North Atlantic Council - "NATO's Future Role in Africa" 2nd Topic
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North Atlantic Council
2nd Topic:
“NATO's Future Role in Africa”TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
1. Abbreviations’ Vocabulary……………………………………3
2. Synopsis…………………………………………………...…...4
3. Introduction……………………………………………...…….4
4. NATO’s relations with the African Union……………………5
5. NATO’s missions in Africa…………………………………...6
6. Case Studies……………………………………………..……10
a. NATO in Nigeria……………………………….……10
b. The Horn of Africa……………………………..……11
c. The case of Somalia……………………………….…12
7. NATO-African Union: The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) – Libya –
Rwanda…………………………………………………….…13
8. The future of NATO in Africa: Countries’ Policies………....14
9. Conclusion………………………………………………….....15
10. Questions to ponder…………………………………………..16
11. References……………………………………………………17
12. Additional bibliography……………………………………...18
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www.thessismun.org1. ABBREVIATION’S VOCABULARY
NATO NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION
NAC NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCIL
AU AFRICAN UNION
AMISOM AU MISSION IN SOMALIA
AMIS AU MISSION IN SUDAN
UNAMID UN-AU HYBRID MISSION IN DARFUR
ASF AFRICAN STANDBY FORCE
CAR CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
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www.thessismun.org2. SYNOPSIS
The 2nd topic of ThessISMUN’s 2015 North Atlantic Council is “NATO’s
Future Role in Africa”. This is an issue that has risen due to the current
challenges that the region of Africa faces the last decades. In this study guide
the main focus will be the relations between NATO and African Union, how
they collaborate with each other for the missions or what is their position as
far as the responsibility to protect is concerned, especially taking into
consideration the unresponsive stance in Rwanda and the involvement in
Libya and Rwanda.
Following that analysis, there will be a full guide to NATO’s missions and
operations in the area, as well as separate reference to different case studies,
such as the piracy in Somalia and the Horn of Africa and a small report on
terrorism in Nigeria. In addition, there will be a brief section mentioning
certain countries’ policies on the issue at hand and lastly, there will be a few
questions for you to bear in mind and advice so that you can structure your
research and write your position paper appropriately.
3. INTRODUCTION
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was founded almost 65 years ago, on
April 4, 1949 and its main goal was to systemize a common defence
mechanism in order to achieve and preserve international peace and security.
Since then, NATO has tackled many issues and has taken part in missions all
over the world, as well as it has addressed matters that are always the main
concern of international community such as terrorism, piracy and armed
conflicts.
Although, after the Cold War, NATO seemed obsolete, in 2001 the
Organisation found its “raison d’être” as it was called to confront one of the
eternal enemy of the global politics, terrorism. From 2001 until today, NATO
has been an active organisation and especially throughout the past decade,
while many regions face challenges, such as those in the Middle-East and
Africa, and of course the conflict between Russian Federation and Ukraine
that directly affects all the signing members of the North Atlantic Treaty.
Especially, in the region of Africa, NATO has been a major contributor to
peace and security through promotion of democratic values but also through
crisis-management operations and missions 1. NATO’s first missions in the
area were back in the early 1990’s and up until this day it keeps sending help
to come up solutions in order to fight against the security challenges of the 21 st
1NATO (2014), NATO operations and missions. Retrieved from:
http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_52060.htm
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www.thessismun.orgcentury. Specifically, a few of the terminated operations in the area are the
assistance to the AMIS effort in Sudan or the Operation Allied Provider,
NATO’s own mission to Somalia to counter piracy. These and many more
operations were followed by the still ongoing ones, such as the one in Horn of
Africa, including the collaboration with the African Union.
Generally, Africa has still many issues to resolve, such as hunger, human
trafficking and terrorism and that is why it is important to review NATO’s
future in the area and redefine the organisation’s policies and defence
mechanisms in order to reach the goal of security and peace. By doing so we
need to make the organisation’s missions and operations more efficient and
keep all the members of NATO as well as the partners informed and involved.
Together it will be easier to ease the area off its burdens.
That is the problem you are called to address after the necessary debate and
the consensus that is needed in the Council voting procedure so that a decision
could be reached.
4. NATO’S RELATIONS WITH THE AFRICAN UNION
The African Union as an idea started back in the 1999 with a Declaration between the
Heads of States and Government of the Organisation of the African Unity in order to
achieve the integration of the continent, something which was considered a great
evolutionary step for the region as a whole 2. Its goal was the collaboration between
the African States in order to represent the area in the global scene of the 21st century
and fight for the integration of the States through liberation movements.
NATO has been supporting and helping AU’s initiatives and actions since 2005
coming in different forms every time. The AU, now established since 2002, with 54
members, asked NATO’s help with the AMIS, in Darfur, a mission originally
introduced by the AU and kept until late 2007, when it was replaced and terminated in
2008 by the UNAMID, a mission approved by the UN Resolution 1769. Furthermore,
NATO has been giving expertise and strategic knowledge to AMIS program, as well
as training for the African Standby Force (ASF) 3. In Sudan, NATO forces trained the
AU’s personnel and helped the peacekeepers in the area and the police forces for the
civilians. As far as the Somalia mission of AMISOM concerned, a mission of AU’s
Peace and Security Council, NATO even provided the Union with airlift support and
emergency availability.
Overall, NATO has been supporting AU’s initiatives and has been answering to every
call for help that included the region of Africa with political or peacekeeping missions
2AU, (2014), AU in a Nutshell. Retrieved from : http://www.au.int/en/about/nutshell
3NATO (2014), NATO assistance to the African Union. Retrieved from:
http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_8191.htm
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www.thessismun.orgor even indirect help of the regional missions. In that light we are going to proceed
with the analysis to each and every mission that NATO is involved in.
5. NATO’S MISSIONS IN AFRICA
OPERATION
OCEAN
SHIELD
NATO'S
AMISOM
MISSIONS AMIS
AND
OPERATIONS
OPERATION
ALLIED
PROVIDER/
PROTECTOR
OPERATION ALLIED PROVIDER
The Operation Allied Provider was a temporary operation under the suggestion of the
Secretary General, Ban Ki-Moon, that started in 2008. NATO partnered up with the
UN and EU and activated the right to counter piracy in the area. This operation is
considered terminated4. The countries that were involved in the operation with ships
were Germany, Greece, Italy, Turkey, United Kingdom and the United States.
4ACO.NATO (2014), Operation Allied Provider. Retrieved from:
http://www.aco.nato.int/page13984631.aspx
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www.thessismun.orgIts responsibilities were:
NAVAL ESCORTING OF NECCESSITIES
PATROL OF WATERS AROUND SOMALIA
DETER ACTS OF PIRACY
OPERATION ALLIED PROTECTOR
This operation was also a counter-piracy operation that time from March to August
2009, operating especially in the area of Horn of Africa 5.
Its duties were:
5ACO.NATO (2014), Operation Allied Protector. Retrieved from:
http://www.aco.nato.int/page13974522.aspx
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www.thessismun.orgSAFETY OF MARITIME ROUTES
SURVEILLANCE TASKS AND DETER OF
PIRACY
SAFETY OF INTERNATIONAL
NAVIGATION
AMIS-AU MISSION IN SUDAN
This mission lasted from 2005 until 2007 and its goals were to end violence in the
area as well as provide humanitarian help. NATO helped with airlift support and
training of the personnel. It is also considered a terminated mission. It was, though,
the first time that the AU asked NATO’s help and since then they have been
collaborating closely to end the conflict. It was succeeded from UNAMID, but NATO
was still willing to help the new mission. It originally started with 150 troops and
ended up with more than 7.000 by the end of 2007.
North Atlantic Council – Topic Area B 8
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www.thessismun.orgAMISOM-AU MISSION IN SOMALIA
The AMISOM started on 2007 and it is an ongoing mission between AU and UN but
has the support and help of NATO as well6. AMISOM was extended for six months
under the mandate of UNSCR 1831 and is composed of 9 battalions with 850 troops
its. The mission was first denied by the Islamic Courts Union but after their defeat it
was fully approved of all the AU members. It is a regional peacekeeping mission and
its goals are:
SUPPORT A NATIONAL RECONCILIATION
CONGRESS
SAFE PASSAGE AND PROTECTION OF
ALL THE PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE
RECONCILIATION
PROMOTE DIALOGUE
OPERATION OCEAN SHIELD
Operation Ocean Shield is a counter-piracy operation at sea first approved on 2009
by the NAC. Its main duties are the patrol of the waters around the Horn of Africa and
its duration was extended until 2016 during NATO Defence Ministers conference in
2014. For that operation, NATO is cooperating with U.S. and EU forces. The area of
the operation starts from the Gulf of Aden and it stops close to British India Ocean
Territory and just before the Strait of Hormuz 7.
6 AMISOM-AU (2014), AMISOM BACKGROUND. Retrieved from: http://amisom-au.org/amisom-
background/
7 MARCOM (2014), OPERATION OCEAN SHIELD FACTSHEET. Retrieved from:
http://www.mc.nato.int/about/Pages/Operation%20Ocean%20Shield.aspx
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www.thessismun.orgGenerally, Operation Ocean Shield is contributing to a greater mission that of
Operation Enduring Freedom in Indian Ocean and it is considered as an extension of
the previous Operation Allied Protector. Its main flagships are from U.S and United
Kingdom, while the leadship follows a rotation and it is currently under Spain’s duty.
6. CASE STUDIES
In this Chapter we are going to examine different case studies, pertaining to different
areas of Africa, where the problems of piracy and terrorism are the main reason for
the instability of the whole region. This will be a brief analysis of how the problem
has expanded in these territories, especially in Nigeria, the Horn of Africa and
Somalia and what measures have already been taken by the international community
and NATO in order to tackle these issues.
6. A. NATO IN NIGERIA
Since 2002, Nigeria has faced the problem of terrorism portrayed at the sight of Boko
Haram, an extremist movement and an Islamic military group. The name signifies that
everything western is forbidden and its main purpose is to spread the Prophet’s
teachings through propaganda and Jihad. The group was first founded by Mohammed
Yusuf and now Abubakar Shekau has taken over control. Many analysts have linked
Boko Haram with Al Qaida, but hypothetically they severed their ties because Yusuf
was considered untrustworthy. Boko Haram has killed more than 5.000 civilians,
abducted another 500 and driven out of the country thousands more under the name of
Shari ‘a law. The group’s techniques are bombing schools and churches, kidnapping
women and children and killings. The recent event of kidnapping 200 school girls has
brought the situation in the area into global attention and light and the international
community has immediately been activated against it. A great example is the “Bring
our Girls Back” movement and Obama’s promise to retrieve those girls back by
assisting the Nigerian Army8. But nothing has happened yet and the Boko Haram
movement is more powerful than ever.
Boko Haram, though, only underlines the situation in Nigeria, where slavery,
trafficking and terrorist organisations are on their peak. There are many sources that
accuse NATO’s involvement in the situation to gain excuse for its presence in the
area9. Nonetheless, a security conference was held in Paris by the U.S. Pentagon and
8THE ATLANTIC COUNCIL OF CANADA (2014), Hannah Styffe, The Rise of Boko Haram and the
Failed Promise to ‘Bring Back Our Girls’. Retrieved from: http://natocouncil.ca/the-rise-of-boko-
haram-and-the-failed-promise-to-bring-back-our-girls/
9CLOBAL RESEARCH (2014),NATO Engineered Conflict Contributes to Slavery and Trafficking.
Boko Haram’s Mass Kidnapping of Girls. Retrieved from: http://www.globalresearch.ca/nato-
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www.thessismun.orgNATO forces, where Nigeria, with the biggest economy in Africa, became the centre
of attention for the West. The discussion was revolved around the underdevelopment
and poverty of the country, as well as its security and political future, especially now
with the presidential elections of 2015 being ahead and the country being under
danger of a quasi military dictator10.
6. B. THE HORN OF AFRICA
The Horn of Africa is one of the most conflicted regions of the African Peninsula and
includes the countries of Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti and Sudan. It faces
problems such as political strifes, inter-state conflicts, illicit trade, terrorism and
piracy and even more global problems such as climate change, loads of refugees,
migration waves, and displacement of people. The political problems have risen
because of the geographical proximity to other Islamic States. Conflicts between
Eritrea and Ethiopia and the crisis in Sudan are only some of the rest examples for the
disturbance of peace in the area. Of course, one of the greatest issues is piracy and
although the coastline of the Horn of Africa is being patrolled from U.S, E.U., and
NATO’s ships the situation still needs an ongoing surveillance and the assistance of
counter-piracy operations from the international community.
NATO has sent the aforementioned operations and the mission in the Horn of Africa
to tackle the problem of piracy; however the problem of terrorism has not been
defeated and remains a challenge. Shari ‘a law has still many supporters, which leads
to the imposition of aggressive non-state actors in the area. The political instability
disables the countries from following democratic processes and the citizens from
obtaining their rights and freedoms, as well as stops the potential of economic growth,
although the region is rich in oil and further natural resources.
The Operation Ocean Shield is a fully fledged mission combating the piracy in the
high seas but NATO’s efforts are not that organised as far as terrorism is concerned in
the Horn of Africa, which is a reason why piracy is so difficult to overtake.
engineered-conflict-contributes-to-slavery-and-trafficking-boko-harams-mass-kidnapping-of-
girls/5386789
10INFORMATION NIGERIA (2014), 2015: Voting Buhari Will Return Nigeria To Quasi-Military
Dictatorship – Muazu. Retrieved from: http://www.informationng.com/2014/12/2015-voting-
buhari-will-return-nigeria-to-quasi-military-dictatorship-muazu.html
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www.thessismun.org6. C. THE CASE OF SOMALIA
Somalia’s biggest problem apart from the political instability caused by Islamic
extremist groups is piracy, whose rates have been doubled during the last decade.
With NATO’s help the World Food Programme has been able to deliver the
necessities in the countries after a few years of suspension due to piracy obstacles.
With piracy, the waters in that area have been dangerous, sinking and the perpetrators
of criminalities have set on fire more than 60 ships, excluding the Gulf of Aden as a
passage and causing a major environmental disaster.
Piracy has now become a weapon in the hands of international terrorists, who gain
many millions of dollars through that illegal action, piracy, illegal human trafficking
and illegal trade. A regularly functioning government would be able to control the
situation but while the political situation deteriorates and the people get used to war,
Somalia is the perfect shelter for piracy.
Usually, pirates have certain patterns through which they operate11.
SMALL SHIPS WITH POWERFUL ENGINES
EVASIVE TACTICS
ATTACK TO LOW SIDES OF SHIPS
15 MINUTES ATTACKS
11CHATHAM HOUSE (2008), Piracy in Somalia. Retrieved from: http://www.e-dnrs.org/wp-
content/uploads/2009/02/12203_1008piracysomalia.pdf
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www.thessismun.orgThe pirates usually operat in fishing grounds and their profit from the ransom is many
thousands of dollars. The last years, pirates have been more ruthless and the situation
has become more and more serious for the government and the areas around.
Considering these facts the international community had to act, especially because
they affect international trade, the environment and the political stability inside
Somalia. NATO cannot see piracy as a sideline issue anymore and that is why it
establishes missions and helps the AU with its operations, but that is proven as not
enough as the pirates become more and more evasive and adaptable to security
measures.
7. NATO-AFRICAN UNION: THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
(R2P) – LIBYA – RWANDA
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is a norm that constitutes the protection of
populations against mass crimes, as they have been underlined by the international
law: genocide, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The R2P
includes the responsibility of a state to protect its people from the aforementioned
crimes, the international community can also contribute to that protection and if the
state fails to protect its population international community can intervene with
sanctions. It was an idea that AU first introduced in 00’s and since then R2P has faced
many criticisms from states as well as individuals analysts. R2P’s predecessor is
considered to be the Humanitarian Intervention, though in many areas they are
different. As Marjanovic Marko stated in his book (Is Humanitarian War the
Exception?) written on 2011 humanitarian intervention is when a state use military
force against another state after the chief of the later publicly declared aim of that
military action because human rights are being violated.
In 2001, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, a
committee formed by Canada, made a report for R2P 12 with a full analysis of what
R2P is, what are the limits, the rights and when it can be used, as well as who has the
authority to activate it. According to that report the R2P must be activated only in
grave situations and it can be used only for the prevention of human suffering. In any
case military intervention must be the last step and it has to be in equal proportions
with the opponent, without causing more damage than before the intervention. The
one who can authorize the activation of R2P is the Security Council. Many fight to
turn R2P in a fully fledge policy, such as the Secretary General, Ban Ki-Moon.
The R2P has been activated in many cases, such as in Kenya in 2007, in Libya in
2011 and CAR in 2013. The R2P does not include only military means and that is
12 http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdf
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www.thessismun.orgwhere it differentiates from the humanitarian intervention. After the prevention and
the intervention R2P includes the responsibility to rebuild.
The most common criticism of R2P is the accusation of overlapping the national
sovereignty of a State or having double standards as it happened in the case of
Palestinian civilians unlike Egyptian ones. A great example is the intervention in
Libya. The humanitarian crisis in Libya caught the attention of international
community as the population of the country was suffering from the atrocities of the
State army. Therefore, the international community used the R2P framework to
intervene with all the possible means. However, AU tried to find a peaceful solution
rejecting any external military intervention13. NATO, though, proceeded to military
intervention by airstrikes for which it was sanctioned for UN. That was the beginning
for the resistance of any international intervention in Africa.
NATO’s intervention caused distrust between the AU and the Organisation, brought
more damage than good in the area and even created a temporary stall in the progress
of NATO’s missions and operations in the area. Many even accused NATO of using
R2P as a camouflage for a change of regime in the country.
The reason, though, that the R2P was adopted by the General Assembly, once in
Resolution 1674 in 2006 and in Resolution 1819 in 2009, is the great example of the
genocide in Rwanda, where the mass slaughter of Tutsi and moderate Hutu took place
by the majority of Hutu who led the Government in 1994 and almost 1.000.000 of
people were killed. Nonetheless, that was a chance to show the limits of NATO’s
capabilities and that no matter how the military deficiencies are the political aspects
are still as dangerous.
8. THE FUTURE OF NATO IN AFRICA: COUNTRIES’ POLICIES
Even though NATO had gathered support for the intervention in Libya, there were
many voices inside the alliance that heated up the debate. Germany and Turkey
abstained from the decision while the United Kingdom and France were enthusiastic
about the intervention. Only 14 out of 28 members took part in the operation of R2P
in Libya. Many countries understood that by going forward with such an act, the
relations between NATO and AU will be affected. Countries, such as Romania, have
shown their full support to the affiliation with the AU as well as Canada that only
took part in the intervention in Libya only after the pressure from the U.S.
On the other hand, France and United Kingdom collected three times more than their
national capabilities for that mission. The rest of the countries such as Italy, although,
they contributed with personnel they kept a low profile throughout the operation as
13ICRtoP (2014), The Crisis in Libya. Retrieved from:
http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/crisis-in-libya#background
North Atlantic Council – Topic Area B 14
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www.thessismun.orgthe AU’s position of no international intervention was a sign of the troubled future for
their relations.
However, since that day NATO and AU have an excellent collaboration as far as the
counter-piracy missions in the Horn of Africa are concerned, and more specifically in
the area of Somalia.
9. CONCLUSION
Even though the operations in the region of Africa are still ongoing, the situation is
not still under control and piracy as well as terrorism keeps augmenting than
confronted. And if during a humanitarian crisis NATO defies AU’s decisions and
expectations, what will be the future between those two organisations? In addition, if
NATO has no more the ultimate support of the AU who can continue to act in the
region? Especially the problem of piracy has been tantalizing issue for Africa and the
whole international community as it seems that no matter how many actions they take
on the problem insists to exist and even so augmenting. The R2P might be a possible
solution but with all the controversial discussions around it many think that it may
cause more troubles that solve one.
Being part of NATO is being part of the global arena of politics. Every decision that
is being made in that Council influences thousands of lives, therefore the gravity of
each problem is serious enough to change the political affairs of international
community. Reading this study guide and keeping in mind the questions above, you
will be prepared to support your countries’ policies inside NAC and be ready to enter
the debate for a better future of NATO in Africa, while combating crimes such as
terrorism and piracy.
North Atlantic Council – Topic Area B 15
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www.thessismun.org10. QUESTIONS TO PONDER
1. What can NATO do more as far as the situation in the Horn of Africa is
concerned?
2. Are the operations in the region of Somalia adequate to tackle piracy?
3. Should NATO use less military and more humanitarian means to battle the
problems?
4. What is your countries policy inside NATO about the R2P norm?
5. Can R2P destroy the relations between NATO and the AU?
6. What should be NATO’s position for R2P from now on?
7. How can NATO ameliorate or maintain its relations with the AU in the future?
8. What should be done if a case such as the Libyan one is to be repeated?
9. How should NATO act on Nigeria’s case, with the political instability?
10. Can a military organisation, like NATO, decide on humanitarian aspects like
that of R2P?
North Atlantic Council – Topic Area B 16
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www.thessismun.org11. REFERENCES
Adams, Simon. 'Emergent Powers: India, Brazil, South Africa And The
Responsibility To Protect'. The Huffington Post 2012. Web. 20 Dec. 2014.
Bereket H. Selassie.,. Conflict And Intervention In The Horn Of Africa. New York:
Monthly Review Press, 1980. Print.
Global Research,. 'NATO's War On Libya And Africa'. N.p., 2014. Web. 20 Dec.
2014.
Global Research,. 'US-NATO Interventionism In Africa: Imperialists Host
Conference On "Nigerian Security" In Paris'. N.p., 2014. Web. 20 Dec. 2014.
ISS Africa,. 'ISS Africa | Why NATO Intervention In Libya Is Not A Victory For
Responsibility To Protect'. N.p., 2012. Web. 20 Dec. 2014.
Keeler, Chris. 'The End Of The Responsibility To Protect? | Foreign Policy Journal'.
Foreign Policy Journal. N.p., 2011. Web. 20 Dec. 2014.
NATO,. 'Counter-Piracy Operations'. N.p., 2014. Web. 20 Dec. 2014.
NATO,. 'NATO Assistance To The African Union (AU)'. N.p., 2014. Web. 20 Dec.
2014.
Responsibilitytoprotect.org,. 'Crisis In Libya'. N.p., 2014. Web. 20 Dec. 2014.
Rotberg, Robert I. Battling Terrorism In The Horn Of Africa. Cambridge, Mass.:
World Peace Foundation, 2005. Print.
The Economist,. 'Responsibility To Protect: The Lessons Of Libya'. 2011. Web. 20
Dec. 2014.
Welland, Alicia. 'NATO And The Responsibility To Protect: Conference
Proceedings'. NATO And The Responsibility To Protect. Camberley: Royal
Military Academy Sandhurst, 2013. Web. 20 Dec. 2014.
North Atlantic Council – Topic Area B 17
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All Rights Reserved.
www.thessismun.org12. ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABC News,. 'Boko Haram News, Photos And Videos - ABC News'. N.p., 2014. Web.
21 Dec. 2014.
Au.int,. 'AU In A Nutshell | African Union'. N.p., 2014. Web. 20 Dec. 2014.
Council on Foreign Relations,. 'Boko Haram'. N.p., 2014. Web. 21 Dec. 2014.
Faith Karimi and Chelsea J. Carter, CNN. 'Boko Haram: A Bloody Insurgency, A
Growing Challenge'. CNN. N.p., 2014. Web. 21 Dec. 2014.
Global Research,. 'NATO Engineered Conflict Contributes To Slavery And
Trafficking. Boko Haram’S Mass Kidnapping Of Girls'. N.p., 2014. Web. 21
Dec. 2014.
INFORMATION NIGERIA,. '2015: Voting Buhari Will Return Nigeria To Quasi-
Military Dictatorship – Muazu'. N.p., 2014. Web. 21 Dec. 2014.
Styffe, Hannah. The Rise Of Boko Haram And The Failed Promise To β€Bring Back
Our Girls’. Toronto: The Atlantic Council of Canada, 2014. Print.
the Guardian,. 'Boko Haram | World News | The Guardian'. N.p., 2014. Web. 21 Dec.
2014.
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