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Lista de publicaciones del Think Tank del PE
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank
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Palabra clave "geopolítica"
118 Resultado(s) encontrado(s)
Fecha de creación : 19-12-2021Monthly Highlights Newsletter - July 2021
Tipo de publicación De un vistazo
Fecha 01-07-2021
Ámbito político Asuntos de género, igualdad y diversidad | Asuntos financieros y bancarios | Derechos humanos
Palabra clave cambio climático | geopolítica | informe | inteligencia artificial | libertad de expresión | personal contratado | política de
deportes de la UE | política en materia de cambio climático | política exterior y de seguridad común | profesión
independiente
Resumen The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments,
including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.
De un vistazo EN
Outlook for the meetings of EU leaders on 24-25 June 2021
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 22-06-2021
Autor ANGHEL Suzana Elena | DRACHENBERG Ralf
Ámbito político Asuntos económicos y monetarios | Asuntos exteriores | Coronavirus | Espacio de libertad, seguridad y justicia | Salud
pública
Palabra clave Consejo Europeo | control de las migraciones | enfermedad por coronavirus | epidemia | geopolítica | informe | libre
circulación de personas | política exterior y de seguridad común | Rusia | Turquía | vacuna | zona euro
Resumen At its meeting on 24-25 June 2021, the European Council will pursue its coordination efforts in response to the
coronavirus pandemic, discuss the situation on the various migration routes, return to the strategic debate on relations
with Russia, revert to their discussions on Turkey and assess progress in the EU’s economic recovery. In the Euro
summit, EU leaders will discuss the economic challenges for the euro area in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and
review progress on the banking union and capital markets union.
Briefing EN
Artificial Intelligence diplomacy | Artificial Intelligence governance as a new European Union external
policy tool
Tipo de publicación Estudio
Fecha 21-06-2021
Autor externo Ulrike FRANKE
Ámbito político Planificación prospectiva | Política de investigación
Palabra clave arma nuclear | China | desinformación | Estados Unidos | geopolítica | guerra de información | impacto de la tecnología
de la información | informatización | inteligencia artificial | política exterior y de seguridad común | relaciones de la
Unión Europea | régimen autoritario
Resumen Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a tool of power politics, and an element of state diplomacy. The European Union,
however, approaches AI primarily from an economic, social, and regulatory angle. This paper discusses the way that
AI impacts the European Union’s geopolitical power, and its relationship with other countries. It presents possible
scenarios for how AI may change the international balance of power and recommends ways for the EU and its
members to respond.
Estudio EN
Serbia: EU accession progress stalled
Tipo de publicación De un vistazo
Fecha 07-06-2021
Autor STANICEK BRANISLAV
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores
Palabra clave acuerdo de estabilización y asociación | China | corrupción | criterio de adhesión | cuestión de Kosovo | Estado de
Derecho | geopolítica | informe | Kosovo | negociación de adhesión | Rusia | Serbia
Resumen The EU opened accession negotiations with Serbia, a country with a population of 6.7 million, in 2013. Serbia got off to
a strong start, but progress has stalled in recent years. Unresolved regional issues, in particular the stalemate of the
political dialogue with Pristina, as well as lukewarm progress in rule-of-law reforms, are blocking accession
negotiations. Parliamentary elections held in June 2020 have not yet provided the expected momentum, and the risk is
that the country will progressively turn to Russia and China, confirming its ambiguous geopolitical orientation, which
was also criticised by the European Parliament.
De un vistazo EN
19-12-2021 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2021 - PE 1Prospects for the 2021 NATO leaders' meeting
Tipo de publicación De un vistazo
Fecha 04-06-2021
Autor LATICI Tania
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores | Seguridad y defensa
Palabra clave Afganistán | China | Estados Unidos | geopolítica | informe | jefe de Estado | maniobras militares | OTAN | relación
transatlántica | reunión en la Cumbre | Rusia
Resumen An in-person NATO summit of heads of state or government is scheduled to take place in Brussels on 14 June 2021.
Highly anticipated, as part of United States President Joe Biden's first overseas visit, the summit is expected to outline
NATO's strategic direction in the decade ahead. The NATO 2030 agenda will be debated, and forward-looking
discussions about long-term threats and challenges to Euro-Atlantic security and defence are expected.
De un vistazo EN
China: Partner or rival? [What Think Tanks are thinking]
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 04-06-2021
Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores
Palabra clave China | derechos humanos | enfermedad por coronavirus | epidemia | geopolítica | grupo de reflexión | Hong Kong |
informe | política exterior y de seguridad común | Taiwán
Resumen Formally, the EU and China have been strategic partners since 2003 – a partnership that was broadened five years
ago by the EU-China 2020 Strategic Agenda for Cooperation. However, more recently, EU officials and politicians
have been expressing increasing concerns over China’s economic expansionism and human rights violations. The
current coronavirus pandemic and developments in Hong Kong have had a marked negative impacted on EU-China
relations. This note offers links to recent commentaries, studies and reports from major international think tanks on
China, its ties with the EU and related issues. The previous issue on the subject was published in October 2020.
Briefing EN
Outcome of the special European Council meeting of 24-25 May 2021
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 27-05-2021
Autor ANGHEL Suzana Elena | DRACHENBERG Ralf
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores | Coronavirus | Democracia | Medio ambiente | Salud pública
Palabra clave Belarús | compañía aérea de bajo coste | Consejo Europeo | enfermedad por coronavirus | epidemia | geopolítica |
informe | política en materia de cambio climático | política exterior y de seguridad común | Rusia | vacuna
Resumen Following the forced landing of a Ryanair flight by Belarusian authorities on 23 May, Belarus became the central topic
on the first day of the special European Council meeting of 24-25 May 2021. EU leaders strongly condemned the
'unprecedented and unacceptable incident', and were united in imposing further sanctions on Belarus. As regards
Russia, the European Council reconfirmed the five principles guiding the EU's policy since 2016 and asked the High
Representative and the European Commission to present a 'report with policy options' by June 2021. On EU-UK
relations, EU leaders called on the European Commission to continue to monitor closely the implementation of the two
agreements concluded with the UK. On foreign affairs, they also discussed the situations in the Middle East and in
Mali, as well as the forthcoming EU-US summit. The leaders' primary focus on the second day was the fight against
the coronavirus pandemic, with the European Council calling for rapid implementation of the EU Digital Covid
Certificate, the revision of the Council Recommendation on travel within the EU by mid-June 2021 and accelerated
global access to coronavirus vaccines. Finally, regarding climate policy, despite renewed support for the 2030 and
2050 climate targets, diverging views on national efforts to achieve the objectives set remained apparent.
Briefing EN
Georgia's bumpy road to democracy: On track for a European future?
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 27-05-2021
Autor RUSSELL Martin
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores
Palabra clave Acuerdo de Asociación (UE) | adhesión a la Unión Europea | Asociación Oriental | crisis política | democracia | Estado
de Derecho | geopolítica | Georgia | informe | ocupación militar | OTAN | Rusia
Resumen Georgia is often considered a frontrunner among Eastern Partnership countries. Despite Russia's continued de facto
occupation of one-fifth of the country's territory, until recently Georgia performed relatively well in terms of political
stability, pluralism and economic growth. The country is staunchly pro-Western, with aspirations to join both the EU
and NATO. Like Ukraine and Moldova, Georgia signed an association agreement with the EU in 2014. The agreement
envisages a free trade area, as well as economic and political reforms that will result in far-reaching integration
between Georgia and the EU. Despite this overall positive picture and Georgia's close partnership with the EU, there
are many concerns about the country's progress towards democracy and the rule of law. Problems are highlighted by a
political crisis, which escalated in November 2020 after opposition politicians claimed that the ruling Georgian Dream
party had rigged parliamentary elections, and decided to boycott the parliament. The crisis reflects the longer-standing
issue of excessive concentration of power, weakening many of the checks and balances that are necessary for a
healthy democracy. Despite reform efforts, institutions that are supposed to be independent of the executive have
become subservient to the often opaque interests of the ruling party. EU mediation is helping to resolve the stand-off
between government and opposition, but the political landscape is still highly polarised.
Briefing EN
19-12-2021 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2021 - PE 2EU support for vaccination efforts in the Western Balkans
Tipo de publicación De un vistazo
Fecha 10-05-2021
Autor STANICEK BRANISLAV
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores | Coronavirus
Palabra clave ayuda de la UE | Balcanes Occidentales | China | enfermedad por coronavirus | epidemia | geopolítica | informe |
investigación médica | programa marco de IDT | Rusia | vacuna | vacunación
Resumen The coronavirus pandemic has accentuated the call for global solidarity and increased the need for health care and
social support in the Western Balkans. The EU's response has included the 'Team Europe' facility, but also specific
initiatives for the Western Balkans. In addition to the EU co-funded Covax facility, the most recent proposal by the
European Commission and Austria, announced in April 2021, confirmed the delivery of some 651 000 vaccines to the
region, where the EU is competing with other global actors, such as Russia and China.
De un vistazo EN
Prospects for EU-Asia connectivity: The 'European way to connectivity'
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 06-04-2021
Autor D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores | Coronavirus
Palabra clave acuerdo comercial (UE) | ASEAN | Asia | China | enfermedad por coronavirus | epidemia | estrategia de la UE |
geopolítica | países de la ASEAN | política comercial común | política exterior y de seguridad común | reunión
internacional
Resumen Asia matters to Europe: home to the world's largest population and fastest-growing economies, Asia is a major trade
partner of the EU. Recognising this, the EU has promoted the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), established five strategic
partnerships – including with the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) – and negotiated or concluded free
trade agreements with several Asian countries. In September 2018, the EU adopted a joint communication on
'Connecting Europe and Asia – Building blocks for an EU strategy'. The strategy proposes that the EU engage with its
Asian partners through a sustainable, comprehensive and rules-based approach to connectivity, exploiting existing and
planned EU networks. It acknowledges the presence of a significant investment gap in connectivity and recognises the
need to mobilise and strengthen cooperation with private investors, national and international institutions, and
multilateral development banks. Analysts welcomed the strategy as the EU response to China's Belt and Road
Initiative (BRI). This initiative has been raising concerns in the EU and in several participating countries, some of which
are worried about possible 'debt traps'. Echoing these concerns, the European Parliament has warned that the 17+1
format of cooperation between China and 17 central and eastern European countries could undermine the EU's
common position towards Beijing. In January 2021, MEPs called for the creation of a global EU connectivity strategy
as an extension of the current EU-Asia connectivity strategy. In September 2019, the EU and Japan launched the EU-
Japan Partnership on Sustainable Connectivity and Quality Infrastructure. In December 2020, the EU and ASEAN
issued a joint ministerial statement on connectivity. Financing Europe-Asia connectivity is a key challenge in the years
to come, together with the challenges highlighted by the coronavirus crisis. This is a revised and updated edition of a
briefing from October 2018.
Briefing EN
The EU strategic autonomy debate [What Think Tanks are thinking]
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 30-03-2021
Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin
Ámbito político Asuntos económicos y monetarios | Asuntos exteriores | Comercio internacional | Espacio de libertad, seguridad y
justicia
Palabra clave análisis de la información | China | Estados Unidos | geopolítica | grupo de reflexión | política exterior | política exterior
y de seguridad común | relaciones de la Unión Europea
Resumen An increasing number of politicians and analysts argue that the European Union should boost its ‘strategic autonomy’
and/or develop a higher degree of ‘European sovereignty’. These concepts encompass a greater potential for
independence, self-reliance and resilience in a wide range of fields – such as defence, trade, industrial policy, digital
policy, economic and monetary policy, and health policy – following a series of events in recent years that have
exposed Europe’s vulnerability to external shocks. The debate emerged in the late 2010s, after the French President,
Emmanuel Macron, called for a conscious ‘European sovereignty’ and the German Chancellor, Angela Merkel, said
that Europe would have to take its destiny into its own hands, as it could no longer necessarily rely on the United
States to protect it. This latter statement followed President Donald Trump’s withdrawal from the landmark nuclear deal
with Iran, in which the EU had invested significant political capital. In parallel, there is growing concern about the
implications for Europe of the progressive hardening of positions between the US and China, on both economic and
political fronts. This note offers links to recent commentaries, studies and reports from international think tanks on the
European issues related to European strategic autonomy and sovereignty.
Briefing EN
19-12-2021 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2021 - PE 3The New START Treaty between the US and Russia: The last surviving pillar of nuclear arms control
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 22-03-2021
Autor RUSSELL Martin
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores
Palabra clave Acuerdo START | arma nuclear | China | control de armamentos | Estados Unidos | euromisil | geopolítica | misil
intercontinental | no proliferación de armamento | no proliferación nuclear | Rusia
Resumen The US and Russia both have formidable arsenals of potentially destructive nuclear weapons. Although a nuclear-free
world remains a distant dream, the two countries have taken steps to limit the risk of nuclear conflict, through a series
of arms control agreements limiting the number of strategic weapons that each can have. In force since 2011, the New
Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty (New START) is the latest of these agreements. Under New START, Russia and the
US are limited to an equal number of deployed strategic warheads and weapons carrying them, such as
intercontinental ballistic missiles. To ensure compliance, there are strict counting rules and transparency requirements,
giving each side a reliable picture of the other's strategic nuclear forces. The 2019 collapse of the Intermediate-range
Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty left New START as the only major surviving US-Russia arms control agreement. In early
2021, with New START due to expire in February and the two sides deadlocked over the conditions for extending it, it
looked as if the last remaining restrictions on the world's two main nuclear powers were about to lapse. Following a
last-minute reprieve by newly elected US President, Joe Biden, the two parties agreed to extend New START until
2026, thereby giving each other welcome breathing space to negotiate a replacement treaty. There are still many
unanswered questions about the kind of weapons that a future treaty could include.
Briefing EN
The Quad: An emerging multilateral security framework of democracies in the Indo-Pacific region
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 18-03-2021
Autor D'AMBROGIO Enrico
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores
Palabra clave ASEAN | Australia | China | Estados Unidos | geopolítica | India | Japón | Océano Pacífico | política exterior y de
seguridad común | seguridad regional
Resumen The Indo-Pacific region houses the largest share of global GDP, the world's busiest trade routes, largest population
and most powerful militaries. After having successfully worked side by side in coordinating the 2004 tsunami relief, in
2007 Australia, India, Japan and the US (the Quad, short for Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) held meetings with each
other to discuss security-related issues, and their navies held a military exercise. Although the grouping ended its
activities prematurely in 2008, China's growing assertiveness in the region prompted it to remain active in bilateral and
trilateral cooperation on security issues. Meetings among senior officials resumed in November 2017 in Manila. In
November 2020, the Quad navies held a major military exercise. The first Quad summit took place in March 2021. The
grouping has emphasised that its goal is to maintain the liberal rules-based international order, which China seeks to
undermine through a revisionist challenge of the status quo. Its efforts are not focused on creating institutions or
military alliances, but rather, on generating gradual convergence of cooperation on multiple issues, including Covid-19,
climate change, critical and emerging technologies, counterterrorism, cybersecurity and disaster recovery. Establishing
further cooperation with other like-minded countries in the region and co-existing with ASEAN (Association of
Southeast Asian Nations) are among the Quad's future challenges. The EU is not a traditional security player in the
Indo-Pacific; however, as the region is particularly relevant to its trade, it has a strong interest in avoiding disruption of
the sea lanes. The Indo-Pacific could be an area of cooperation with the new US administration. France, Germany and
the Netherlands have published strategies or guidelines for the Indo-Pacific region, which has stepped up expectations
about the forthcoming strategy for the region by the EU as a whole.
Briefing EN
Strategic communications as a key factor in countering hybrid threats
Tipo de publicación Estudio
Fecha 10-03-2021
Autor externo DG, EPRS_This study has been written by Juan Pablo Villar García, Carlota Tarín Quirós and Julio Blázquez Soria of
Iclaves S.L., Carlos Galán Pascual of the University Carlos III of Madrid, and Carlos Galán Cordero of the Universitat
Oberta de Catalunya at the request of the Panel for the Future of Science and Technology (STOA) and managed by
the Scientific Foresight Unit, within the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS) of the
Secretariat of the European Parliament.
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores | Democracia | Espacio de libertad, seguridad y justicia
Palabra clave campaña de sensibilización | criminalidad informática | democracia | desinformación | espionaje | geopolítica | guerra
de información | intercambio de información | medios sociales | política exterior y de seguridad común | propaganda
política | terrorismo
Resumen This report describes the key features, technologies and processes of strategic communications to counter hybrid
threats and their components. The theoretical description of hybrid threats is complemented by the analysis of diverse
case studies, describing the geopolitical context in which the hybrid threat took place, its main features, the
mechanisms related to strategic communications used by the victim to counter the hybrid threat and its impact and
consequences. A comprehensive set of policy options aimed at improving the EU response to hybrid threats is also
provided.
Estudio EN
Anexo 1 EN
19-12-2021 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2021 - PE 4Mapping Fake News and Disinformation in the Western Balkans and Identifying Ways to Effectively
Counter Them
Tipo de publicaciónEstudio
Fecha 23-02-2021
Autor externoSamuel GREENE, Gregory ASMOLOV, Adam FAGAN, Ofer FRIDMAN, Borjan GJUZELOV
Ámbito políticoAsuntos exteriores | Coronavirus | Democracia
Palabra claveBalcanes Occidentales | campaña de sensibilización | desinformación | difusión de la información | difusión de la
información de la UE | enfermedad por coronavirus | epidemia | fomento de la idea de Europa | geopolítica |
propaganda electoral | propaganda política
Resumen Disinformation is an endemic and ubiquitous part of politics throughout the Western Balkans, without exception. A
mapping of the disinformation and counter-disinformation landscapes in the region in the period from 2018 through
2020 reveals three key disinformation challenges: external challenges to EU credibility; disinformation related to the
COVID-19 pandemic; and the impact of disinformation on elections and referenda. While foreign actors feature
prominently – chiefly Russia, but also China, Turkey, and other countries in and near the region – the bulk of
disinformation in the Western Balkans is produced and disseminated by domestic actors for domestic purposes.
Further, disinformation (and information disorder more broadly) is a symptom of social and political disorder, rather
than the cause. As a result, the European Union should focus on the role that it can play in bolstering the quality of
democracy and governance in the Western Balkans, as the most powerful potential bulwark against disinformation.
Estudio EN
How the COVID-19 crisis has affected security and defence-related aspects of the EU
Tipo de publicación Análisis en profundidad
Fecha 27-01-2021
Autor externo Christoph O. Meyer, Sophia Besch, Prof. Martin Bricknell, Dr Ben Jones
Christoph O. MEYER, Martin BRICKNELL, Ramon PACHECO PARDO, Ben JONES.
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores | Coronavirus | Salud pública | Seguridad y defensa
Palabra clave ejército | enfermedad por coronavirus | epidemia | geopolítica | país tercero | política común de seguridad y defensa |
política europea de defensa | salud pública | seguridad europea
Resumen This paper looks at how the COVID-19 pandemic has directly and indirectly affected European security and defence. It
documents how missions and operations of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) were directly impacted.
It finds that COVID-19 has accentuated already recognised capacity shortfalls of the CSDP, such as strategic airlift,
secure communications and command and control. Defence spending through EU instruments, and to a lesser extent
at national level, has come under pressure although it may still escape post-2008 style cuts. The pandemic revealed
the vulnerabilities of Member States’ infrastructure and supply chains, and the limited competences of the EU in
supporting Member States’ management of public health emergencies. COVID-19 tends to act as a threat multiplier
and source of instability, particularly in low-income countries already affected by socio-economic imbalances and
governance problems. The pandemic is likely to accelerate existing trends, including the declining share of the US and
the EU in the world economy compared to Asia, intensifying concerns about China’s growing assertiveness, growing
attention to IT security and cyber capabilities, and the interconnection between conventional and unconventional
security risks.
This analysis also looks at which lessons the EU should learn in order to better manage and prepare for such crises. At
a strategic level, the EU needs to invest in lesson learning exercises with the European Parliament playing a key role
in making the learning publicly accessible. It should also be proactive in shaping international discourses about
international governance and the role of the EU post COVID-19. Furthermore, the paper elaborates 19 short and
longer-term recommendations, for instance, on how CSDP missions can become more resilient in public health
emergencies and which capability shortfalls need addressing most; how defence spending can be made more efficient
and better targeted; or how the EU can help to better coordinate military support to civilian authorities. Finally, it
advocates investment in health intelligence and better managing the biosecurity risks arising from growing access to
dual-use technologies. The EU should forge a preventive approach to future pandemics and associated risks and
embrace a comprehensive approach to security and resilience. Yet, one should not lose sight of the distinctive function
of the CSDP and what it can currently deliver.
Análisis en profundidad EN
Extraterritorial sanctions on trade and investments and European responses
Tipo de publicación Estudio
Fecha 20-11-2020
Autor externo Tobias STOLL, Steven BLOCKMANS, Jan HAGEMEJER, Christopher A. HARTWELL, Henner GÖTT, Kateryna
KARUNSKA, Andreas MAURER
Ámbito político Asuntos económicos y monetarios | Comercio internacional
Palabra clave China | competencia extraterritorial | Cuba | Estados Unidos | geopolítica | inversión | Organización Mundial del
Comercio | papel internacional de la UE | política comercial | Rusia | sanción internacional
Resumen Recent US measures directed against Iran, Cuba and Russia (North Stream 2) have become indirectly a critical
challenge for the European Union as well. As they purport to deter economic actors under EU jurisdiction from
engaging with target countries, they have an important extraterritorial dimension, which affects EU business and
individuals and ultimately the sovereignty of the EU and its Member States. A review of the existing sanction regimes
and of the geopolitical context reveals that other international players and the PR China in particular may follow suit in
using such measures. The study shows that extraterritorial sanctions have important economic implications,
particularly for the EU and its vulnerabilities. Extraterritorial sanctions also raise critical questions as to their legality
under general international law, WTO law and other specific international rules. The EU is especially affected by these
measures and has taken some measures already in response. These could be improved and additional measures
could be taken, as the policy recommendations set out.
Estudio EN
19-12-2021 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2021 - PE 5Data flows, artificial intelligence and international trade: impacts and prospects for the value chains of the
future
Tipo de publicación Análisis en profundidad
Fecha 11-11-2020
Autor externo Georgios PETROPOULOS, André SAPIR, Michele FINK, Niclas Frederic POITIERS, Dennis GÖRLICH
Ámbito político Asuntos económicos y monetarios | Comercio internacional
Palabra clave cadena de valor | comercio internacional | consecuencia económica | Derecho comercial internacional | exportación
(UE) | geopolítica | impacto social | importación (UE) | inteligencia artificial | tecnología digital | transmisión de datos
Resumen Socio-economic effects of digital trade and artificial intelligence on EU industries
Artificial intelligence and new digital technologies are transforming digital trade. They facilitate the development of new
business models of trade and reduce the geographical barriers of economic transactions. Such transformations are
quite useful for the small and medium enterprises. Artificial intelligence is being adopted by both digital and non-digital
sectors, but its adoption varies a great deal across countries, including within the EU. Data and information flow play a
crucial role in digital trade by allowing personalization.
Digital trade is not new, but it is taking new forms that are ushering a new phase of globalisation. So far digital trade
mainly affected trade in goods, including through global value chains, though some service activities have already
become more tradeable thanks to digital technologies. The new phase of globalisation driven by artificial intelligence
and new digital technologies is likely to do for services what the previous phase did for manufacturing: to vastly
increase trade between advanced and emerging economies. This prospect raises important issues for domestic
policies and trade policy.
Legal Analysis of International Trade Law and Digital Trade
This brief provides a legal analysis of existing rules in digital trade regarding the various components of artificial
intelligence (‘AI’), in particular (personal and non-personal) data, computer code in the form of algorithms, and
computing power (including cloud computing). To do so, the first part of this analysis will map various international
trade rules that affect cross-border flows of data, computer code and computing power to determine their respective
advantages and disadvantages. This will form the basis for the second part of the analysis, which will address the
desirability and necessity of global rulemaking in this area.
Geopolitical Aspects of Digital Trade
This in-depth analysis discusses issues in trade in digitally deliverable services and the geopolitics of digital trade
policy. Digitally deliverable services are becoming increasingly important for global value chains, both in terms of final
products exported to other countries, and in terms of inputs embedded in manufactured goods. To harness the
potential of digital trade in services, both the regulation of the digital means by which a service is traded and the
regulation of the services themselves have to be accommodative. Digital trade policy is still in its infancy, and many
challenges in terms of policy and measurement remain. Looking at regulation of data flows, the EU’s focus on privacy
policy is incompatible with the laissez-faire approach pursued by the US administration and the political control of the
internet by the Chinese government, limiting the potential for trade in digitally deliverable services and plurilateral
agreements on digital trade. However, a number of other major economies are following similar approaches to the EU,
which creates the potential for cooperation and intensifying trade in digital services. The EU should also increase its
competitiveness in this strategically important services sector by completing the single market with respect to services
and capital, and by strengthening research and development in digital technologies.
Análisis en profundidad EN
Foresight for resilience: The European Commission's first annual Foresight Report
Tipo de publicación De un vistazo
Fecha 08-10-2020
Autor NOONAN EAMONN
Ámbito político Democracia | Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y parlamentario | Gobernanza global
Palabra clave Comisión Europea | economía circular | economía verde | enfermedad por coronavirus | epidemia | estrategia de la UE
| geopolítica | impacto de la tecnología de la información | informe de actividad | política de medio ambiente de la UE |
recuperación económica
Resumen The first Annual Foresight Report sets out how foresight will be used in the EU’s work towards a sustainable recovery
and open strategic autonomy, Horizon scanning can identify emerging risks and opportunities. Scenario development
can tease out potential synergies, for example between green and digital objectives. Dashboards can be used to
measure progress towards agreed goals, while a European Foresight Network can enhance the interaction between
different levels of governance.
De un vistazo EN
Armenia and Azerbaijan on the brink of war
Tipo de publicación De un vistazo
Fecha 06-10-2020
Autor RUSSELL Martin
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores
Palabra clave alto el fuego | Armenia | Azerbaiyán | Derecho territorial | geopolítica | guerra | instauración de la paz | Rusia |
soberanía nacional | Turquía | unificación nacional
Resumen Armenia and Azerbaijan are bitterly opposed over Nagorno-Karabakh, an Armenian-backed separatist territory that
international law recognises as part of Azerbaijan. The fighting, which began in September 2020, is the worst since
1994, when a ceasefire ended a two-year bloody war. With Turkey openly backing Azerbaijan, there are fears that this
could trigger conflict with Russia, Armenia’s main ally.
De un vistazo EN
19-12-2021 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2021 - PE 6European Council Leaders' Agenda 2020-21
Tipo de publicación De un vistazo
Fecha 05-10-2020
Autor DRACHENBERG Ralf
Ámbito político Democracia
Palabra clave Balcanes Occidentales | cambio tecnológico | China | Consejo Europeo | economía verde | funcionamiento institucional
| geopolítica | India | política exterior y de seguridad común | reunión en la Cumbre | Rusia | Unión Africana
Resumen At the special European Council meeting of 1-2 October 2020, Charles Michel, President of the European Council,
presented a new Leaders’ Agenda outlining his view of ‘the key challenges confronting the Union’ and setting a
timetable for the Heads of State or Government to address these issues at meetings between October 2020 and June
2021. The new Leaders’ Agenda puts strong focus on the ‘green transition and digital transformation’, as well as on
‘Europe’s role in the world’, two core priorities in the EU Strategic Agenda 2019-24. Mr Michel intends to structure the
approach to external relations discussions, notably through a series of strategic debates on relations with key partners.
A number of EU priority topics are however missing, notably migration, the rule of law and the Conference on the
Future of Europe. Mr Michel has, however, stated that the Leaders’ Agenda is a flexible tool, which can be updated as
circumstances require.
De un vistazo EN
Russia, arms control and non-proliferation
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 29-09-2020
Autor RUSSELL Martin
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores
Palabra clave China | comercio de armas | Estados Unidos | geopolítica | limitación de armamentos | no proliferación de armamento |
no proliferación nuclear | Rusia
Resumen Multilateral non-proliferation treaties have curbed the spread of the world's dangerous weapons. The international
security order also builds on a series of bilateral agreements between the two leading nuclear powers, the Soviet
Union/Russia and the United States (US), mostly concluded towards the end of the Cold War or soon afterwards.
Although the multilateral treaties are still in place, the bilateral elements have mostly come unstuck. In 2019, the US
pulled out of the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty, and it is probable that the New Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty (New START), the last remaining major bilateral arms control agreement, will expire in 2021. Russia's
systematic violation of its arms control commitments is partly to blame. Other factors include increased US
unilateralism and the failure of both sides to adapt the system to changing realities such as China's rise as a military
power. Russia is investing heavily in its nuclear forces and developing new and more powerful weapons. Its arsenal is
equal to that of the US and in some areas it may even have at least temporary superiority, partially compensating for
weaknesses in terms of conventional weapons. As geopolitical tensions rise, arms control has become more
necessary than ever. However, it seems unlikely that the US, Russia and possibly China will manage to conclude a
new generation of agreements. The implications are not yet clear: neither a major shift in the military balance nor a
new arms race are expected, but the lack of formal constraints creates uncertainty.
Briefing EN
On the path to 'strategic autonomy': The EU in an evolving geopolitical environment
Tipo de publicación Estudio
Fecha 28-09-2020
Autor ANGHEL Suzana Elena | IMMENKAMP Beatrix | LAZAROU Eleni | SAULNIER JEROME LEON | WILSON Alex
Benjamin
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores | Coronavirus | Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y parlamentario | Seguridad y defensa
Palabra clave China | enfermedad por coronavirus | epidemia | Estado miembro UE | geopolítica | informe de investigación | papel
internacional de la UE | política exterior y de seguridad común | Tratado de Lisboa
Resumen In confronting the EU with an unprecedented crisis, the coronavirus outbreak is testing the bloc's unity, but may also
accelerate the construction of EU strategic autonomy, as the roadmap for recovery is implemented. Political will, still in
the making, and the capacity to act are key prerequisites for achieving effective European strategic autonomy. The EU
is increasingly at risk of becoming a 'playground' for global powers in a world dominated by geopolitics. Building
European strategic autonomy on a horizontal – cross-policy – basis would strengthen the EU's multilateral action and
reduce dependence on external actors, to make the EU less vulnerable to external threats; while promoting a level
playing field that benefits everyone. The EU could thus reap the full dividend of its integration and possibly benefit from
greater economic gains. To build European strategic autonomy, the EU may choose to use the still 'under-used' or
'unused' potential of the Lisbon Treaty, with the European Council having a key role to play in triggering some of the
Treaty provisions, particularly in foreign and security policy. European strategic autonomy may also result from a
deepening of the EU integration process. Nevertheless, it remains to be seen whether the Member States will wish to
grasp the opportunity offered by the Conference on the Future of Europe to deepen the European project.
Estudio DE, EN, FR
Multimedia What is Strategic Autonomy?
19-12-2021 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2021 - PE 7European Union involvement in the United Nations system: Broad partnership based on shared
commitment to multilateralism
Tipo de publicación Análisis en profundidad
Fecha 22-09-2020
Autor ZAMFIR Ionel
Ámbito político Derechos humanos
Palabra clave geopolítica | gestión de crisis | informe de investigación | ONU | organismo especializado de las Naciones Unidas |
Organización Mundial del Comercio | papel internacional de la UE | relación multilateral
Resumen Over the years, the EU has become a key player in the United Nations system. The UN remains an organisation of
sovereign states, and this is reflected in the functioning of its bodies, agencies and programmes. The EU enjoys
observer status in many of these and is the only international organisation to have secured enhanced observer status
in the UN General Assembly. The EU leverages its influence through its significant financial contribution to the UN
system, through its enhanced partnerships with various entities within the UN system, and through close coordination
with its Member States on positions to be defended in the organisation.
Análisis en profundidad DE, EN, FR
Peace and security in 2020: Evaluating the EU approach to tackling the Sahel conflicts
Tipo de publicaciónEstudio
Fecha 16-09-2020
AutorIOANNIDES Isabelle
Ámbito políticoAsuntos exteriores
Palabra claveayuda al desarrollo | ayuda humanitaria | geopolítica | guerra | informe de investigación | paz | política exterior y de
seguridad común | prevención de conflictos | Sahel
Resumen The Peace and Security series evaluates European Union (EU) performance in the field of peace and security in a
specific geographical region each year. This, the third thematic study in the series, focuses on the EU's contribution to
resolving the conflicts in the Sahel, restoring stability and building peace in the region. The EU has adopted a
comprehensive and integrated approach to tackling the numerous political, security and defence, humanitarian,
development, and environmental challenges facing the five countries in the Sahel: Chad, Burkina Faso, Mali,
Mauritania, and Niger, issuing a strategy specifically for the region in 2011. This evaluation first outlines the complex
local and geopolitical dynamics framing the conflicts in the Sahel. It then assesses the various aspects of the EU's
approach to supporting peace efforts in the region in an already crowded international landscape. The study also
analyses the European Parliament's engagement with the Sahel region, considers the challenges that the EU (and
other international actors) have faced in the Sahel, and presents options for improving the effectiveness of EU action.
A parallel study, published separately, provides an overview of current EU action on peace and security, while a third
presents the 2020 Normandy Index. The studies have been drafted as a contribution to the Normandy World Peace
Forum in October 2020.
Estudio EN, FR
Mapping threats to peace and democracy worldwide: Normandy Index 2020
Tipo de publicación Análisis en profundidad
Fecha 10-09-2020
Autor LAZAROU Eleni
Ámbito político Seguridad y defensa
Palabra clave democracia | elaboración de políticas | estudio de casos | geopolítica | informe de investigación | paz | política exterior
y de seguridad común
Resumen The Normandy Index, now in its second year, aims to measure the level of threat to peace, security and democracy
around the world. It was presented for the first time on the occasion of the Normandy Peace Forum in June 2019, as a
result of a partnership between the European Parliament and the Region of Normandy. The Index has been designed
and prepared by the European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), in conjunction with and on the basis of data
provided by the Institute for Economics and Peace. This paper sets out the findings of the 2020 exercise, and explains
how the index can be used to compare peace – defined on the basis of a given country's performance against a range
of predetermined threats – across countries and regions. It is complemented by 40 individual country case studies,
derived from the Index. The paper forms part of the EPRS contribution to the Normandy World Peace Forum 2020. It is
accompanied by two studies, one on the EU's contribution to peace and security in 2020, the other on EU support for
peace in the Sahel.
Análisis en profundidad DE, EN, FR
Multimedia Mapping threats to peace and democracy worldwide: Normandy Index 2020
Mapping threats to peace and democracy worldwide: Normandy Index 2020
19-12-2021 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2021 - PE 8Understanding the EU Strategy for the Sahel
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 07-09-2020
Autor PICHON Eric
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores
Palabra clave ayuda al desarrollo | escasez de alimentos | estrategia de la UE | geopolítica | golpe de Estado | papel internacional de
la UE | política exterior y de seguridad común | Sahel | terrorismo
Resumen The August 2020 coup in Mali has once again demonstrated the instability of the Sahel. The region is affected by
climate change and rapid population growth. Rivalries over access to livelihoods exacerbate grievances against states.
Struggling to provide basic services throughout their territory and security at their borders, governments are competing
with armed groups that have emerged from the failed regimes of Central Africa, North Africa and the Middle East. The
instability in this region has direct consequences for the security of the European Union's neighbours and for the EU
itself. In 2011, to respond to the multiple factors of this instability, the EU adopted the Sahel security and development
strategy: the first comprehensive approach aimed at ensuring various external policy programmes and instruments
converge towards common objectives. Despite the revamping of the strategy in 2015 based on the lessons learnt, its
implementation, which involves the coordination of multiple stakeholders, has been difficult. While it has contributed to
notable progress towards integration and regionalisation, security challenges have impeded tangible achievements in
preventing radicalisation and fostering inclusive development. The Sahel action plan, adopted in 2015 to provide an
overall framework for the implementation of the strategy, comes to an end in 2020; its revision (or replacement) will
need to take the EU's and Africa's new geopolitical interests on board. As the EU endeavours to reconnect with Africa
in a regional and full-fledged partnership, the successes and failures of the EU Strategy for the Sahel could inspire the
whole EU development and security policy on the continent. This briefing is a translated and revised version of Le
Sahel: un enjeu stratégique pour l'Union européenne, of November 2017.
Briefing EN
Multimedia Understanding the EU Strategy for the Sahel
Belarus on the brink
Tipo de publicación De un vistazo
Fecha 25-08-2020
Autor BENTZEN Naja
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores
Palabra clave Belarús | censura | crisis política | elecciones presidenciales | fraude electoral | geopolítica | oposición política |
represión | Rusia | régimen autoritario | violencia de Estado
Resumen As usual in Belarus, the 9 August presidential election was marred by fraud, repression and state violence against the
opposition. As expected, the long-standing President, Aleksander Lukashenko, claimed a landslide victory. What was
unusual this time, however, was the scale of Belarusians' disappointment: peaceful protests and strikes spread
throughout the entire country in response to the stolen election, despite brutal crackdowns. What started as a national
crisis now represents a wider struggle between truth and lies, democracy and autocracy, raising the stakes for both
Minsk and Moscow, whose nervousness has spilled over into mounting aggression.
De un vistazo EN
Scenarios for geo-politics after coronavirus: A recent Atlantic Council analysis
Tipo de publicación De un vistazo
Fecha 16-07-2020
Autor SCHMERTZING Leopold
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores | Comercio internacional | Coronavirus | Democracia | Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y
parlamentario | Gobernanza global | Planificación prospectiva | Politica social | Salud pública | Seguridad y defensa
Palabra clave China | enfermedad por coronavirus | epidemia | Estados Unidos | geopolítica | grupo de reflexión | Rusia
Resumen The Atlantic Council report, 'What World Post-Covid-19? Three Scenarios', has two main takeaways: first, Chinese-US
rivalry could get worse and go global, destabilising an increasingly divided EU and endangering the United States'
alliances system in Asia. Second, there is no way around the US, Europe and China cooperating to develop a positive,
global 'new normal'.
De un vistazo EN
19-12-2021 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2021 - PE 9EU-China relations: Taking stock after the 2020 EU-China Summit
Tipo de publicaciónBriefing
Fecha 30-06-2020
AutorGRIEGER Gisela
Ámbito políticoAsuntos exteriores
Palabra claveChina | desinformación | enfermedad por coronavirus | epidemia | geopolítica | propaganda política | relación
multilateral | reunión en la Cumbre | teleconferencia
Resumen The 22nd EU-China Summit, originally scheduled for March 2020, was postponed owing to the Covid-19 pandemic.
While other summits were simply cancelled or postponed indefinitely, the EU and China decided to hold the summit by
video-link, on 22 June 2020. This decision testifies to the importance both sides attach to taking their complex
relationship forward in difficult times. The 2020 summit offered the opportunity to take stock of progress made on past
commitments and to re-calibrate EU-China relations, against the backdrop of the wide-ranging fallout from the
coronavirus pandemic, growing United States-China strategic rivalry, rapid geopolitical power shifts and the erosion of
multilateralism. Looking at EU-China relations through the lens of the 2019 EU-China strategic outlook, China is seen
as being at once a partner for cooperation and negotiation, an economic competitor and a systemic rival. China has
been a cooperation and negotiating partner for the EU in several fields where interests have converged. Nonetheless,
the different norms and values underlying the EU and Chinese political and economic systems have made cooperation
challenging. Shared objectives do not necessarily lead to the same approaches to pursuing them. Economic
competition has become fiercer in China, in the EU and in third markets. As the Chinese leadership shows growing
assertiveness in disseminating alternative models of governance – at international, regional and bilateral levels, China
is also acting as a systemic rival, on an increasing number of issues. The coronavirus pandemic has amplified pre-
existing political and economic challenges in EU-China relations. It has exposed the EU's over-reliance on China for
the supply of strategic goods and also China's confrontational 'Wolf Warrior diplomacy', which has involved the use of
a wide range of tools, including disinformation campaigns, political influence and economic coercion, in an attempt to
alter narratives critical of China's management of the crisis. It has also clearly demonstrated the need for a 'more
robust' EU policy on China.
Briefing EN
A Comprehensive EU Strategy for Africa - Political Dialogue: Governance, Security and Migration
Tipo de publicaciónBriefing
Fecha 25-06-2020
Autor externoMorten BØÅS
Ámbito políticoAsuntos exteriores | Coronavirus | Democracia | Derechos humanos | Seguridad y defensa
Palabra clavedemocracia | derechos humanos | estrategia de la UE | geopolítica | gobernanza | migración | política exterior y de
seguridad común | África
Resumen Much has changed since the creation of the Joint Africa-European Union (EU) Strategy in 2007. The developing world
has been changing fast. Development policy and practices are also transforming, albeit at a slower pace. The divide
between emerging economies and ‘fragile states’ is increasing. This is also the case in Africa. As not only Africa, but
also the EU-Africa relationship is changing and evolving into new dimensions, there is clearly a need to develop a new
European strategy, constructed on the basis of an emerging continent. Africa is home to the youngest population in the
world and some of the world’s most fragile states. However, it is also a continent with emerging markets and more
effective governments. This brief aims to clarify how well the new Strategy must manage to mainstream a European
approach to Africa that considers both the inter-continental dialogue and the diversity of development on this emerging
continent within the fields of governance, security and migration. As the COVID-19 has turned into a pandemic, the
brief also suggests that the new European strategy must reflect this development and the European Parliament should
closely monitor the situation as it discusses the Strategy.
Briefing EN
A Comprehensive EU Strategy for Africa - Trade and Investments
Tipo de publicaciónBriefing
Fecha 25-06-2020
Autor externoAinhoa MARIN-EGOSCOZABAL
Ámbito políticoAsuntos exteriores | Comercio internacional | Coronavirus
Palabra claveChina | desarrollo sostenible | economía verde | estrategia de la UE | geopolítica | inversión directa | inversión en el
extranjero | política exterior y de seguridad común | relación comercial | Unión Africana | zona de libre comercio |
África
Resumen The new European Commission (EC) is putting EU-African relations to the fore. A Joint Communication of the EC
towards a comprehensive Strategy with Africa stresses the African Continent’s strategic importance and the EU’s need
to strengthen its partnership with (and not for) Africa. Proposals in the Joint Communication maintain promotion of
sustainable investments with Africa on top of the EU’s agenda. Partnership with Africa to attract investors and boost
regional as well as continental integration are specific actions aimed to attain sustainable growth and jobs in African
countries. This emphasis is not new, being in line with a geopolitically oriented Commission and the European Union’s
(EU) trend of shifting from a Donor-recipient model to a relationship based on mutual cooperation, pursuing common
interests and mutual benefits. As the COVID-19 pandemic takes hold in Africa during 2020, it is becoming more urgent
that EU and African relations post COVID-19 be tailored to a new scenario and show tangible action using partnership
rhetoric.
Briefing EN
19-12-2021 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2021 - PE 10Eastern Partnership 3.0: Principles, priorities, and prospects
Tipo de publicación Análisis en profundidad
Fecha 15-06-2020
Autor BENTZEN Naja | PRZETACZNIK Jakub
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores
Palabra clave Armenia | Asociación Oriental | Azerbaiyán | Belarús | China | geopolítica | Georgia | Moldavia | papel internacional de
la UE | relación multilateral | Rusia | Ucrania
Resumen The geopolitical, economic and security situation in Europe has evolved significantly in the past 10 years since the
Eastern Partnership (EaP) was first created in 2009. With the growing pressure on democracies and multilateralism
worldwide, an aggressive Russia under Vladimir Putin and an increasingly influential China, the role of the European
Union – a major global champion of democracy and multilateralism – and its responsibility for sustainable stability in
the EaP region are growing. Against this backdrop, the new 'geopolitical' European Commission and the EU's High
Representative have put forward a proposal for the EaP policy beyond 2020, focused on 'reinforcing resilience'.
Análisis en profundidad DE, EN, FR
Coronavirus and international power [What Think Tanks are thinking]
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 12-06-2020
Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin
Ámbito político Coronavirus | Salud pública
Palabra clave China | consecuencia económica | enfermedad por coronavirus | epidemia | geopolítica | grupo de reflexión | política
exterior y de seguridad común
Resumen Policy analysts and politicians alike acknowledge the ‘game-changing’ impact or potential of the coronavirus pandemic
for the world economy and geo-political order, as well as on regional disputes and domestic politics in many countries.
For the European Union, the crisis highlights the need for closer and more effective cooperation and action at
European level, not least because a number of major players around the world are attempting to use the crisis to
increase their international influence, often at the EU’s expense. This note offers links to recent commentaries and
reports from international think tanks on coronavirus and related issues. Earlier publications on the topic can be found
in the previous item in this series, published by EPRS on 8 June.
Briefing EN
Las consecuencias del coronavirus en la política exterior
Tipo de publicación De un vistazo
Fecha 11-06-2020
Autor LAZAROU Eleni
Ámbito político Asuntos exteriores | Coronavirus
Palabra clave China | democracia | derechos humanos | desinformación | enfermedad por coronavirus | epidemia | Estados Unidos |
geopolítica | igualdad de género | política exterior y de seguridad común | relación multilateral | seguridad informática
Resumen La crisis provocada por la COVID-19 tiene repercusiones económicas, sociales, políticas y geopolíticas que
inevitablemente afectarán a aspectos clave de la política exterior de la UE. Entre ellos cabe destacar las relaciones
con grandes potencias, determinados aspectos de la ayuda humanitaria, el desarrollo y el mantenimiento de la paz,
así como la lucha contra la desinformación y los ciberataques. La crisis ha puesto además en el candelero el debate
sobre el futuro del multilateralismo, una preocupación fundamental en el marco de la política exterior de la UE. El alto
representante realizará una declaración ante el Pleno en la sesión de junio.
De un vistazo ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL
19-12-2021 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2021 - PE 11You can also read
