Post Graduate Qualifications 2018 - (as at June 2018) 1 - Wits University
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NEW NQF Levels NQF 10 PhD, DEng NQF 9 MSc Eng, MEng, Masters degrees NQF 8 BSc Eng, BEng, PG Diploma, Honours degrees NQF 7 BTech, Bachelors Degrees, National Higher Diploma (old), BEng Tech (new) 2
Degree Codes Degree Name Program Plan NQF Coursework Only PG Dip Eng (Aeronautical) EXA00 EFAAERO50 8 PG Dip Eng (Industrial) EXA00 EFAIND50 8 PG Dip Eng (Mechanical) EXA00 EFAMEC50 8 Coursework and Research Master of Engineering (Professional) Mechanical Engineering ECA01 EFAMECN60 9 Master of Engineering (Professional) Aeronautical Engineering ECA01 EFAAERO60 9 Master of Engineering (Professional) Industrial Engineering in the field of ECA01 EFAIND61 9 Engineering Management Master of Engineering (Professional) Industrial Engineering in the field of ECA02 EFAIND62 9 Industrial Engineering Master of Engineering (Professional) Industrial Engineering in the field of Systems ECA03 EFAIND63 9 Engineering MSc Engineering in the field of Mechnical, Industrial and Aernautical Engineering ECA00 EFAMIA61 9 MSc Engineering in the field of Nuclear Technology Leadership ECA00 EFANTL60 9 MSc Aeronautical Engineering ECA02 EPAAERO60 9 MSc Engineering Management ECA04 EPAEMAN60 9 MSc Mechanical Engineering ECA05 EPAMECN60 9 MSc Industrial Engineering ECA06 EPAINDE60 9 MSc Systems Engineering ECA07 EPASYSE60 9 Research Only degrees Master of Science in Aeronautical Engineering ERA02 EPAAERO70 9 Master of Science in Engineering Management ERA04 EPAEMAN70 9 Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering ERA05 EPAMECN70 9 Master of Science in Industrial Engineering ERA06 EPAINDE70 9 Master of Science in Systems Engineering ERA07 EPASYSE70 9 MSc Eng MIA Res ERA00 EFAMIA70 9 Doctor of Philosophy (MIA) EDA02 EFAMIA80 10 3
Masters of Science by Research Dissertation Masters of Science by Research Dissertation Master of Science in Aeronautical Engineering ERA02 EPAAERO70 Master of Science in Bulk Materials Handling ERA03 EPABMH70 Master of Science in Engineering Management ERA04 EPAEMAN70 Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering ERA05 EPAMECN70 Master of Science in Industrial Engineering ERA06 EPAINDE70 Master of Science in Systems Engineering ERA07 EPASYSE70 MSc Eng MIA Res ERA00 EFAMIA70 – NQF level: 9 Please note that when you apply online for any of these qualifications you must have a supervisor and a high‐level project topic. Refer to “How – Total Credits: 180 to find a supervisor” – Admission Criteria: • Bachelor of Science in Engineering 4th year or equivalent cognate qualification (NQF 8) average >= 65% may be admitted to Master of Science • The 65% may be reviewed if the applicant has relevant working experience equivalent to those described in the DQA tables. 4
Masters of Science by Coursework + Research Report (50/50) MSc Engineering in the field of Mechnical, Industrial and Aernautical Engineering ECA00 EFAMIA61 9 MSc Engineering in the field of Nuclear Technology Leadership ECA00 EFANTL60 9 (Dual degree with MSc Aeronautical Engineering ECA02 EPAAERO60 9 Embry‐Riddle MSc Bulk Materials Handling ECA03 EPABMH60 9 Aeronautical University) MSc Engineering Management ECA04 EPAEMAN60 9 MSc Mechanical Engineering ECA05 EPAMECN60 9 MSc Industrial Engineering ECA06 EPAINDE60 9 MSc Systems Engineering ECA07 EPASYSE60 9 Please note that when you apply online for any of these qualifications – NQF level: 9 you must have a supervisor and a high‐level project topic. Refer Refer to “How to find a supervisor” – Total Credits: 180 – Coursework Structure: 4 courses (20 credits each) + Research Methods (RM) Course (10 credits) + Research Report (MECN 7018A) (90 credits) – Curricula are set – see appendix – Admission Criteria: • Bachelor of Science in Engineering 4th year or equivalent cognate qualification (NQF 8) average >= 65% may be admitted to Master of Science • The 65% may be reviewed if the applicant has relevant working experience equivalent to those described in the DQA tables. 5
Master of Engineering (Professional) Master of Engineering (Professional) Mechanical Engineering ECA01 EFAMECN60 9 Master of Engineering (Professional) Aeronautical Engineering ECA01 EFAAERO60 9 Master of Engineering (Professional) Industrial Engineering in the field of ECA01 EFAIND61 9 Engineering Management Master of Engineering (Professional) Industrial Engineering in the field of ECA02 EFAIND62 9 Industrial Engineering Master of Engineering (Professional) Industrial Engineering in the field of Systems ECA03 EFAIND63 9 Engineering – NQF level: 9 – Total Credits: 180 – Coursework Structure: 6 courses (20 credits each) + Investigational Methods (15) + Industrial Project (45 credits) – Curricula– see appendix – Admission Criteria: • Bachelor of Science in Engineering 4th year or equivalent cognate qualification • PG Dip Eng with average >= 60% • The 60% may be reviewed if the applicant has relevant working experience equivalent to those described in the DQA tables. 6
Post‐Graduate Diploma in Engineering PG Dip Eng (Aeronautical) EXA00 EFAAERO50 PG Dip Eng (Industrial) EXA00 EFAIND50 PG Dip Eng (Mechanical) EXA00 EFAMEC50 – NQF level: 8 (equivalent to 4th year BSc Eng/B Eng) – Total Credits: 120 – Structure: 6 courses (20 credits each) – Curricula are set – see appendix – Admission Criteria: • Relevant NQF 7 qualification or Refer to DQA Tables 7
Pathways to Post‐Graduate Qualifications Research Dissertation MSc (Eng) (180 credits) (Research) + Research Methods 4 courses (20 (10 credits) + MSc (Eng) PhD credits ea) Research Report (90 (50/50) Y credits) =180 credits >= 65% Ave for 4 courses BSc (Eng)/BEng ≥65% In MEng (Prof) N 6 courses (20 credits ea) + DQA with NQF 8 Investigational Methods (15) MEng (Prof) Qualification (see Industrial Project (45 credits) next slide) = 180 credits Y Differently Post‐Graduate qualified Diploma in 6 courses (20 ≥60%? candidates OR Engineering (PGDip credits ea) Qualification Eng) Broadening 8
Differently Qualified Applicants (DQA) with South African qualifications Qualification Minimum Criteria Direct access to M-Tech at least 3 years appropriate professional MEng (Professional) NQF 8 experience in the relevant field NQF 9 (+ discretionary interview) 4 year non-engineering degree in an at least 3 years appropriate professional MEng (Professional) engineering related field NQF 8 experience in the relevant field NQF 9 4 year non-engineering degree in a non- at least 3 years appropriate professional MEng (Professional) in Industrial engineering related field experience in the relevant field Engineering ONLY NQF 8 (+ Interview) NQF 9 No working experience PG Dip Eng (Industrial- ONLY) NQF 8 9 PTO
Differently Qualified Applicants (DQA) with South African qualifications (cont’d) Qualification Minimum Criteria Direct access to B-Tech (includes a T5 qualification from previous Technikons) PG Dip Eng OR National Higher Diploma (NHDip) (includes a T4 or S4 NQF 8 qualification from previous Technikons) NQF 7 3 year non-engineering degree in an engineering related field PG Dip Eng (Industrial-ONLY) NQF 7 NQF 8 National Diploma (ND) (includes a T3 or S3 qualification from Undergrad qualifications in Engineering may be previous Technikons) applied for NQF 6 OR OR no first degree or formal tertiary education (i.e.. N6, matric or A technology qualification at a University of equivalent) Technology (E.g. UJ or VUT) NQF 4 10
TO APPLY: www.wits.ac.za/Study at Wits/Postgraduate 11
Masters Degree and PG Dip Eng Curricula 12
Master of Science in Engineering in the branch of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering Coursework Structure: 4 courses (20 credits each) + Research Methods (RM) Course (10 credits) + Research Report (MECN 7018) (90 credits) Not all courses are offered every year Check the timetable to see which courses are on offer Please note that when you apply online for any of these qualifications you must have a supervisor and a high‐level project topic. Refer to slides “how to find a supervisor” for supervisors and research interests 13
Master of Science in Engineering in the branch of Mechanical in the field of Nuclear Technology Leadership Coursework Structure: 4 courses (20 credits each) + Research Methods (RM) Course (10 credits) + Research Report (MECN 7018) (90 credits) Not all courses are offered every year Check the timetable to see which courses are on offer Please note that when you apply online for any of these qualifications you must have a supervisor and a high‐level project topic. Refer to slides “how to find a supervisor” for supervisors and research interests 14
Master of Science in Aeronautical Engineering Dual Degree Candidates may present themselves for a dual degree offered in Collaboration with Embry Riddle Aeronautical University. Candidates who elect this option will be required to follow the following curriculum. Coursework Structure: 4 courses (20 credits each) + Research Methods (RM) Course (10 credits) + Research Report (MECN 7018) (90 credits) Not all courses are offered every year Check the timetable to see which courses are on offer Please note that when you apply online for any of these qualifications you must have a supervisor and a high‐level project topic. Refer to slides “how to find a supervisor” for supervisors and research interests 15
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Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering Coursework Structure: 4 courses (20 credits each) + Research Methods (RM) Course (10 credits) + Research Report (MECN 7018A) (90 credits) Not all courses are offered every year Check the timetable to see which courses are on offer Please note that when you apply online for any of these qualifications you must have a supervisor and a high‐level project topic. Refer to slides “how to find a supervisor” for supervisors and research interests 18
Master of Science in Systems Engineering Coursework Structure: 4 courses (20 credits each) + Research Methods (RM) Course (10 credits) + Research Report (MECN 7018A) (90 credits) Not all courses are offered every year Check the timetable to see which courses are on offer Please note that when you apply online for any of these qualifications you must have a supervisor and a high‐level project topic. Refer to slides “how to find a supervisor” for supervisors and research interests 19
Master of Science in Industrial Engineering Coursework Structure: 4 courses (20 credits each) + Research Methods (RM) Course (10 credits) + Research Report (MECN 7018A) (90 credits) Not all courses are offered every year Check the timetable to see which courses are on offer Please note that when you apply online for any of these qualifications you must have a supervisor and a high‐level project topic. Refer to slides “how to find a supervisor” for supervisors and research interests 20
Master of Science in Engineering Management Coursework Structure: 4 courses (20 credits each) + Research Methods (RM) Course (10 credits) + Research Report (MECN 7018A) (90 credits) Not all courses are offered every year Check the timetable to see which courses are on offer Please note that when you apply online for any of these qualifications you must have a supervisor and a high‐level project topic. Refer to slides “how to find a supervisor” for supervisors and research interests 21
Master of Engineering (Professional)‐ Aeronautical Engineering Coursework Structure: 6 courses (20 credits each) + Investigational Methods (IM) Course (15 credits) + Research/Industry Project (45credits) Not all courses are offered every year Check the timetable to see which courses are on offer 22
Master of Engineering (Professional)‐ Mechanical Engineering Coursework Structure: 6 courses (20 credits each) + Investigational Methods (IM) Course (15 credits) + Research/Industry Project (45credits) Not all courses are offered every year Check the timetable to see which courses are on offer 23
Master of Engineering (Professional)‐ Industrial Engineering In the field of Engineering Management Coursework Structure: 6 courses (20 credits each) + Investigational Methods (IM) Course (15 credits) + Research/Industry Project (45credits) Not all courses are offered every year Check the timetable to see which courses are on offer 24
Master of Engineering (Professional)‐ Industrial Engineering In the field of Systems Engineering Coursework Structure: 6 courses (20 credits each) + Investigational Methods (IM) Course (15 credits) + Research/Industry Project ( (45credits) Not all courses are offered every year Check the timetable to see which courses are on offer 25
Master of Engineering (Professional)‐ Industrial Engineering In the field of Industrial Engineering Coursework Structure: 6 courses (20 credits each) + Investigational Methods (IM) Course (15 credits) + Research/Industry Project (45credits) Not all courses are offered every year Check the timetable to see which courses are on offer 26
Post‐Graduate Diploma in Engineering 27
Post‐Graduate Diploma in Engineering 28
Post‐Graduate Diploma in Engineering 29
How to find a supervisor in the School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering
You need to find a supervisor before you apply on line • Your application will only be processed for a decision if you have provided a supervisor and topic in your application for the following degrees: MSc Engineering in the field of Mechnical, Industrial and Aernautical Engineering ECA00 EFAMIA61 9 MSc Engineering in the field of Nuclear Technology Leadership ECA00 EFANTL60 9 MSc Aeronautical Engineering ECA02 EPAAERO60 9 MSc Engineering Management ECA04 EPAEMAN60 9 MSc Mechanical Engineering ECA05 EPAMECN60 9 MSc Industrial Engineering ECA06 EPAINDE60 9 MSc Systems Engineering ECA07 EPASYSE60 9 Research Only degrees Master of Science in Aeronautical Engineering ERA02 EPAAERO70 9 Master of Science in Engineering Management ERA04 EPAEMAN70 9 Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering ERA05 EPAMECN70 9 Master of Science in Industrial Engineering ERA06 EPAINDE70 9 Master of Science in Systems Engineering ERA07 EPASYSE70 9 MSc Eng MIA Res ERA00 EFAMIA70 9 Doctor of Philosophy (MIA) EDA02 EFAMIA80 10
To find a supervisor in the area of study you are interested in • Review the slides that follow this one • Identify possible supervisors • Email the possible supervisors to find out if they are available for supervision • If the potential supervisor responds, then set up a meeting with that supervisor to discuss a topic and whether the supervisor is prepared to take you as a student • If the supervisor agrees to take you as a student, then upload a Word document as part of your application indicating the supervisors name and the topic your have agreed on
Potential Supervisors in Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering and Engineering Management BOTHA, DR A (abotha@alum.mit.edu) Development of Supply Chain Strategies, Business Process Improvement (Kaizen, Toyota Way, Theory of Constraints, Simulation), Management of Technology, development of Technology Scenarios, Strategic Planning, evelopment of System Dynamics and Optimisation Models, development of Economic Models for Technology Products, Project Management, Integration of Disparate Business Entities into Synergistic Units, completely Computer Literate, Including the Internet EMWANU, DR B (Bruno.emwanu@wits.ac.za) Manufacturing Strategy (MS) content, process and context in competitive environments. Linkages with business ecosystems, management and leadership, drivers and constraints of competitiveness, business strategy, performance and metrics, technology and innovation, supply chain, industrial policy, internationalisation and globalisation. Application to Services and other sectors. Strategy formulation and implementation complexities. Modelling firms strategically. Within and between firms, investigating approaches from other disciplines, Economic, cognitive and environmental linkages. GONSALVES, DR D (duarte.paulo.goncalves@gmail.com) Addressing large national problems in the area of security; futures and systems approaches, enterprise engineering, systems engineering; complexity and transdisciplinary research. HATTINGH, MRS T (Teresa.hattingh@wits.ac.za) The application of industrial engineering in emerging fields including mining, public health, SMMEs, NGOs, government and education. Employee engagement and the application of Lean and other techniques in South African Enterprises. HUTCHINGS, MS J (Jessica.Hutchings@wits.ac.za) Human Factors and Accident Investigations – in rail specifically, but applicable to all complex socio‐technical systems. Primary focus is on adopting a systems approach to accident causation, and the investigation thereof, by applying Human Factors principles and methodologies. 33
Potential Supervisors in Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering and Engineering Management SUNJKA, MS B (Bernadette.sunjka@wits.ac.za) Supply Chain Risk Management ‐ in manufacturing SMME’s; Supply Chain Management; Quality Management; Project Management through the application of qualitative research methods. BUHRMANN, Dr J (Joke.buhrmann@wits.ac.za) Operations Research: Heuristic; metaheuristic and approximate algorithms; NP‐complete problems; Graph theory SIRIRAM, PROF R (raj@alpha‐concepts.com) Systems Engineering, Management of Technology, Service Engineering, Enterprise Engineering DOHERTY, MRS L (lorrainne.doherty@wits.ac.za) Business Economics, Principles of Management, Human Resource Management, Organisational Behaviour, Business Management, Engineering Ethics; Engineering Management CLOETE‐HOPKINS, MR N (nic.cloete‐hopkins@wits.ac.za) Systems Dynamics, Systems Engineering MUDAVANHU, MR T (thabanimb@gmail.com) Systems Approach application; Systems Engineering; Soft Systems Methodologies and Application of Systems Engineering Approach practises in non‐ traditional implementation areas. Project management methods for improved portfolio; programmes & project delivery. Research in OHS Act application; Reliability Centred Maintenance; Industrial Maintenance TLADI, MS B (bontle.Tladi@wits.ac.za) Social development efforts, community development, employee engagement, unemployment and underemployment, community development metrics, tri‐sector partnerships, private‐public partnerships, social value – measurement and indicators thereof, corporate social responsibility, social sustainability, materiality analysis, creating shared value, collective impact 34
Potential Supervisors in Aeronautical Engineering ATKINS, MR M (Michael.Atkins@wits.ac.za) Fundamental and applied aerodynamics, flow control, thermofluids in gas turbine engines, thermal‐hydraulics in CANDU reactors, particle image velocimetry and planar laser visualization BOER, MR M (Michael.boer@wits.ac.za) Aircraft design, flight performance estimation, tumble manoeuvre mechanics and flow visualisation. LAW, PROFESSOR C (Craig.law@wits.ac.za) Primary research interests are the experimental and numerical modelling of the aerodynamics, gas dynamics and fluid structure interactions of immersed bodies. Examples include gas turbine cooling passage flows, aerodynamic improvement of combustor and turbine performance, shock‐grid interactions, active aeroelastic flutter suppression, subsonic fore‐body aerodynamics and inducing trailing vortex instability. I am also interested in the design of micro propulsion systems for use on nano‐ satellites. In particular, performance improvement for vacuum arc thrusters and modelling of plasma jets. PATON, MR R (Randall.paton@wits.ac.za) Highly transient, compressible gas flows particularly in the field of impulsive motion and vortices, as well as weak shock dynamics and acoustics; computational fluid dynamics modeling and analysis of such gas flows; high‐speed comminution and protective clothing development. PEDRO,PROFESSOR J (Jimoh.pedro@wits.ac.za) Modelling and Control of Mechatronic Systems, Applications of Multivariable Robust Control Theory to Aerospace Vehicles, Applications of Soft Computing Techniques: Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks, and Neuro‐Fuzzy Techniques for Modelling and Control of Aerospace Vehicles, Rigid and Flexible Robotic Manipulators, Anti‐lock Braking Systems, and Vehicle Suspension Systems. Trajectory optimization, optimal control and its related numerical methods. Dynamics and nonlinear control of aerospace vehicles, Modeling of the human pilots and resulting interactions with aircraft dynamics, Modelling, Simulation, and Control of Multi‐Link Rigid/Flexible Reconfigurable Robotic Machine Tool. 35
Potential Supervisors in Aeronautical Engineering POLESE, PROFESSOR C (Claudia.polese@wits.ac.za) Fatigue, Fracture Mechanics and Damage Tolerance analysis of metallic aircraft structures. Conventional and innovative aerospace technologies: Split Sleeve Cold Working, ForceMate, StressWave, Laser Shock Peening, etc., for fatigue life enhancement of metallic components; New welding technologies (Friction Stir Welding, Laser Welding, etc.); Titanium machining and High Speed Machining. Mechanical testing, Finite Element Analysis and processes optimization. REID, PROFESSOR R (Robert.reid@wits.ac.za) Composite materials and structures in general, prediction and measurement of residual stresses in composite materials. The use of natural fibres in composite structures. Analysis of functionally graded plates. SCHEKMAN, MR S (Sjouke.schekman@wits.ac.za) Primarily focus on fluid dynamics and hear transfer with testing in Wind tunnel testing including flow visualization. Turbine blade cooling techniques, aircraft control surfaces, military technology, solar car aerodynamics. SKEWS, PROFESSOR BW (Beric.skews@wits.ac.za) The study of both steady and unsteady compressible flows, with particular reference to shock waves and their application, ranging from supersonic aerodynamics to safety issues relating to blast protection devices. Dynamic effects due to shock and expansion wave interactions are a particular interest, as are the effects of body acceleration through the transonic flight regime. Density sensitive and time‐resolved visualization techniques, together with computational simulation, are the main diagnostics that are employed, together with a wide range of experimental test facilities. VAN ASWEGEN, MR D (Dean.VanAswegen@wits.ac.za) Fatigue Life and Damage Tolerance improvement through the Laser Shock Peening process. Aircraft design, performance, stability analysis, and wind tunnel testing of unmanned aircraft (Drones). 36
Potential Supervisors in Mechanical Engineering BOTEF, DR I (Ionel.botef@wits.ac.za) Interdisciplinary research: manufacturing, cold gas dynamic spraying, materials science including composite materials, information and information systems including software engineering, CAD/CAM/CIM, physics, human body, environment, complex engineering and natural systems; manufacturing and production improvement and defect reduction; new process design and re‐engineering, industrial competitiveness and production. FRANGAKIS, MR T (Terrance.Frangakis@wits.ac.za) Bulk materials handling, flow properties of bulk materials, Discrete Element Modelling (DEM), mechanical vibration, simulation of hydro‐powered equipment, mechanical design of equipment such as mining machinery. JONES, MR J(John.Jones@wits.ac.za) Materials testing, characterisation and modelling with specific focus on damage, failure and material/component lifetime; Composite materials testing and design; Packaging materials and packaging systems/logistics analysis. KIENHOFER, PROFESSOR F (Frank.kienhofer@wits.ac.za) Vehicle Dynamics (particularly heavy vehicles), Performance‐based Standards (PBS), Braking, Automotive Rim Design, Automotive Components, biomechanics, running gait, prostheses KIM, PROFESSOR T (Tong.kim@wits.ac.za) Electronics cooling, thermo‐hydraulic designs of nuclear reactors, aero‐thermal designs of gas turbines, aero‐propulsion in sport aircrafts, flow control with aerodynamic anisotropy, thermo‐physics in two‐phase flow and phase‐change in porous media. 37
Potential Supervisors in Mechanical Engineering KUCHWA‐DUBE, MS C (Chioniso.Kuchwa‐Dube@wits.ac.za) Autonomous intelligent robots. Robotic manipulators. Humanoid robotics. Aerial robotics. Mobile manipulators. Solar powered vehicles. Robotic prosthetics and orthosis. MANGERA, MS T (Taahirah.Mangera@wits.ac.za) Biomechanics, external prostheses (lower and upper extremity, passive and active), implant prosthetics (dental, hip and knee), FEA of bone remodelling due to stress shielding of prosthetic implants, effect of prosthetic implant parameters (shape, material, insertion position) on bone remodelling. NOBRE, PROFESSOR JOAO P.S.G. (Joao.Nobre@wits.ac.za) Mechanical behaviour of materials and surfaces. Surface treatments. Residual stresses: their effects and measurement techniques (IHD, XRD, ND). Experimental and numerical stress analysis. Drilling operations on difficult‐to‐machine materials. Finite element analysis and computational methods. Mechanical engineering design. PASKARAMOORTHY PROFESSOR (Ratnam.paskaramoorthy@wits.ac.za) Elastodynamics – finite element/boundary element modeling. Composites – dynamic stress concentration around fibres. Ultrasonic NDE – propagation and scattering of ultrasonic elastic waves. ROOHANI, DR H (Hamed.roohani@wits.ac.za) Study of unsteady effects generated by bodies in accelerated motion in compressible fluids and also internal combustion engines research with special focus on alternative fuels and methods of enhancing efficiency in petrol and diesel engines PIETRA, MR F (Francesco.Pietra@wits.ac.za) FEA (Finite Element Analysis) mechanical simulations: non‐linear simulations (large deformation, buckling, contacts), non‐linear material simulations (plasticity, hyper‐elasticity, creep, etc.), Dynamic simulations (Vibrations and Explicit dynamic), APDL (Ansys Parametric Design Language), thermal simulations. Design (mechanical components/structures), optimization, fatigue (theory, experimental activities and related topics: fretting, residual stresses, fatigue related technologies, etc.), composite (design, analysis and manufacturing technologies), innovative manufacturing technologies (friction stir welding, laser shock peening, etc.). Helicopter structure topics (main rotor head and tail rotor head design, landing gear design). 38
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