INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM - strategy paper - Pangan Bijak Nusantara
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
strategy paper
INDONESIA
SUSTAINABLE
FOOD SYSTEM
This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union.
Its contents are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.
strategy paper
INDONESIA
SUSTAINABLE
FOOD SYSTEM
Author:
Ario Tranggono
Chandra Wirman
Any Sulistiowati
Teten Avianto
The drafting of this strategy paper involved active participation
of relevant food stakeholders, through workshops, focus group
discussions, interviews, and dialogues.
2019
Caption of Photo Cover: Local cuisine of Lundayeh indigenous community in Krayan, North Kalimantan • (Photo: Cristina Eghenter)
(Photo: Ario Tranggono)
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Foreword Foreword
EU Ambassador to Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning
Agency (Bappenas) Republic of Indonesia
Sustainable food system, including ensuring inclusive access, sustainable production and consumption, as well
as minimizing food loss and waste is a priority for both Indonesia and the European Union.
The Government of Indonesia has committed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets.
In the EU, we recently announced the European Green Deal, which charts the path of the European Union to a This commitment is demonstrated by mainstreaming and aligning indicators for achieving the SDGs targets
sustainable green transition. This will happen by developing a green, circular and low-carbon economy in a way with the national development strategies and priorities listed in the National Medium-Term Development Plan
that is economically just and inclusive for all. Faced with a global scarcity of natural resources, ‘doing more with (RPJMN) and the Government Work Plan. However, synergy and collaboration from related stakeholders at
less’ has become the main challenge for producers and consumers. To address this challenge during a period national and local levels are crucial for the implementation of the plans. The importance of multi-stakeholder
of rapid climate change and growing demand for energy and resources, the EU is introducing a range of policies partnership is also mandated in the Presidential Regulation No. 59 of 2017 concerning the Implementation for
and measures aimed at sustainable consumption and production. In the framework of the European Green Deal, Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
the ‘Farm to Fork’ strategy designs a fair, healthy, and environmentally food system. The strategy will pave the
way to formulating a more sustainable food policy in Europe. For Indonesia, the food sector is always positioned as one of the national development priorities. The Food
Law No. 18 of 2012 mandates that food management should be carried out to meet basic human needs that
As this is a global challenge, it can only be tackled together. The EU and Indonesia are committed to working provide fair, equitable and sustainable benefits based on food sovereignty, food independence, and national
together to meet our global commitments under the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals food security. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a sustainable food system that is applicable, suitable and
(SDGs). In the spirit of SDG 12, ‘Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns’, the EU supports adequate to the conditions of food practices in Indonesia by ensuring that all stakeholders, including vulnerable
responsible supply chains and business practices through the SWITCH Asia programme. Launched in 2007, it groups gain access to and are actively involved in the food system and practices in Indonesia, in line with the
aims to accelerate the transition of countries in Asia, including Indonesia, to a low carbon, resource efficient, and inclusive spirit mandated by the SDGs.
circular economy, engaging the industrial sector, consumers, financial institutions and national governments.
The Strategy Paper on Indonesia Sustainable Food System is a document established through a participatory
For instance, in Indonesia, the ‘Local Harvest: Promoting Sustainable and Equitable Consumption and Local process by Indonesian food system stakeholders. These include representatives of various government agencies,
Food System’ project, funded with EUR 2 million, supports sustainable food consumption and production as a business actors, academics, media, and civil society organizations who are collaborating in a multi-stakeholder
solution to achieve sustainable food security and sovereignty to support community welfare. platform for Indonesia Sustainable Food System. This initiative aims to strengthen the implementation of the
Food Law, especially in the food planning process for achieving indicators of the Desirable Dietary Pattern based
One outcome of the project is this strategy paper on Indonesia’s Sustainable Food System, which was developed on local diversity as stated in the RPJMN 2020-2024.
in a series of workshops and dialogue forums with participation of representatives of several Indonesian
ministries and government agencies such as the Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS), This document explicitly emphasizes the importance of mainstreaming sustainability principles in the food
Ministry of Agriculture (KEMENTAN), Ministry of Industry (KEMENPERIN), Ministry of Environment and Forestry practices in Indonesia based on local food diversity as well as dietary needs, and ensuring inclusive access
(KLHK), Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP), Ministry of Finance (KEMENKEU), as well as the to food sources for all Indonesian people without exception. It is expected that this document would become
National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM). The strategy paper provides an overview of the food life one of references for the food planning process in Indonesia and its implementation through multi-stakeholder
cycle in Indonesia, identifies the main challenges and provides a basis to formulate strategies and innovations partnerships at the national and local levels.
to improve the performance of food management in Indonesia.
We would like to express our gratitude to all parties who have actively participated and contributed to the
I hope we all can learn from this strategy paper and it will provide inputs for policy decisions by the Government drafting of this strategy paper, and continue to collaborate. It is our hope that this initiative can encourage further
of Indonesia as well as for new approaches by the business sector as well as consumers. The paper will also coordination, collaboration, and synergy among stakeholders to strengthen the Indonesia food system and
help us to work together to enhance sustainable food consumption and production in Indonesia and take the ensure achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals.
country forward towards achieving the SDGs by 2030.
Jakarta, December 2019
Jakarta, December 2019
Anang Noegroho
Vincent Piket Director for Food and Agriculture
EU Ambassador to Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Table of Contents
Foreword Nine Recommendations On 10
Hivos Indonesia Sustainable Food
On behalf of Hivos it is my great pleasure to provide this foreword marking release of the Strategy Paper on
Sustainable Food System of Indonesia which has documented the complexity of Indonesia’s food system Introduction 12
and provides recommendations to improve it. This strategy paper is an outcome of a series of workshops
and in-depth interviews with several key stakeholders conducted in 2019 by the multi-stakeholder platform on
Indonesia Sustainable Food System. The platform was established in collaboration with the Directorate of Food
and Agriculture of the National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) within the framework of the two Sustainable Food as a Common Goal 28
projects implemented by Hivos and its partners i.e. European Union (EU) supported Switch Asia Local Harvest
project and Dutch Government supported Sustainable Diets for All (SD4ALL).
Sustainable Food is one of Hivos thematic program areas which aims at providing access to sufficient, affordable
and healthy food to all, in particular for low-income consumers, can create substantial economic opportunities Indonesia Sustainable Food 38
and generate positive environmental returns. This thematic area contributes to Sustainable Development Goal 2 System
(zero hunger) and Goal 12 (responsible consumption and production) targets.
In realising the goals of its thematic programs, Hivos pursues a 3-step strategy which includes: working with front
runners, co-creating solution through multi-stakeholder engagement and lobby & advocacy/ policy influence. All
these approaches in general and the multi-stakeholder engagement in particular have been an integral part of 2020-2024 Indonesia Sustainable 66
implementing the work of the above mentioned projects and the platform. In applying these strategies Hivos has Food Roadmap
gained experience globaly through its work in 25+ countries spread over 5 regions which adds significant value
to its work with partners and other stakeholders in Indonesia. We appreciate that the Indonesian government,
particularly the Directorate of Food and Agriculture of BAPPENAS, has shown strong commitment and support
to this multi-stakeholder initiative to achieve the SDG targets.
Conclusion 71
We expect that the strategy paper can be used as one of the references for developing plan and policies related
to the food system in Indonesia, and the platform will be sustained as a medium for sharing of experiences and
best practices, improving co-creation, and increasing the effectiveness of the action towards the SDG targets.
This collaboration is an embodiment of SDG 17.
I would like to take this opportunity to sincerely thank the EU for its support, BAPPENAS and other stakeholders
who actively participated in the drafting of this strategy paper and supported the platform. Finally, I would like to
invite others to participate in the next steps as this is only a start and implementation is of critical importance.
Jakarta, December 2019
Biranchi Upadhyaya
Regional Director
Hivos Hub Southeast Asia
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Thank You
Note
The drafting of this strategy paper involved various relevant food stakeholders. We do sincerely express our deep
gratitude to all resource persons and contributors who enabled this paper be completed. The resource persons
and contributors who had been very helpful and actively participating are:
GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS CSO PRIVATE SECTOR
• Anang Noegroho (Bappenas) • Ria Noviari Butarbutar (The EU Delegation) • Cristina Eghenter (WWF Indonesia) • Irwan S. Widjaja (GAPMMI)
• Nono Rusono (Bappenas) • Robert de Groot (Hivos) • Dede Krishnadianty (WWF Indonesia) • Wahyudi (APRINDO)
• Jarot Indarto (Bappenas) • Miranda (Hivos) • Elisabeth Diana Supit (WWF Indonesia) • Al Wiratmo (FAO-IBCSD)
• Zulfriandi (Bappenas) • Silvana Paath (Hivos) • Arum Kinasih (WWF Indonesia) • Akim Dharmawan (SUN Sekretariat- Bappenas)
• Susilawati (Bappenas) • Gita Meidita (Hivos) • Jusupta Tarigan (NTFP-EP Indonesia) • Mila (Borneo Chic)
• Dyah Sudihastuti (Bappenas) • Mia D Mochtar (Hivos) • Merry Tobing (NTFP-EP Indonesia) • Corey Perneida (Karisman)
• M. Rifqi (Bappenas) • Julia Theresya (Hivos) • Marolop SM Manalu (AMAN) • Cisya (Karisman)
• Ira Widya Z (Bappenas) • Arum Pratiwi (Hivos) • Feri Nur O (AMAN)
• Tejaningsih (Bappenas) • Henriette Imelda (Hivos) • Mina Susana Setra (AMAN)
• Prajogo Utomo Hadi (Policy Lab Bappenas) • Laily Himayati (Hivos) • Andre Baharamin (AMAN) EDUCATION / RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
• Dian Sukmayani (Policy Lab Bappenas) • M. Rianto Utama (Hivos) • Muhammad Ruslan Keba (ASPPUK) • Drajat Martianto (IPB)
• Jhon Hendra (BKP) • Nanda Sihombing (Hivos) • MH. Firdaus (ASPPUK) • Rina Agustina (HNRC IMERI, UI)
• Agoes Rahadi (BKP) • Rahmat Adinata (Hivos) • Hartaty (ASPPUK) • Hanifa (HNRC IMERI, UI)
• Dhany Hermansyah (OKKP BKP) • Rinto Andriono (Hivos) • Suporahardjo (Tanoker) • Wanda Lasepa (HNRC IMERI, UI)
• Agatha Intan W (Kemenperin) • Aang Sutrisna (GAIN) • Nurhadi (Tanoker) • Erfi Prafiantini (HNRC IMERI, UI)
• Alvita (Kemenperin) • Jony Chandra (GAIN) • Puji Sumedi (Kehati) • Ronnie S. Natawidjaja (Center for Sustainable
• Hendy Yudyanto (Kemenperin) • Said “Ayip” Abdullah (KRKP) Food Studies Unpad)
• Hasnawir (KLHK) • Santi Handayani (PLAN) • Zuzy Anna (SDGs Center Unpad)
• Nurmayanti (KLHK) • Bibong W (Alifa)
• Dwika Darinda (Kemenkeu) • Djoko Prakoso (Alifa)
• Reni Pratiwi (KKP) • Wahyu Widayat (WAIBI) MEDIA
• Dewi Ekasari (KKP) • Kimpul (WAIBI) • Jekson Simanjuntak (AJI Jakarta)
• Emmy (BPOM) • Ayi Ardisastra (WAIBI)
• Faisal Tachir (Bappelitbang kota Bandung)
• Hendra Feryanto (Bappelitbang kota Bandung) NETWORK
• Dedi Triadi (Agri ProFocus)
• Maula Paramitha (Agri ProFocus)
• Tasnim AS (Agri ProFocus)
• Darminto Taebeno (Agri ProFocus)
• Wim Goris (Agri ProFocus)
• Christine Effendy (GBDI)
6 7
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Food
Glossary
FOOD is any product originating from biological FOOD SAFETY is a condition and attempts FISHERMEN are Indonesian citizens, both FARM LAND is land area used for Agriculture
resource such as agriculture, plantation, forestry, required to prevent food from possible pollution individually as well as with their families, whose business. (Act no. 41/2009)
fishery, husbandry, marine, and water, whether – biologically and chemically, as well from other livelihood is catching fish. (Act no. 18/2012)
processed or not, designated as food or beverage objects that may spoil, harm, and endanger to human
for human consumption, including food additive health and does not contradict with religions, beliefs,
materials, food raw materials, and other materials and culture of the community thus the food is safe to SUSTAINABLE FOOD FARM LAND
used in the action of preparing, processing and/or consume. (Act no. 18/2012) FISH CULTIVATORS are Indonesian citizens, is farm land area determined to be consistently
producing food or beverages. (Act No. 18/2012) both individually as well as with their families, whose protected and developed in order to produce staple
livelihood is raising, breeding, and/or nurturing fish food for national food autonomy, security, and
and other aquatic biological resources as well as sovereignty. (Act no. 41/2009)
FOOD PRODUCTION is an activity or harvesting from a controllable environment. (Act no.
FOOD SOVEREIGNTY is the right of the process to produce, to prepare, to process, to make, 18/2012)
state and the nation to independently determine the to preserve, to pack, to repackage, and/or to change
food policy which guarantees the right to food for the form of food. (Act no. 18/2012) FOOD FARMERS, hereinafter referred to as
the people and which grants the community the right farmers, are Indonesian citizens and their families
to determine the food system appropriate with the NUTRITION is substance or compound who cultivate farm land for staple food commodities
potential of local resources. (Act No. 18/2012) contained in the food consisting of carbohydrates, in sustainable food farm land. (Act no. 41/2009)
FOOD AVAILABILITY is a condition of proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fiber, water, and
food availability originating from both domestic other components beneficial for human growth and
production and national food reserve, or from import health. (Act no. 18/2012)
FOOD AUTONOMY is the capacity of the in case the two main resources cannot meet the
state and the nation in producing a wide range of food needs. (Act no. 18/2012)
domestically that is able to guarantee the fulfillment
of food needs sufficiently reaching individual level by NUTRITIONAL STATUS is a condition of a
making use of potentials of natural, human, socio- person’s body health as the end result of food intake
economic, and local wisdom resources with dignity. FOOD DIVERSIFICATON is an effort to into the body and its utilization. (Governmental
(Act No. 18/2012) increase food availability and consumption which is Regulation No. 17/2015)
varied in range, nutritionally balanced, and based on
the potential of local resources. (Act no. 18/2012)
FOOD SECURITY is a condition of food
fulfillment of a state up to individual level, reflected
from the sufficient availability of food, both by LOCAL FOOD is locally consumed food that is
quantity and quality, which is safe, various, nutritious, in accordance with the local potential and wisdom.
prevalent, and affordable as well as not contradicting (Act no. 18/2012)
with religions, beliefs, and culture of the community
in order for them to be healthy, active, and productive
in sustainable way. (Act No. 18/2012)
FARMERS are Indonesian citizens, both
individually as well as with their families, who work
on farming business in food sector. (Act no. 18/2012)
8 9
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Summary
Nine Recommendations On Indonesia Sustainable Food
3 5
The recommendations on sustainable food below Ensuring the inclusive access to food Ensuring the product diversity of staple The first action shall be taken is to systematically
constitute a summary of strategy paper proposed in land and water, including forest and food cultivation and guaranteeing its set up the food distribution system. Indonesia
the framework of improving the performance of food marine as food sources. quality and soundness. must have a systematic and proper database and
systems and practices in Indonesia. food distribution knowledge management. Detailed
Government must ensure inclusive access to land Locally-based resource food diversity is a key information about the actors in the food supply
and water as food sources. Access to food sources factor in achieving national food security. Hence chain, from farmers to consumers, must be made
is a top priority for the community, men and women, the utilization of local genetic resources must be available and transparent to all food stakeholders in
1
Mainstreaming Indonesia Sustainable especially indigenous communities. In case of land conducted. These genetic resources have been Indonesia.
Food System (ISFS) towards or water conflict, including conflict with protected adapting to the environment thus having a relatively
Governmental Policy. areas, access to food must remain be a priority. high level of compatibility and resilience toward
Food is fundamental need thus the fulfilment shall various factors related to its growth.
8
Indonesia must have a sustainable food system that be guaranteed. Making sustainable food consumption
is applicable, suitable and adequate to the conditions Each district/city in Indonesia must set a target of as the top-of-mind and lifestyle of
of food practices in this country. The implementation “basic need” for food as physical needs or public Indonesian people.
of the ISFS must be based on eight principles of health. Sketchily, the target of food diversity and
sustainable food (shared goals, holistic, inclusive, Empowering the concept of sustainable quantity is derived from the diversity of “Fill my plate Consumption patterns, including food, are largely
local, interdependence, food life cycle, environmental
and natural resource system, and sustainability) in
a consistent and sustainable manner. The Indonesia
4 production in the collection, cultivation,
processing and management, storage
and reserve, as well as logistics and
locally” (“My Plate” initiative by the Government of
Indonesia). The need of such basic food must be
available and prioritized. Beyond this need, districts/
determined by perception (top-of-mind) and
lifestyle. Thus, a massive promotion is required for
transformation in order to enable sustainable food
Sustainable Food System and its principles as well distribution of food. cities may determine food for other reasons, such as consumption be the top-of-mind in food preferences
as various attributes must be incorporated into a for recreational need and as commodity. and viral lifestyle in society.
formal policy of the Government of the Republic of Sustainable or responsible production consists of
Indonesia in the form of Governmental Regulation or several fundamental elements, i.e. non-polluting,
6
Presidential Regulation. energy and resource efficent, economically viable,
caring for labor safety, producing safe products and Development of “granary” networks Implementing the hierarchy of
services for consumers. (real and virtual) based on local wisdom.
9 management in food loss and waste
consistently at each stage of the food
2
Optimizing the utilization of local food In the context of food cultivation, a sustainable In order to ensure the sustainable food availability life cycle to prevent and minimize the
germplasm and ensuring the availability production system shall have high level of which should be any time accessible, there is a need amount of food loss and waste.
of land and water for food. productivity so as posses a good economic viability. to develop local wisdom-base food storage network
The production system shall also be shifted (real and virtual) at different levels of community/ An ideal food system must able to create a closed
Indonesia has 77 types of carbohydrate-resource from chemical to organic base in order to reduce administrative (village, sub-district, district, region, loop (from cradle to cradle), so as there will be no
food plants but only been focusing at only two plants: environmental impacts. The implementation of province, large island, and national). Within the in vain food loss and waste. Food loss and waste
rice and corn. In the same way, Indonesia has 26 precision farming which enables to provide inputs storage network, an integrated and real time should be preventable, in case of already becoming
types of beans but solely been focusing at soybean. and informations regarding the most suitable information exchange of food reserve from each waste, it should be able to make use of it or to return
This situation has to be radically changed. Including agriculture operation are expected to be able to “granary” will be the backbone of national “granary” it back to the food system.
herbs and spices, Indonesia has 945 species of food reduce the use of resources and energy in the form of network system.
resource plants available for utilization. Such kind of agricultural facilities and infrastructures. At the side For this particular reason, a quantitative information
diversity should be optimized, not extinguished as of cultivating farmers, the production and operation on food must be available at each stage of its life
7
it has been so far. Aborting the genetic diversity of system shall provide a high level of prevention and cycle. Food material balance needs to be carefully
local food resources is a slowly suicidal attempt for protection against labor safety risks, chemically, Ensuring the realization of a fair food prepared in order to understand precisely the flow of
national food security. mechanically, ergonomically, as well as other risks. price on each value chain. food along with its quantity and behavior. Such food
The last one is, the agriculture products produced material balance constitutes basic information that
shall be in good quality and safe for consumption. Factually, dozens of millions of food farmers in must be available in order to obtain information on
Indonesia are quite vulnerable in terms of bargaining the amount of food loss and waste.
position regarding the trade of food commodity they
produce. Almost similar condition has happened
to food consumers, particularly those with middle-
lower incomes. These groups are vulnerable to the
fluctuation of food prices. As the actors and the very
stakeholders are powerless against fair trade.
10 11
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Chapter 1
Introduction
Background 14
Food Stakeholders Forum 15
Methodology in Drafting the Strategy Paper 16
Sustainability Accelerator Tools 17
Vision of “Wise Foodways of the Archipelago” 18
Complexity of Food System 19
Generic Causal Loop Diagram of Food System 22
Causal Loop Diagram of Whole Food System and Leverage Points 24
List of Innovations from Food Stakeholders Workshop 26
The process of tapping palm sugar palm juice in Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi • (Photo: Hartaty)
12 13
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Background Food Stakeholders
Forum
“ The National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and the SWITCH Asia Local Harvest project
consortium have initiated the establishment of stakeholder forum for Sustainable Food System in
One of the expected outputs of this initiative is
successful lobbying and effcient advocacy through
The stakeholders forum is expected to be able to
improve coordination and collaboration among
”
Indonesia. a national and local platform involving all key actors related stakeholders, to become a sharing place of
and stakeholders in the food system in Indonesia. knowledge, experiences and best practices in food
Food becomes one of Sustainable Development EP) Indonesia. This project is supported by the In order to achieve the set targets, an integrated system as well as to provide inputs to government in
Goals (SDGs)’ elements, specifically SDGs 2, i.e. European Union. planning and inter-sector cooperation relevant to the framework of formulating policies and executing
to end hunger, to achieve food security and to food system are needed. programs related to food system.
improve nutrition as well as to promote sustainable The general objective of this project is to contribute
agriculture. to economic welfare and to end poverty in Indonesia This is in line with Hivos’ strategy and plan to In the context of formulating the stakeholders forum
by promoting the transition towards responsible develop and/or strengthen a food system-related on Pangan Bijak Nusantara, a number of workshops
In order to achieve these goals, 5 measurable targets consumption and sustainable- healthy-fair and local stakeholders forum, both locally and nationally, have been held with the participation of relevant
have been set through 20 indicators, namely: food production by consumers and MSMEs. in order to promote local–fair-healthy – and - food stakeholders.
• to end hunger and malnutrition sustainable food system, or we call it Pangan Bijak
• to double agricultural productivity Whereas the specific objectives of the project are: Nusantara (Wise Foodways of the Archipelago).
• to ensure sustainable food farming
• to manage genetic diversity, and • A significant transition in consumption patterns
• to enhance agricultural productive capacity. towards sustainable and ethically obtained
food products in Indonesia which is driven by
There are several food related SDGs, however in this increasing consumer knowledge and awareness
document we underline two most relevant ones, about the impacts of food choices they make.
namely Zero Hunger of SDG 2 and Responsible
Consumption and Production of SDG 12. In order • The capacity enhancement of MSMEs and
to support these two SDGs, Hivos implements the producers – including women and indigenous
Activity participants of the Indonesian Sustainable Food System Stakeholder workshop Forum • (Photo: Ario Tranggono)
SWITCH Asia Local Harvest Project in partnership communities – to enter the market, as well as
with WWF Indonesia, Indigenous Peoples’ Alliance lucrative policies for implementing responsible
of the Archipelago (AMAN), Association for Women consumption and production practices in food
in Small Business Assistance (ASPPUK), and Non- sector.
Timber Forest Product – Exchange Program (NTFP-
North Kalimantan
North Sumatera
West Kalimantan
Riau
Southeast Sulawesi
West Java South Sulawesi
DKI. Jakarta
Central Java
DI. Yogyakarta
Local Harvest Project Activity Areas
• Districts: 14 districts in 8 provinces in Indonesia, including the Provinces of North Sumatra,
Riau, West Java, Central Java, West Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, Southeast Sulawesi and
South Sulawesi
• City: Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Medan and Makassar
14 15
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Methodology in Drafting Sustainability
the Strategy Paper Accelerator Tools
The drafting of this strategy paper was kicked off In this paper the food life cycle concept is adjusted to Indicators > Systems > Innovation > Strategy
by organizing workshops involving relevant food the actual conditions of Indonesia. In turn, this food
stakeholders. The workshops applied Sustainability life cycle will be implemented in order to formulate
Accelerator Tool, a sustainability-based approach that Indonesia Sustainable Food System or ISFS, a food Indicators Strategy
has been commonly used in numerous workshops system compatible with local condition in Indonesia
in various sectors such as business, academic, orienting towards sustainable development, holistic
governmental and civil society organizations. approach and local diversity.
In exploring the issues arised during the workshops In general, the ISFS has three main components, i.e.
as well as in order to enrich the outlook, in-depth principles of sustainable food, preconditions and
interviews with resource persons and experts in interactions in the food system, as well as outputs
food sector had been conducted. Furthermore, in and impacts of the food system.
order to strenghthen the information and inputs,
analysis toward reports and various presentation The main issues of food that had been identified
materials regarding current issues on food, including are grouped in each stages of compatible life-cycle.
the presentation regarding the drafting of 2020-2024 Based on the issues, relevant food strategies and
Indonesian National Medium-Term Development innovations then be developed. These strategies and
Plan had been conducted. The output of the three innovations are also arranged based on each food
activities is a list of main issues of national food. life cycle stages.
In-depth interviews and consultations, among others Various strategies and innovations that had been
with resource persons and experts from National drafted during the Food Stakeholders Workshop
Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), National become one of inputs in formulating the strategies Systems Innovation
Food Security Agency (BKP), Competence Authority and innovations in this paper. Such innovations can
for Food Safety (OKKP), Human Nutrition Research be introduced as priority programs to improve the
Center of University of Indonesia, Policy Laboratory performance of food management in Indonesia. Sustainability accelerator tool was applied to The result is a causal diagram for each stream.
for Food Development and Inclusive Agriculture facilitate workshops with stakeholders. The stages Systems thinking experts then integrated the four
of Bappenas, Indigenous Peoples’ Alliance of the The final part is the drawing up 2020-2024 roadmap of activities in applying the tool are: diagrams into a generic causal diagram.
Archipelago (AMAN), Global Alliance for Improved for National Sustainable Food consisting food
Nutrition (GAIN) Indonesia, KEHATI Foundation, and milestone to achieve, strategic activities to conduct, • Visioning: To set a shared vision that will serve • Innovation: This stage was initiated by defining
the Department of Community Nutrition of Bogor and key indicators to measure anually. as an ideal goal approved uninamously by all the most efficient leverage point that is able to
Agricultural Institute. workshop participants. This shared vision will change the behavior of the system. Interventions
become the ultimate ideal goal of sustainable delivering the best advantage and have a major
food system in Indonesia. The vision agreed is impact on the system are then formulated by
Pangan Bijak Nusantara (Wise Foodways of the listing the most relevant innovations. At this stage,
Archipelago). the most influential actors in the implementation
of innovations are being mapped by applying
Stakeholder Workshop applying Main Issues of Food Life-Cycle • Indicators: To define key indicators (variables) Amoeba Metaphor.
Sustainability Accelerator Tools National Food based on Sustainability Compass that splits
• Visioning participants into four streams, i.e. Nature, • Strategy: The process of strategy formulation
• Indicators (Variables) Economy, Well-being, and Society. In accordance is basically a systematic effort to realize an
• Systems Analysis with their area of expertise and experience, the applicable and efficient vision of “Wise Foodways
• Innovation
workshop participants then were asked to split of the Archipelago”. The core strategy was
• Strategy
Indonesia’s Sustainable into four streams in order for them to draft nine then incorporated into 2020-2024 Indonesia
In-depth Interview with resource Food System key variables for each stream. Pyramid Metaphor Sustainable Food Roadmap, as well as the
persons in food sector had already been used at this stage. milestone and annual achievement stages.
Strategy & Innovation
Analysis toward reports and • Systems Analysis: To formulate causal loop
various presentation materials 2020 - 2024 diagrams by using system thinking approach
regarding current issues on food Food Roadmap
in order to visualize the causal relation and
complexity of food system for each and all
streams including identifying the leverage points.
16 17Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Vision of Complexity of
“Wise Foodways of the Archipelago” Food System
“ The vision of Pangan Bijak Nusantara (Wise Foodways of the Archipelago) is the realization of a fair, Food system contains high complexity. Interaction for visualization to represent interactions, feedbacks,
”
respecting local wisdom, and sustainable food sovereignty for all Indonesian people. and interdependence among food actors and and behaviors of the interactions itself. The tools
stakeholders can be very intense. Decision taken used in the modelling are qualitative in character.
The Vision of Pangan Bijak Nusantara is a common In order to operationalize, the vision needs to be by one party will have effects to the other, and vice However, in the future, quantitative models using
ideal goal that must be actualized by all food actors interpreted into some operational criteria for each of versa. In general, the complex behavior as complex system dynamics approach can be further developed
and stakeholders in Indonesia. By applying a back- keywords in the above vision statement. At the table system has counter-intuitive character. In order based on the previous model.
casting planning approach, the vision becomes a below, you can see the definition of each operational to have better understanding of such complexity,
pull factor for the development and execution of criteria of the vision. linear system model cannot accurately represent the In the framework of creating a food system model,
food policies, programs and events. It serves as actual state of the food system. the workshop participants selected at least nine
the direction for all food activities in Indonesia at of the most important variables for each stream
each stage of food life cycles. Thus, in this context, In order to gain understanding regarding interactions (nature, economy, society, and well-being). Out of
planning must be initiated by making the final goal within a food system, system thinking approach is the four streams, based on existing phenomena in
as the initial (begin with the end-in-mind). to utilize. This approach uses a causal loop diagram the real world, a causal diagram of food system in
Indonesia was created.
Systems Thinking Variables
Vision
Vision Operational Criteria
Keywords
Nature
• State chooses and stipulates local food as the main food resource in Indonesia.
Sovereignty Responsible consumption and Water protection, Management of Biodiversity & ecosystem
• Local governments and communities choose food from each region in order to meet
production scarcity protection
food needs in the region, in accordance with characteristics of available food resources.
Knowledge and capacity of local Enabling policy and institutional
Ecosystem resilience
producer framework
• Food is available in sufficient quantities when needed.
Soil health Land use restoration Climate change resilience
• Food is available within the reach of the consumers (reachable).
• Food is purchasable by consumers at affordable price. Economy
Fairness
• Food price is reasonable (fair trade along the food value chain).
• Food available in diversity, good quality, safe, healthy, fresh and cultural/religious value Standardized products Area of cultivation land Human resource quality
conformed. Value added of agricultural
Technology utilization Food research and development
products
• Food crop cultivation uses local food superior seeds and germplasm. Farmers’ well-being Food production Raw material availability
• Food collection, particularly from forest and marine, applying values of local wisdom
embraced in the region. Logistic cost
• Food management throughout its life cycle also uses proven superiority of local
Local Wisdom
approaches and technology.
Society
• Food management empowers local social capital (social groups, institutions, gender Consumer awareness towards
diversity, etc.) Access to livelihood resources Fair selling price on farmers level
local food products
• Food consumption prioritizes local resource food diversity.
Local wisdom Women’s role Farmer capacity
• State must ensure the availability of sustainable food land in accordance with the Farmers’ prosperity Local product diversification
needs of food cultivation and collection from forest and marine.
• State ensures access for indigenous peoples around forest and marine areas to gather Well-being
food materials wisely. Forest and marine as food sources must be conserved by all Food consumption quality Quality of health human resources Number of young farmers
Sustainable
stakeholders.
• Food cultivation applies concept of precision farming or sustainable production. Positive experience regarding
Safe food availability Health literacy of family members
• The concept of consumption pattern is responsible consumption, which is healthy, healthy food
diverse, local and sustainable. Consumer awareness Consumer access Malnutrition
18 19Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Complexity of
Food System
diversification
of local food
The following four causal loop diagrams describe one A simple illustration below describes that a decision Society products in the
among the complexities of real-world interactions taken can cause unexpected system behavior or even market
phenomena, which are called feedback loop. There opposite to the expectation of the policy makers.
is a loop with reinforcing character or unidirectional supply chain
market demand
(marked by notation R for Reinforcement). The basic It is crucial for food actors and stakeholders to for local
products
behavior of this loop is to supply growth. There is understand this complexity. Intensive multi-party selling price at
farmer level consumer
also a loop with balancing (marked by notation B dialogues for the whole food life cycles is one of access to
awareness diversification of
for Balancing), which is the opposite of R. If in one key factors which at the end able to make decisions standard/quality towards local local food products livelihood
of local food food products resources
system there are R loop and B loop with balanced with positive impacts regarding food performance in products
numbers then the resultant can have oscillating Indonesia. local wisdom
character or in the long run can have stagnant farmer’s
income
character. farmer’s prosperity
production cost
conversion of
sales of food farmer’s farmer’s farm land women’s role
products capacity resilience farmer’s land
Nature fertilizer price local farming
system food
land production
fertilizer superior hybrid productivity
subsidy seeds introduction soil fertility
producer’s prosperity
knowledge ecosystem
resilience
fertilizer usage by
farmers
food production
water
management
adaptability of producer
food security to consumer needs
Well-Being level of carbohydrate
consumption
apt
level of protein
management food demand consumption
quality of diversity of food
people’s health available
level of fruits
consumer and vegetables number of safe food
quality of health family mealtime awareness consumption providers
soil health education
GHGs emission population
the number of positive diversity of food quality of
professionalism level of experiences related to availability of safe food
health workers consumption school canteen
healthy food consumption
quality quality of
of health information
workers food safety
level of parents’ received by practice
Economy
(mother and society of healthy quality of food
father) education lifestyle consumption
health literacy
among family time to cook dishes
access to members
logistic cost farming inputs maternal food sufficiency for area of the land
agency family members
prevalence of non-
communicable diseases food
parenting stunting price
population farmer’s practice stimulation (malnutrition) food availability
area of land prosperity for children numbers prevalence people’s purchasing
food selling price tenure by farmer R power food production
food production growth of healthy
children
income/ peoples’
amount of wage level prevalence of prosperity number of
demand for food workforce budget allocation for
contagious food consumption farmers
products availability level of diseases
production community
technology awareness clean
food consumption utilization cost lifestyle nutritional number of
food research & quality of farmer young farmers
food availability development waste disposal families
environmental
value added of sanitation
availability of agricultural products farmer’s
urbanization
raw material maternal and
quality of human child mortality prosperity
resources rate
standardized
products
farmer’s farmer’s
income business scale
20 21Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Generic Causal Loop
Diagram of Food System
In general, food sovereignty will be achieved when national food demand. The national food demand consumption as well (Loop B2). Food consumption production will be in line with the rise of farmers’
the condition of food security is accomplished by arises due to population factor in Indonesia. will determine the quality of life of Indonesian people. incomes and their prosperity. Factor of farmers’
food supply being fulfilled from domestic resources (R4 loop). prosperity then will be the pull factor for people to
and not depend on other countries. At the causal loop Food availability then defines the food consumption, become farmers, leading to increase the number
diagram, food security is conceived as the variable and food consumption reduces the food stock (Loop It is also visible that food stock increases due of farmers (Loop R1). This farmers’ prosperity will
of food availability. The concept of food availability B1). Food availability also determines food prices, to food production factor. Food production is specify the land area owned by farmers that will
constitutes a ratio between national food stocks and consumer affordability, and finally determines food determined by the number of farmers, the area of serve as the food production factor (Loop R2).
farm land, and the land productivity. At general, food The farmers’ prosperity will also improve the land
productivity through allocation of the cost for food
research and development (Loop R3).
carrying capacity W sub
of the ecosystem model
R
B
people’s purchase
food affordability
production (E,
S, N, W) national food
food consumption (E)
stocks B
price of the food (W)
area of farmer’s
land tenure (E)/ productivity of land B
farm land (S)/
area of land (W) level of income/ wage Food
(E) / farmers’ income food availability Security (N)
R (S, W) (W, E)
food research
number of and development
farmers (W) R
(E)
number of demand
R for food products (E)
farmers’ / food demand (N)
prosperity (E, S,
W) / prosperity (N)
population (E, N)
22 2324
Some leverage points have been identified from the
overall food system. The leverage points are the
location of intervention expected to provide the most
efficient result in order to improve the performance
of food system in Indonesia.
adaptability of producer
to consumer needs (W)
quality of
people’s health diversity of food
(W) available
family mealtime consumer (W) number of safe food
quality of health (W) awareness (W) providers (W)
education (W)
the number of positive
professionalism level of experiences related to healthy diversity of food availability of safe food
health workers (W) food consumption (W) consumption (W) (W)
quality quality of
of health information food safety
level of parents’ workers (W) received by practice (W)
Causal Loop Diagram of Whole
(mother and society (W) of healthy quality of food
father) education lifestyle (W) consumption (W)
(W) health literacy
among family time to cook dishes
Food System and Leverage Points
members (W) (W)
maternal food sufficiency for
agency (W) prevalence of family members (W)
non-communicable
parenting diseases (W) stunting
practice (W) stimulation (malnutrition)
for children numbers prevalence (W) people’s purchasing
growth (W) of healthy R power (W)
children
(W) food
price (W)
peoples’
prevalence of prosperity (W) Leverage Points of Well-being
budget allocation for
contagious food consumption (W) 1. Access for consumers, food
level of diseases (W)
community diversity, food sufficiency &
awareness (W) clean safe food consumption.
lifestyle 2. Farmer’s business scale and
(W)
waste disposal farmer’s income.
(W) environmental
sanitation (W)
Leverage Points of Society
1. Local wisdom and local food
products diversification. value added of
2. Consumer awareness towards sales of food agricultural products (E)
local food products. products (S)
3. Food production and selling of quality of human
agricultural products. resources (E)
nutritional
4. Superior hybrid seeds quality of farmer
introduction. food families (W)
standardized research & production
5. Farmer’s capacity development fertilizer price (S)
products (E) cost (E, S)
(E)
food availability
(W, E) access to
farming inputs technology
(E) utilization (E)
availability of
supply chain (S) raw material (E) farmer’s income/wage level (E)/ fertilizer
business scale farmer’s income (S, W) subsidy (S)
population (E, N) area of land (W)
tenure by farmer
(E)/farmer’s land
(S)/area of the
amount of food selling price food production land (W) farmer’s prosperity farmer’s capacity
(E)/ selling price (E, S, N, W) (E, S, W)/prosperity
food demand for food (N) (S)/knowledge of
consumption products (E) / at farmer level (S) producer (N)
(E) food demand (N)
workforce conversion of
availability (E) farm land (S) farmer’s
number of resilience (S)
diversification GAP (Good farmers (W) urbanization
logistic cost (E) of local food (W)
Agriculture number of fertilizer usage by
products in the Practices) (E) young farmers
standard/quality market (S) (W) farmers (S)
of local food
products (S) women’s role (S)
market demand
for local diversification
products (S) of local food access to
consumer livelihood
awareness products (S) soil fertility (S)/
resources (S) soil health (N)
towards local
food products (S) local
wisdom (S)
land
productivity (S) local farming superior hybrid seeds
system (S) introduction (S)
food security (N)
Leverage Points of Nature
1. Technology utilization & access to natural resources.
2. Biodiversity & environmental protection, local product Leverage Points of Economy
diversification & consumer awareness. 1. Standardized products.
3. Land use & restoration, number of young farmers & 2. Value added of agricultural products.
knowledge & capacity of local product. 3. Food production, young farmers and local product
4. Safe food availability. diversification.
5. Consumer awareness. 4. Extension and optimization of farm land.
6. Water resource protection. 5. Knowledge and capacity enhancement for local producers’.
25
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food SystemStrategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
List of Innovations from
Food Stakeholders Workshop
Each leverage point in the food system causal loop The innovations are going to be applied as inputs to NO Innovations
diagram resulting several applicable innovations. formulate strategy in order to implement Indonesia
Sustainable Food System.
Encouraging consumers to process food and become producers for processed
15
food.
NO Innovations
Dissemination & promotion to urban communities regarding local & fresh food
16
products.
1 Development of urban farming technology.
17 Developing National Food Information System.
2 Standardization of local food products to be exportable.
18 Developing knowledge management of local food materials and its dissemination.
Intensification of land tenure, especially in urban areas, through optimizing unused
3 Increasing capacity food providers, in this case the entry points are the cooks/chefs
land for food farming. 19
of both professional and non-professional.
4 Applying smart agriculture or precision farming.
Procurement of healthy food in the food service sectors, retail industries as well as
20
online food retail through applications.
5 Revitalization and massive introduction of climate field schools.
Raising family consciousness by having a number of local food ambassadors for
21
6 Reviewing of Law on Land Use to further empower the actors of food production. each region and national level.
Protection for ecosystem and biodiversity to support the conservation of food 22 Selection for healthy food ambassadors at regional and national level.
7
germplasm.
23 Increasing capacity for street food vendors and school canteens.
Diversification of local food products along with intensive efforts to increase
8
consumer awareness of local food products. Creating added value for farmers, such as coffee farmers not only selling coffee
24
beans but also offering brewed coffee with baristas on-site at the farm.
Expanding the diversity of staple food resources, apart from rice, corn, and soybean,
9 Facilitating access to market and business networks for actors at food sector,
such as taro, sago, sorghum, etc. 25
particularly farmers and young actors.
10 Restoration and sustainable food land use. 26 Facilitating financial access for farmers and young farmers.
11 Increasing the number of young farmers as food producers. 27 Facilitating social entrepreneurship for food sector.
28 Campaigning to consumers and also socializing organic farming practice.
12 Increasing food start-ups throughout the whole stages of food life cycles.
Making use of local varieties in the form of cooperatives so as superior seeds
29
13 Increasing the knowledge and capacity to produce local processed food. sovereignty.
Developing physical and virtual germplasm banks and affiliate local food granaries
30
14 Incorporating peasants and land tillers as actors in food-related laws. via smart applications.
26 27Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Chapter 2
Sustainable Food as a Common Goal
Reviewing the National Food Practices 30
The Paradox of National Food 31
Mainstreaming towards Diverse Healthy Food 32
Mainstreaming towards Family-Based Diverse Healthy Food 33
Biodiversity-Based Food Sovereignty 34
Planning Process in Sustainable Food System 35
Role of Focal Points in National Food Planning 36
Variety of food products in traditional markets • (Photo: Ario Tranggono)
28 29Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Reviewing the National The Paradox of
Food Practices National Food
“ Food is the most basic need. Food is the source of human activity and growth. Food is inevitable. Food availability in Indonesia tends to have been
”
Life without food is impossible. Because food is the life itself. increasing in recent years. Even, recently, the Ministry
of Agriculture has been more and more encouraging
Nowadays, the food practices in Indonesia are relatively The “Isi Piringku” (My Plate initiative), a government the export of food commodities to various countries.
less sustainable. The existing practices are more program on healthy diets designed to support food Corn, horticulture and fruits are some of outstanding
production-oriented. Only quite a few types of foodstuffs diversity, becomes paralyzed due to lack of support from export commodities.
and commodities are being “pushed” into the market/ food suppliers and distributors.
consumer by producers. In other words, the system Unfortunately, this abundance is not followed by the
is more supply-oriented rather than demand-oriented. Pressure on food issues is also encumbered by the betterment of overall nutritional status of Indonesian
What has happened is food uniformity becoming an emerging of competition from the usage of food people. Risk associated to food dietary had been
inevitability. material as energy resources. The absence of policy increasing by 18.7% over the period of 2007-2017.
implementation that is truly prioritizing food materials as Triple Burden of Malnutrition (calorie and protein
Indonesia
Food production facilities and infrastructures tend to be food resources instead of as energy sources is severing deficiency, micronutrient deficiency, and excessive
unsustainable and are more chemical oriented rather the poor performance of national food system. calories) have also been haunting Indonesian
e Republic of
than organic farming, due to such kind of practice that citizens. Internationally, Global Hunger Index ranked
has been subsidized by the government. Accordingly, In Indonesia, it can be said, that unsynchronized inter- Indonesia at number 73rd among 119 countries
organic farming has become underdeveloped because ministrial/institutional coordination has been occurred. observed.
it will more costly. There is no harmonization of food management from
riculture of th
upstream to downstream. Mismanagement has already This paradox emerges from unsynchronized food
Food self-sufficiency has been most focusing on rice, happened in the upstream that the downstream will planning system. There is no connectedness
corn and soybean, thus accordingly most of agricultural surely be troubled. between upstream and downstream in the planning
Ministry of Ag
resources are exerted for these commodities only. In and implementation of food practices in Indonesia.
addition, the national food logistical and distribution The impact has been felt recently, amidst of abundance of Accordingly, the national food planning system
systems are also supporting such practices. Food food quantity which indicated by plenty of food supplies, must be changed comprehensively. Food planning
diversity has been marginalized while at the same time thus non-communicable diseases associated with shall begin with the end point, which is the target of
Data source:
dismissing local food potentials and its various wisdoms dietary risk is even becoming the highest risk factor for community nutritional status. From the target, then
that have been proven as high resilience. mortality and disability in Indonesia. Thus fundamental consumption pattern plan, logistics and distribution
shifting of food paradigm is needed in order to Indonesia plan, and sustainable food production can be derived.
be able to implement sustainable food system.
Aspect Recent Practice Sustainable Food System Mortality and Disability Risk Factors in Indonesia
2007-2017
Production Production oriented Nutrition fulfilment oriented for Indonesian people
Food products are ‘pulled’ to market/ consumer in Metabolic risks
Food products are ‘pushed’ into market/ accordance with nutritional needs. Environmental/occupational risks
consumers. Behavioral risks
Marketing and Distribution
Food promotion is focused on health (nutritional
Food product oriented promotion. needs) and sustainability (economic, social and
environmental) aspects. 2007 ranking 2017 ranking % change 2007-2017
Malnutrition 1 1 Dietary risks 18.7%
Dietary risks 2 2 High blood pressure 25.7%
Staple food and food materials with orientation
Diversity Rice, cord & soybean as staple food orientation. High blood pressure 3 3 High fasting plasma 50.6% Triple Burden of Malnutrition
toward diversity and local resources utilization.
Tobacco 4 glucose
High fasting plasma 5 4 Tobacco 17.3%
Subsidy for agricultural facilities and Subsidy for agricultural facilities and infrastructure 1. Calory and Protein Deficiency
glucose 5 Malnutrition -40.4%
Facility and Infrastructure infrastructure are oriented to uniformed are oriented to local superior seeds and organic
Air pullotion 6 6 High body-mass 65.4%
superior seeds and chemical fertilizers. farming practices. Hunger and Malnutrition
High body-mass 7 index Stunting 30.8%
index 7 Air pullotion -4.6% 17.7%
Land is limited; there is a clear separation between
Food resources as food and as commodity are food resources as a food source and as energy WaSH 8 8 High LDL 24.3%
Priority for food and policy Occupational risks 9 9 Occupational risks 6.4% 2. Micronutrient Deficiency
not clearly separated. and commodity sources, which chooses food as a
priority. High LDL 10 10 Impaired kidney 17.7%
function Anemia in Pregnant Women 48.9%
Imapaired kidney
Sustainable food as a shared goal; national and 11 3. Excessive Calory
Food policies have been separated base on function 11 WaSH -35.2%
local food planning and its implementations are
Policy sectors; coordination has been conducted
conducted integratedly; each stakeholder/actor Obesity in Adults
through coordination meetings. Data source: IHME, http://www.healthdata.org/results/ Obesity in Toddlers 8%
conduct a self-coordination. (age > 18 y.o.) 28.9%
country-profiles
30 31You can also read
