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Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of... https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?...
Nigeria: Forced marriage, including child marriage; prevalence, related legislation,
state protection, support services and the ability to refuse a forced marriage (2016-
November 2019)
1. Overview
Islamic Relief [1] defines forced marriage as a marriage "in which at least one spouse
has not given their free consent, either with regards to the timing of the marriage or
the choice of partner" (Islamic Relief 11 May 2017, 5). The same source notes that
people can be affected by forced marriage regardless of their age or ability (Islamic
Relief 11 May 2017, 5). Additionally, in the State of African Women report [2], forced
marriage is defined as "marriages in which one of the parties is not permitted to end
it or leave," and includes exchange or trade-off marriages, servile marriages, levirate
marriages and child marriages (State of the African Woman Campaign Project Aug.
2018, 175). Levirate marriages occur when a widow is forced to remarry within the
family of her deceased husband (State of the African Woman Campaign Project Aug.
2018, 175; Oluwakemi May 2017, 761). The EU's European Asylum Support Office
(EASO) reports that forced marriage [affecting women over the age of 18] "especially"
occurs in northern Muslim communities "due to cultural and religious practices
linked to polygamy"; the source notes that "forced marriage is common among urban
and rural poor population[s], but not very common among the more educated," and
not common in Southern Nigeria (EU Feb. 2019, 64). Further and corroborating
information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research
Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
Information on exchange or trade-off marriages and servile marriages could not be
found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time
constraints of this Response.
1.1 Child Marriage or Early Marriage
Sources indicate that child marriage may also be referred to as early marriage
(Oluwakemi May 2017, 766; Onyido and Brambaifa 13 Sept. 2018, 105) or "early
forced marriage" (Oluwakemi May 2017, 766). According to the African Union (AU)'s
African Common Position of the AU Campaign to End Child Marriage in Africa, a
marriage in which any party is below 18 years of age is defined as a child marriage
(AU 6 July 2015, 2). Similarly, early marriage, according to Islamic Relief, occurs
when at least one spouse is under the age of 18 "[and/or] lacks comprehensive
maturity, encompassing their biological, intellectual, emotional and psychological
readiness to enter into a marriage" (Islamic Relief 11 May 2017, 5). Sources note that
the practice of child marriage or early marriage is common in Nigeria (France Dec.
2016, 42; Center for Reproductive Rights and WARDC 28 Sept. 2016, 12; Walker, et
al. Aug. 2019, 19), and that "widespread socio-cultural acceptance" is associated with
its prevalence (Walker, et al. Aug. 2019, 20). Sources further indicate that girls face a
higher risk of child marriage (UN Nov. 2018, 24; State of the African Woman
Campaign Project Aug. 2018, 175; Nigeria 2016, 19), though it affects both boys and
girls (Nigeria 2016, 19; State of the African Woman Campaign Project Aug. 2018,
175).
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The main drivers of the practice are reported to include poverty, [low levels of]
education (Nigeria 2016, 10; Girls Not Brides n.d.a), and "[g]eographic location or
cultural landscape" (Nigeria 2016, 10). The Nigerian Federal Ministry of Women
Affairs and Social Development (FMWASD) indicates that views on child marriage
vary by region, and in the north, child marriage decisions are made primarily by
parents and, in the North West, grandparents (Nigeria 2016, 21, 24-25). According to
the same source, poverty and teen pregnancy are the main drivers of child marriage
in the South (Nigeria 2016, 25). Corroborating information could not be found among
the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this
Response.
Sources indicate that child marriage is more prevalent in Northern Nigeria (Nigeria
2016, 10; France Dec. 2016, 42; Walker, et al. Aug. 2019, 20). According to the
FMWASD, Islamic laws and the interpretation of Islamic prescriptions also explain
the higher prevalence of forced marriage in Northwestern Nigeria (Nigeria 2016, 25).
Similarly, Musawah [3] explains that efforts to prevent marriage of individuals under
the age of 18 are "often met with resistance from conservative religious authorities,
who claim that this is 'un-Islamic'" and that the "example of the Prophet
Muhammad's marriage to Aishah is used to justify child marriage" (Musawah July
2017, 11).
2. Statistics
According to a UN report on child marriage, there are 22 million girls and women
who married in childhood in Nigeria (UN Sept. 2018, 5). Nigeria is said to be one of
the countries with the highest rates of child marriage in the world (ARFH 9 Mar.
2018; Nigeria 2016, 19; Girls Not Brides n.d.a), with a prevalence rate of 43 percent
(Nigeria 2016, 19). A national survey by Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)
and UNICEF, conducted between September 2016 and January 2017 and which
interviewed approximately 34,000 women across Nigeria, indicates that 18.5 percent
of women aged 15-49 and 20.5 percent of those aged 20-49 were married before the
age of 15 (NBS of Nigeria and UNICEF Feb. 2018, 1, 6, 229). According to the same
source, the rates of child marriage before the age of 18 among women aged 20-49 by
region are as follows: 67.6 percent in the North West; 56.6 percent in the North East;
39 percent in the North Central zone; 13.9 percent in the South East; 21.5 percent in
the South South; and 14.6 percent in the South West (NBS of Nigeria and UNICEF
Feb. 2018, 229). The same source also indicates prevalence rates of early marriage
(before age 18) of 29.4 percent and 52.3 percent in urban and rural areas,
respectively, among women aged 20-49 (NBS of Nigeria and UNICEF Feb. 2018,
229).
3. Legislation and Age of Marriage
In its National Strategy to End Child Marriage report, the Nigerian government
indicates a need for the "[h]armonization of all relevant policies and legislation
relevant to the prevention of child marriage" (Nigeria 2016, 30). According to a 2016
report on child marriage published by the World Bank, Nigeria has "three different
legal systems - the English common law system, ethnic customary law, and Islamic
law - [which all] impose different rules for child marriage" (The World Bank July
2016, 15). An academic article published in the Journal of International Women’s
Studies adds that statutory law is also part of Nigeria’s pluralist legal system (Ekhator
Jan. 2015, 285). The same source further indicates that customary law is prevalent in
the South of Nigeria whereas Islamic law is "widely" used in the North (Ekhator Jan.
2015, 285). Musawah also notes that Islamic law is mainly applied in Northern
Nigeria (Musawah July 2017, 4).
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Sources indicate that there are multiple laws regarding the minimum legal age of
marriage in Nigeria, including:
The constitution (Musawah 31 May 2017, 11; ARFH 9 Mar. 2018);
The [2003] Child Rights Act (Musawah 31 May 2017, 5; Girls Not Brides n.d.a);
and
The 1990 Marriage Act (Girls Not Brides n.d.a; Ekhator Jan. 2015, 290).
Section 29(4)(a) of Nigeria's 1999 constitution (amended 2011) provides that "'full
age' means the age of eighteen years and above"; however, section 29(4)(b) adds that
"any woman who is married shall be deemed to be of full age" (Nigeria 1999). Sources
report that the inclusion of this second provision is interpreted as [an implicit
(Musawah 31 May 2017, 11-12)] acceptance of child marriage (Musawah 31 May 2017,
11-12; ARFH 9 Mar. 2018).
According to an academic journal article by a law lecturer at Ekiti State University in
Nigeria, statutory marriage is governed by the Marriage Act and the Matrimonial
Causes Act, but these laws "do not define marriageable age" (Oluwakemi May 2017,
767). Under the 1990 Marriage Act, 21 years is the legal age of marriage, but girls and
boys may marry before this age with written consent [from a guardian or parent]
(Nigeria 1990a, Art. 11 (1)(b)).
In correspondence with the Research Directorate, a national program officer of the
International Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA) Nigeria, a non-profit, non-
political, voluntary association that aims to "protect, promote and preserve the rights
of women and children in Nigeria," noted that there is an Islamic Law provision that
provides 12 years as the minimum age for marriage in some states (FIDA Nigeria 28
Oct. 2019). In contrast, Musawah states that "[g]enerally, there is no specified
minimum legal age for marriage for Muslim females and males in Nigeria" (Musawah
31 May 2017, 5). The 2016 report published by the World Bank also indicates that
"under Islamic law the minimum age of marriage corresponds to puberty" (The
World Bank July 2016, 15). Further and corroborating information on minimum legal
age of marriage in Islamic law could not be found among the sources consulted by the
Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
3.1 Legislation Prohibiting Early and Forced Marriage
According to the Premium Times, a Nigerian online news publication, early marriage
became illegal following the adoption of the 2003 Child Rights Act, which is a federal
law (Premium Times 24 June 2019). Articles 21 to 23 of the Child’s Right Act, 2003,
provide the following:
21. No person under the age of 18 years is capable of contracting a valid marriage, and
accordingly, a marriage so contracted is null and void and of no effect whatsoever.
22.
1. No parent, guardian or any other person shall betroth a child to any person.
2. A betrothal in contravention of subsection (1) of this section is null and void.
23. A person -
1. who marries a child, or
2. to whom a child is betrothed, or
3. who promotes the marriage of a child, or
4. who betroths a child,
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commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine of ₦500,000 [approximately
C$1,800]; or imprisonment for a term of five years or to both such fine and
imprisonment. (Nigeria 2003)
According to sources, 12 [of 36] Nigerian states have not domesticated the Child
Rights Act (Girls Not Brides n.d.a; Daily Trust 27 Sept. 2019). These states are
Bauchi, Yobe, Sokoto, Adamawa, Borno, Zamfara, Gombe, Katsina, Kebbi, Jigawa,
Kano (Premium Times 24 June 2019; Sahara Reporters 12 May 2019) and Kaduna;
these states are located in Northern Nigeria (Sahara Reporters 12 May 2019). In its
report on a fact-finding mission to Nigeria in September 2016, the Office français de
protection des réfugiés et apatrides (OFPRA) and the Cour nationale du droit d'asile
(CNDA) note that, despite the Child Rights Act, child marriage is not criminalized in
Nigeria; the source explains that there has been only a [translation] "partial
transposition" to the state level and there is opposition to the legislation in certain
regions due to "'cultural and religious reasons'" (France Dec. 2016, 42). According to
Musawah, the states that have not domesticated this legislation "are reluctant to
domesticate the law because they do not want to be tied down by any age limit for
marriage" (Musawah 31 May 2017). Further and corroborating information could not
be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time
constraints of this Response.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s 2019 Social
Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) identifies Nigeria’s Penal Code as a measure to
prevent early marriage (OECD 7 Dec. 2018, 3). According to sources, the code is
operational in Northern Nigeria (Musawah 31 May 2017, 4; Ekhator Jan. 2015, 287),
"in the non-Muslim majority states" (Ekhator Jan. 2015, 287). The OECD states that
the Penal Code "criminalizes sexual intercourse with girls under 13 years of age, yet …
is not applicable to girls of this age in customary law marriages" (OECD 7 Dec. 2018,
3). The 2016 report published by the World Bank likewise states there is "no
minimum age for marriage under customary law" (The World Bank July 2016, 15).
The US Department of State’s Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2018
indicates that the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act, 2015 (VAPP Act) serves
to criminalize "harmful traditional practices," that is, "all traditional behavior,
attitudes, or practices that negatively affect the fundamental rights of women or
girls," such as forced marriage (US 13 Mar. 2019, 34). Article 20 of the VAPP Act
provides the following:
20. (1) A person who carries out harmful traditional practices on another commits an
offence and is liable on conviction to a term of imprisonment not exceeding 4 years or
to a fine not exceeding N500,000.00 or both. (Nigeria 2015)
For information on the parts of Nigeria in which the VAPP Act, a federal law, is
applicable, see Response to Information Request NGA106360 of November 2019.
According to the academic article by the law lecturer in Nigeria, the Matrimonial
Causes Act provides that "free, full [and] informed consent" is a precondition for
marriage (Oluwakemi May 2017, 768). The Matrimonial Causes Act provides the
following:
3(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a marriage that takes place after the
commencement of this Act is void in any of the following cases but not otherwise, that
is to say, where-
…
(d) the consent of either of the parties is not a real consent because-
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1. it was obtained by duress or fraud; or
2. that party is mistaken as to identity of the other party, or as to the nature of the
ceremony performed; or
3. that party is mentally incapable of understanding the nature of the marriage
contract;
(e) either of the parties is not of marriageable age. (Nigeria 1990b, Art. 3(1))
Information on the application of this law could not be found among the sources
consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
The FIDA Nigeria National Program Officer indicated that the Sharia Penal Code,
implemented in the states of Zanfara, Kano, Kebbi, Kaduna and Sokoto, prohibits
forced marriage (FIDA Nigeria 28 Oct. 2019). Other sources note that the Sharia
Penal Code is [or Sharia Penal Codes are] operational in 12 northern states (Ekhator
Jan. 2015, 287; Musawah 31 May 2017, 2), and that these penal codes "contain
general prohibitions that are applicable to domestic violence," including "abduction
with the intention of forcing a woman to marry" (Musawah 31 May 2017, 39). For
information on legislation pertaining to domestic violence, see Response to
Information Request NGA106360 of November 2019.
4. Consequences of Refusing a Forced Marriage and State
Protection
EASO reports that the consequences of refusing to marry include "neglect and
ostracism, physical violence and rape" (EU Feb. 2019, 64). In a telephone interview
with the Research Directorate, the Executive Director of the Women’s Rights and
Health Project (WRAHP) in Nigeria stated that if pregnant, a girl may run away from
home and get an abortion or "resort to baby factories" [4] to avoid forced marriage
(Executive Director of WRAHP 1 Nov. 2019). Similarly, media sources report cases in
which girls have run away from home to avoid or escape forced marriage (VOA 22
Mar. 2018; Reuters 8 June 2017).
According to Nigeria's FMWASD, the legislation in place "lack[s] implementation
structures to address child marriage" (Nigeria 2016, 10). Further information on the
application of legislation prohibiting forced marriage could not be found among the
sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this
Response.
5. Support Services
According to the FIDA Nigeria National Program Officer, the National Agency for the
Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP) is a government agency offering
services to persons who refuse or flee forced marriage (FIDA Nigeria 28 Oct. 2019).
The services offered by the NAPTIP include counselling, rehabilitation, medical care
at "eight mini-clinics," and shelters (Nigeria n.d.). The NAPTIP website indicates that
it operates eight shelters across Nigeria "with the capacity to accommodate the
following number of victims at a time" (Nigeria n.d.):
S/N LOCATION OF SHELTER NUMBER OF BEDSPACE
1. Abuja 38
2. Lagos 60
3. Benin 40
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S/N LOCATION OF SHELTER NUMBER OF BEDSPACE
4. Uyo 45
5. Enugu 30
6. Kano 30
7. Sokoto 30
8. Maiduguri 20
(Nigeria n.d.)
For information on shelters for women and girls who are victims of domestic
violence, see Response to Information Request NGA106360 of November 2019.
This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information
currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This
Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any
particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of sources consulted
in researching this Information Request.
Notes
[1] Islamic Relief is an "independent humanitarian and development organisation"
that works in over 40 countries and aims to "provide poor people with access to vital
services," "protect communities from disasters and deliver life-saving emergency aid"
(Islamic Relief n.d.).
[2] The State of African Women report, published by the State of the African Woman
Campaign Project, "focuses on increasing civil society’s contributions to promote the
implementation of the African Union policy frameworks" and is "implemented at the
global, continental, regional, national and sub-national levels by a consortium that
includes International Planned Parenthood Federation Africa Region (IPPFAR),
International Planned Parenthood Federation European Network (IPPFEN),
Organisation of African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA), Deutsche Stiftung
Weltbevölkerung (DSW), Royal Tropical Institute (KIT)[,] Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Faith to Action Network (F2A), and the Young
Women Christian Association Kenya (YWCA)" (State of the African Woman
Campaign Project Aug. 2018, 3).
[3] Musawah is "a global movement for equality and justice in the Muslim family"
comprised of "NGOs, activists, scholars, legal practitioners, policy makers, and
grassroots women and men from around the world" (Musawah n.d.).
[4] According to sources, "baby factories" engage in selling babies (Vanguard 29
Sept. 2019; Daily Beast 12 Oct. 2015) or "baby trafficking" (Daily Beast 12 Oct. 2015).
Vanguard, a Nigerian newspaper, reports that in late September 2019, police raided a
"baby factory" in Lagos state and rescued 19 women aged 15 to 28 who had been
forced into prostitution (Vanguard 29 Sept. 2019).
African Union (AU). 6 July 2015. African Common Position on the AU Campaign to
End Child Marriage in Africa. [Accessed 6 Nov. 2019]
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Association for Reproductive and Family Health (ARFH). 9 March 2018. "Child
Marriage, an Unending Abomination in Nigeria." [Accessed 15 Oct. 2019]
Center for Reproductive Rights and Women Advocates Research and Documentation
Center (WARDC). 28 September 2016. Letter submitted to the UN Committee on the
Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). [Accessed 15 Oct. 2019]
Daily Beast. 12 October 2015 (updated 13 April 2017). Philip Obaji Jr. "Exposed:
Nigeria’s Notorious Baby Factories." [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019]
Daily Trust. 27 September 2019. Romoke W. Ahmad. "Kwara Gov’t Tasked on Child
Rights Act." [Accessed 25 Oct. 2019]
Ekhator, Eghosa Osa. January 2015. "Women and the Law in Nigeria: A Reappraisal."
Journal of International Women’s Studies. Vol. 16, No. 2. [Accessed 8 Nov. 2019]
European Union (EU). February 2019. European Asylum Support Office (EASO).
Country Guidance: Nigeria. [Accessed 8 Nov. 2019]
Executive Director, Women’s Rights and Health Project (WRAHP). 1 November 2019.
Telephone interview with the Research Directorate.
France. December 2016. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides
(OFPRA) et Cour nationale du droit d'asile (CNDA). Rapport de mission en
République fédérale du Nigéria du 9 au 21 septembre 2016. [Accessed 29 Oct. 2019]
Girls Not Brides. N.d.a. "Nigeria." [Accessed 22 Oct. 2019]
International Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA) Nigeria. 28 October 2019.
Correspondence from a National Program Officer to the Research Directorate.
Islamic Relief. 11 May 2017. Iman S. Pertek, et al. Don’t Force Me!: A Policy Brief on
Early and Forced Marriage. (IP/VF/06FEB2017) [Accessed 7 Nov. 2019]
Islamic Relief. N.d. "About Us." [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]
Musawah. July 2017. Musawah Thematic Report on Article 16 & Muslim Family
Law: Nigeria. [Accessed 22 Oct. 2019]
Musawah. 31 May 2017. Nigeria: Overview of Muslim Family Laws and Practices.
[Accessed 22 Oct. 2019]
Musawah. N.d. "About Us." [Accessed 28 Oct. 2019]
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) of Nigeria and United Nations Children's Fund
(UNICEF). February 2018. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016-17: National
Survey Finding Report. [Accessed 15 Oct. 2019]
Nigeria. 2016. Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development
(FMWASD). National Strategy to End Child Marriage in Nigeria 2016-2021.
[Accessed 15 Oct. 2019]
Nigeria. 2015. Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act, 2015. [Accessed 30 Oct.
2019]
Nigeria. 2003. Child’s Right Act, 2003. [Accessed 30 Oct. 2019]
Nigeria. 1999 (amended 2011). Nigeria's Constitution of 1999 with Amendments
7 of 9 12/10/2019, 1:21 PMResponses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of... https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?...
Through 2011. [Accessed 28 Oct. 2019]
Nigeria. 1990a. Marriage Act. [Accessed 25 Oct. 2019]
Nigeria. 1990b. Matrimonial Causes Act. [Accessed 8 Nov. 2019]
Nigeria. N.d. National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP).
"Counselling and Rehabilitation." [Accessed 30 Oct. 2019]
Oluwakemi, Eniola Bolanle. May 2017. "Cultural Practices and the Reproductive
Health Rights of Women in Nigeria." International Journal of Economics, Commerce
and Management. Vol. V, No. 5. [Accessed 7 Nov. 2019]
Onyido, Josephine Azuka and Anna Preye Brambaifa. 13 September 2018. "Girl-Child
Marriage in the Nigerian Society, Causes, Impacts and Mitigating Strategies." World
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. Vol. 4, No. 2. [Accessed 29 Oct. 2019]
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 7 December
2018. "Nigeria." Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI). [Accessed 29 Oct. 2019]
Premium Times. 24 June 2019. Nike Adebowale. "Why Every Nigerian State Must
Domesticate, Implement Child Rights Act." [Accessed 15 Oct. 2019]
Reuters. 8 June 2017. Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani. "Nigerian Shelter Shrugs Off Attacks
to Save Girls from Marriage and Street Work." [Accessed 7 Nov. 2019]
Sahara Reporters. 12 May 2019. "Katsina, Kano, 10 Others Yet to Pass Child Rights
Law Says UNICEF." [Accessed 25 Oct. 2019]
State of the African Woman Campaign Project. August 2018. Anouka van Eerdewijk,
et al. The State of African Women. [Accessed 6 Nov. 2019]
United Nations (UN). November 2018. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs (OCHA). Nigeria: 2019 Humanitarian Needs Overview. [Accessed 30 Oct.
2019]
United Nations (UN). September 2018. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Child Marriage in West and Central
Africa: At a Glance. [Accessed 7 Nov. 2019]
United States (US). 13 March 2019. Department of State. "Nigeria." Country Reports
on Human Rights Practices for 2018. [Accessed 30 Oct. 2019]
Vanguard. 29 September 2019. Evelyn Usman. "Police Uncover Baby Factory in
Lagos, Rescue 19 Pregnant Girls." [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019]
Voice of America (VOA). 22 March 2018. Chika Oduah. "Bid to End Child Marriages
Arouses Passions in Northern Nigeria." [Accessed 15 Oct. 2019]
Walker, Judith-Ann with Asma'u Mustapha and Lawan Balami. August 2019.
Building Resilience and Resistance to Child, Early, and Forced Marriage Through
Acquiring Skills: Findings from Implementation Research in Nigeria. Brookings
Institution. Global Economy and Development Working Paper 129. [Accessed 30 Oct.
2019]
The World Bank. 2019. Gender-Based Violence: An Analysis of the Implications for
the Nigeria for Women Project. [Accessed 15 Oct. 2019]
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The World Bank. July 2016. Hanmer, Lucia and Marina Elefante. The Role of
Identification in Ending Child Marriage: Identification for Development (ID4D).
[Accessed 7 Nov. 2019]
Oral sources: Arise Nigerian Woman Foundation; Canada – high commission in
Nigeria; Civil Resource Development and Documentation Centre; Girls Not Brides;
Project Alert on Violence Against Women; Society to Heighten Awareness of Women
and Children Abuse; UN – UNICEF Nigeria; Women Aid Collective (WACOL)
Nigeria; Women for Peace and Gender Equality Initiative; Women Information
Network; Women Living Under Muslim Laws; Women's Consortium of Nigeria;
Women’s Rights Advancement and Protection Alternative.
Internet sites, including: Africa Check; Africa Parent; Amnesty International;
Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation
(ACCORD); Center for Girls Education; ecoi.net; Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS); Factiva; Freedom United; Global Partnership to End
Violence Against Children; The Guardian (Nigeria); Human Rights Watch; Institute
of Current World Affairs; International Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA)
International; International Women’s Health Coalition; The New York Times;
Pinnacle Health Radio; Plan International; Society to Heighten Awareness of Women
and Children Abuse; Southern African Legal Information Institute; This Day; UN –
Food and Agriculture Organization; UN Women; Women Living Under Muslim Laws;
World Watch Monitor.
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