the QERMF. This • gauging the probability that
and integrated tools that assist in model shows the four clear steps to a hazard may manifest
identifying, assessing, analysing and ensuring the identification, analysis
• using geospatial analysis to
managing risk. and management of risk.
determine where the hazard
The successful foundation for disaster This methodology provides a may manifest and what key
risk management lies in clearly comprehensive and systematic local elements could be exposed
identifying and understanding the approach to ensure that all potential to that hazard; geospatial broad
level of exposure and vulnerability to risks are identified via exposure and area analysis also enables a
a community and its assets against vulnerability analysis which directly more strategic overview to
particular hazards. informs risk based planning. be conducted to directly observe
interconnectedness of Local
or District areas as well as the
infrastructure systems
18
Figure 10
The Queensland Emergency Risk Management Framework’s Approach integrates
a range of assessment elements to assist in risk based planning.
Source: Queensland Fire and Emergency Services
Queensland State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017QUEENSLAND’S EMERGENCY RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
• evaluating the effect of a hazard A wealth of information is available Risk treatment strategies
manifesting, based on the within Local Governments, via State and residual risk
assessment of the severity of Government departments such as the
exposure and the level Department of Science, Information When identifying risk treatment
of vulnerability Technology and Innovation and the strategies, it is important to prioritise
Department of Natural Resources and responses to inform decisions about
• informing risk prioritisation,
Mines, or from national sources such as what is to be done, when and by whom.
treatment, resource allocation
Geoscience Australia and the Australian This requires understanding of attributes
and planning, and measuring this
Bureau of Meteorology. Multiple such as urgency, controllability and
against the capability and capacity
research institutions from the tertiary response effectiveness to execute the
to manage the identified
and corporate sector can also provide actions effectively and in a timely
vulnerabilities.
valid, recognised and credible data. manner to make the best use of
The processes shown within Step 1 available resources. Once treatment
Context in Figure 10 establish the context Once overlaid onto the natural and of risk measures have been identified,
using a layering approach that includes built environment, geospatial analysis planned or put into place, it is important
the natural environment such as indicates exposures which, when to then consider the residual risk. 19
geomorphology, demography and investigated further, may give rise to
specific vulnerabilities and therefore Residual risk is the risk that is beyond
the built environment. It is particularly
lead to the identification of risks. This the capability and/or capacity of the
important to also identify critical and
process must be sense-checked against Local or District community or
essential infrastructure networks
local knowledge, ideally with local communities and existing disaster
during this stage.
representatives involved in the collection management plans to treat or mitigate.
The majority of this information can and analysis of the relevant information. Residual risk must either be accepted
be displayed in geospatial layers as
Step 3 Risk analysis formalises the as tolerable or should be transferred to
developing a shared understanding of
analysis process and reviews existing and/or shared across the next level of
the interconnectedness of infrastructure
controls including capability and the disaster management arrangement
within the area of interest is a precursor
capacity at the respective level (upon consultation).
to commencing the actual risk
assessment process. (Local, District or State). This will allow for the residual risk to be
This in turn identifies residual risk – understood and treatment or mitigation
It is also important for sites or areas
the risk that remains in unmanaged form, measures and plans to be developed as
important to the communities, that may
even if controls are in place, and is the per the Risk Based Planning Equation
not necessarily be infrastructure, to be
key to risk-based planning. shown in Figure 11 on the following pages.
identified in these layers. Identifying
what is of value to communities, such Step 4 Risk-based planning aims to
as areas of cultural significance, and determine and implement the most
therefore what they would want to appropriate actions to treat (control
protect or prioritise for mitigation is or mitigate) the identified risks at the
also very important. respective level as well as to address
Step 2 Hazard analysis, focuses on how the residual risk between levels. These
hazards manifest and their interaction actions typically comprise both short
with the natural and built environments, and longer term strategies to address
as identified in Step 1. immediate impacts and the resultant
ongoing issues.
Collecting hazard specific data via
scientific studies and historical analysis
is essential. Residual risk
The risk that remains in unmanaged form, even when effective disaster risk
reduction measures are in place, and for which emergency response and
recovery capacities must be maintained.
Source: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk ReductionA B C GLOBAL TO STATE
Risk Based Planning Equation
Figure 11
The Risk Based Planning Equation shows the
interrelatedness and passage of residual risk between
the three levels of Queensland’s Disaster Management
Arrangements as well as the linkage to the Australian
Government if support is required.
Source: Queensland Fire and Emergency Services
20
Sources of information
Global disaster risks
• The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
(2015-2030): www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/
sendai-framework Provision of State resources
• The WorldRiskIndex: www.weltrisikobericht.de/ and support services as required/requested
english
• The World Economic Forum Global Risks Report:
www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2017
Provision of State resources
Understanding disaster risk components and support services as required/requested
• UNISDR – Words into Action Guidelines Governance
System, Methodologies, and Use of Results 2017,
Consultative version: www.unisdr.org
The economic cost of disaster to Australia Provision of Australian Government resources
Australian Business Roundtable reports: and support services as required/requested
• March, 2016: Building Resilient Infrastructure
• March, 2016: The Economic Cost of the Social Impact
of Natural Disasters
• July, 2014: Building an Open Platform for Disaster Provision of Australian Government resources
Resilience Decisions and support services as required/requested
• June, 2013: Building our Nation’s Resilience to Natural Au
Disasters: australianbusinessroundtable.com.au
Risk-based planning process
A Risk Assessment Process Handbook has been
developed which outlines, in more detail, the processes Au
involved in the Queensland Emergency Risk Management
Framework, which will be further developed into
guidelines with relevant training and capability
development.
Queensland State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017RISK BASED PLANNING EQUATION
DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT 2003
4A GUIDING PRINCIPLES DIV 3, S30 – (A) (F) LOCAL
GROUP TO ENSURE
(C) LOCAL GOVERNMENT
CONSISTENCY WITH
RESPONSIBLE FOR
STATE (POLICY & OPS)
MANAGING EVENTS
IN THEIR LOCAL AREA (C) PREPARE A LDM PLAN
(D) ADVISE DISTRICT RE
SUPPORT SERVICES
REQUIRED
(H) IDENTIFY AND
COORDINATE USE OF
RESOURCES THAT MAY
BE USED FOR DM OPS
DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT 2003 21
4A GUIDING PRINCIPLES DIV 2, S23 – DISTRICT
GROUP TO ENSURE
(D) DISTRICT GROUPS
CONSISTENCY WITH
AND THE STATE GROUP
STATE (POLICY & OPS)
SHOULD PROVIDE
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS (C) PREPARE A DDM PLAN
WITH APPROPRIATE
(D) (II) REVIEW AND
RESOURCES AND
ASSESS LDMPS
SUPPORT TO HELP
LOCAL GOV CARRY (G) COORDINATE STATE
OUT DISASTER OPS. RESOURCES AND
SERVICES PROVIDED
TO SUPPORT LOCAL
(H) IDENTIFY RESOURCES
THAT MAY BE USED FOR
DM OPS IN DISTRICT
(I) MAKE PLANS
FOR ALLOCATION,
COORDINATION OF
USE OF RESOURCES
IN (H)
Sta SStatat
te R eteRR
equ eqeuqu
est esetsst
s fo fsofo
r A r Ar sAs
ssi sissis
sta tanta
nce cnece
NATIONAL STRATEGY
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
NATIONAL FOR DISASTER
Australian
Australian
Australian Government
Government
Government capability
capability andand
capability support
and mechanisms
support
support mechanisms
mechanisms LENS
LENSLENS RESILIENCEA B C GLOBAL TO STATE
22
Queensland State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017QUEENSLAND 23
The State context
BA B C QUEENSLAND CONTEXT
Geography
Queensland is the second largest state which reaches the Gulf of Carpentaria as Beyond them is the Great Barrier Reef,
in Australia and covers more than 22% a broad tract of salt flats. a series of coral formations stretching
of the total Australian continent, an area for about 2,000 kilometres.
The far north-west is occupied by a
of 1,730,648 square kilometres.
rugged uplands region, rich in minerals. Outback Queensland is in stark contrast
The coastline of mainland Queensland to the coast with its vast landscape and
Eastward, the country rises towards the
is approximately 6,973 kilometres long. mining country with flat plains that
Great Dividing Range which runs from
connect to the inner arid terrain of
Queensland has a diverse landscape that the southern border to the northern tip
Central Australia.
is dominated by its extensive coastline of the State and is the main watershed
which is home to more than 60% of its between the coastal and inland rivers. Queensland shares its borders with the
resident population. Northern Territory in the west, New South
East of the Great Dividing Range, the
Wales to the south and South Australia
Queensland is essentially a state of country drops seaward in a variety of
in the south-west corner.
extensive plains which merge into high ranges separated by lowlands.
country of sharper relief to the east and This structure is continued in a chain of
24 north-west. To the north, the country mountainous offshore islands sitting on
falls gradually to meet the coastal plain the continental shelf.
Figure 12
Topographical map of Australia,
illustrating the diversity of
Queensland’s terrain.
Source: shutterstock.com/AridOcean
Queensland State Natural Hazard Risk Assessment 2017QUEENSLAND’S ECONOMY
Queensland’s economy
Growth in the Queensland economy is More importantly, however, it will Overseas exports are expected to
forecast to strengthen over the coming re-establish productivity enhancing grow solidly over the forecast period,
years from 2.4% in 2015-16, to 2¾% in infrastructure and restore the productive generally between 3% and 4% per
both 2016-17 and 2017-18, and 3% in capacity of affected economies, thereby annum. In addition to the long-expected
2018-19. The 2017-18 Budget is focused supporting ongoing growth and ramp up in LNG exports, coal exports
on supporting continued growth and employment across the State. are expected to recover from the fall in
creating jobs for Queensland, while 2016-17 induced by STC Debbie.
As noted above, the Queensland
enabling the State’s $300 billion
economy is forecast to strengthen, The 2017-18 Budget features a range
economy to be more innovative, diverse
from the 2.4% recorded in 2015-16, of further initiatives aimed at optimising
and productive.
to 2¾% in both 2016-17 and 2017-18, the use of the State’s land and natural
The 2017-18 Budget includes a range and 3% in 2018-19. Based on forecasts resources, including promoting
of measures which will boost by the Australian Treasury, this is exploration and mining activities
productivity and support ongoing longer- stronger than expected national gross through the $27.1 million Strategic
term employment including significant domestic product (GDP) growth of 1¾% Resources Exploration Program.
infrastructure projects in both South East in 2016-17 and in line with it in 2017-18
Key elements of this initiative also 25
Queensland and regional Queensland as and 2018-19.
form part of the government’s overall
part of a $42.75 billion four year capital
Queensland growth forecasts for 2016-17 package of $39 million over four
works program.
and 2017-18 would have been higher but years to deliver initiatives to support
Operation Queensland Recovery is for the impact of STC Debbie, which is the North West Minerals Province,
well underway to recover, reconnect estimated to have detracted around including implementation of the
and rebuild more resilient Queensland $2 billion or ¾ percentage point from Queensland Government’s Strategic
communities following Severe Tropical economic growth across these years. Blueprint aimed at facilitating a strong
Cyclone (STC) Debbie. As at 2 June 2017, and prosperous future for the region.
Major impacts from STC Debbie include
in the first two months after the cyclone,
the loss of around 10 million tonnes To protect the State’s natural assets
more than 118,000 people have been
of coal exports due to damaged rail and ensure they continue to create
assisted.
infrastructure, around $300 million wealth for current and future generations
Close to $30 million in assistance has of losses to sugar exports and a of Queenslanders, this Budget also
already been distributed through the considerable hit to tourism in the allocates $175 million to improve
Personal Hardship Assistance Grants and Whitsundays region. With the impact water quality in the Great Barrier Reef,
Immediate Hardship Assistance Grants of the resources boom largely reflected safeguard and respond to biosecurity
funded under the Natural Disaster Relief in exports and population growth related risks, and develop a Climate
and Recovery Arrangements (NDRRA). broadly in line with the national rate, Change Strategy to assist Queensland
Queensland’s gross state product to meet its national and international
A $14.7 million Community Recovery
growth (GSP) is expected to remain obligations related to CO2 emissions
Fund has been established and
in line with national growth in the targets.
additional funding of $2 million has been
projection years, at 3%.
provided for the government’s Go Local The government’s comprehensive
campaign to support the agricultural Business investment continues to Great Barrier Reef Water Quality Program,
industry in disaster affected areas. adjust in 2016-17 from the record levels totalling $175 million over five years,
experienced during the Liquefied Natural is in addition to the $100 million
The Queensland Government is also
Gas (LNG) construction boom. Despite provided in 2015-16 to address the
expecting to spend over $1 billion to
bright spots in tourism and education recommendations arising from the
restore essential public assets before
and ongoing spending in the coal seam Great Barrier Reef Water Science
reimbursements from the Australian
gas (CSG) sector, business investment Taskforce. The Budget also includes
Government through the jointly-funded
in Queensland is expected to be broadly $40 million to revitalise and leverage
NDRRA. This investment will rebuild
unchanged in 2017-18, before returning value from our national parks through
vital infrastructure and supporting
to moderate growth from 2018-19 increased tourism and other activities.
communities and stimulate significant
onward, consistent with the national
short term construction activity and
growth profile.
jobs in these regions.You can also read
