Impact of essential oils on the development of pathogens of the Fusarium genus and germination parameters of selected crops
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Open Chemistry 2021; 19: 884–893
Research Article
Monika Grzanka*, Łukasz Sobiech, Jakub Danielewicz, Joanna Horoszkiewicz-Janka,
Grzegorz Skrzypczak, Zuzanna Sawinska, Dominika Radzikowska, Stanisław Świtek
Impact of essential oils on the development
of pathogens of the Fusarium genus and
germination parameters of selected crops
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0079
received May 28, 2021; accepted July 30, 2021
1 Introduction
Abstract: Fungal pathogens can significantly reduce the Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) are
potential yield of agricultural crops, especially cereals. among the most important crops in the world [1]. The
One of the most dangerous are pathogens of the Fusarium potential yield of these plants is affected by disease
genus. They contribute to the infestation of plants, reduc- occurrence [2–4]. The harm due to fungal diseases affec-
tion of yields, and contamination of agricultural crops with ting crops is not limited to decrease in yield. Mycotoxins
mycotoxins, which are harmful to human beings and (the secondary metabolites of fungi) may appear in food.
animal health. The absence of active substances, the pro- Pathogens of the genus Fusarium are an important problem
blem of pathogen resistance to fungicides, and the pressure in wheat and maize cultivation [5,6]. The most known myco-
of society to limit the use of chemical plant protection toxins produced by the fungi belonging to the above-
products are the most important issues in agriculture. mentioned genus include deoxynivalenol (DON – produced
This has resulted in research aimed at finding natural mainly by F. culmorum and F. graminearum), nivalenol
methods to control plant pathogens gaining importance. (NIV – produced mainly by F. culmorum, F. cerealis, and
One of them is the use of essential oils. In laboratory F. graminearum), zearalenone (ZEA mainly produced by
experiments, clove essential oil and pine essential oil F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. cerealis, and F. culmorum),
were used. The influence of different concentrations of the
fumonisin B1 (mainly produced by F. proliferatum and
above-mentioned substances on the development of the
F. verticillioides), and T-2 toxin (mainly produced by
mycelium of Fusarium species (F. equiseti, F. poae, F. cul-
F. langsethiae, F. sporotrichioides, and F. poae) [7]. These
morum, and F. avenaceum) was analyzed and the germina-
mycotoxins have negative effects on human and animal
tion of wheat and maize seeds infected with the pathogens of
health [8–10].
the genus Fusarium was assessed. Clove oil significantly
Fusarium fungi are detected, inter alia, in soil and on
inhibited the growth of mycelium of the Fusarium species
crop residues [11,12]. They are also found on the surface and
and reduced germination parameters than pine oil.
inside the grain of cereals [13]. One of the ways to control
Keywords: plant disease, seed soaking, wheat, maize pathogens of the genus Fusarium during the cultivation of
wheat and maize is seed treatments [14,15]. Another method
is soaking the grain in different solutions [16]. Fusarium
species which can be often found in wheat and maize plan-
* Corresponding author: Monika Grzanka, Faculty of Agronomy, tations include, among others, F. culmorum, F. equiseti,
Horticulture and Bioengineering, Agronomy Department, Poznań
F. avenaceum, and F. poae [17–19]. One of the diseases that
University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan,
Poland, e-mail: monika.grzanka@up.poznan.pl can be caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium is seedling
Łukasz Sobiech, Grzegorz Skrzypczak, Zuzanna Sawinska, blight [20,21]. These pathogens also contribute to the occur-
Dominika Radzikowska, Stanisław Świtek: Faculty of Agronomy, rence of Fusarium stem rot, leaf spot caused by Fusarium,
Horticulture and Bioengineering, Agronomy Department, Poznań Fusarium head blight, and Fusarium stalk rot [22–24].
University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan,
Farmers will need to increase crop production, either
Poland
Jakub Danielewicz, Joanna Horoszkiewicz-Janka: Department of
by increasing the amount of agricultural land to grow
Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, crops or by enhancing productivity on existing agricultural
Władysława Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland lands by adopting new methods of plant protection [25].
Open Access. © 2021 Monika Grzanka et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License.
Impact of essential oils of the Fusarium genus and seed germination 885
It has to be mentioned here that the presence of pests reduces pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (from a commercial source – Etja,
yield significantly [26]. At the same time, more and more Elbląg, Poland) mixed with ethoxylated rapeseed oil
attention is now paid on the responsible use of chemical (Rokacet RZ17, PCC group, BrzegDolny, Poland) in a 4:1
products that end up in the environment and on food safety ratio. For the experiment F. equiseti, F. culmorum, F. poae,
[27]. The selection of weeds, pathogens, and pests resistant and F. avenaceum cultures isolated from wheat kernels of
to the used active substances of plant protection products the highest pathogenicity, selected in greenhouse tests,
becomes another problem [28–30]. Natural alternatives to were used. (Cultures are part of the collection of Depart-
synthetic agents are needed [31–33]. However, biopesticides ment Mycology.) The essential oils were tested in four
constitute only a small part of the plant protection doses: 5 × 103, 10 × 103, 15 × 103, and 20 × 103 ppm. The
market [34]. tested essential oils were added to a sterile PDA medium
Essential oils are examples of plant protection pro- cooled to 45°C in such amounts to obtain the appropriate
ducts of natural origin [35]. In some research papers, concentrations. Around 18 ml of the medium was poured
authors have described essential oils as potential herbi- into each petri dish with a diameter of 90 mm. Discs of
cides [36]. Other studies indicate the possibility of their individual fungus cultures with a diameter of 4 mm were
use for repelling pests [37]. Work is also underway to use placed on the solidified medium in Petri dishes in their
them as insecticides [38]. The results of the experiments central part. The control combination was pure PDA
also indicate the potential possibility of using them as medium (no essential oil added). The plates were incu-
fungicides [39,40]. Some research found essential oils bated at 20°C under controlled conditions in a binder
useful in the control of Fusarium pathogens [41]. chamber. Assessment was made by measuring the linear
Essential oils are volatile substances obtained by growth of the mycelium. The experiment was performed
various methods from many parts of plants, including in two series, each time in three replications and incu-
flowers, fruits, stems, bark, leaves, and roots [42]. They bated at 20°C for 10 days. The results are presented as
contain many bioactive compounds that have antimicrobial the mean value. Statistical analysis was performed and
and antioxidant properties [43–46], and show bacteriostatic photographic documentation was made (Figures 1–4).
activity [47]. Essential oils have, in their composition, large The data obtained in the experiment were subjected to
amounts of terpenoids, occurring in the form of sesquiter- analysis of variance (ANOVA), and then to Tukey’s pro-
penes and for the most part in the form of monoterpenes tected LSD test with a probability level of 0.05.
[48]. Monoterpenes belong to the group of isoprenoids [49].
In plants, essential oils have various functions like, among
others, protect against pests and parasites, function as sig-
naling devices for insects, and inhibit the growth of other 2.2 Rolled towel test
plant species [50]. They are insoluble in water, but they dis-
solve in ether, alcohol, and fixed oils [51]. Essential oils are The research was carried out in the laboratory of the
commonly used in aromatherapy [52]. They find their use as Department of Agronomy at the Poznań University of
preservatives and as active substances in cosmetics [53].
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of
selected essential oils and their efficacy in Fusarium genus
mycelium growth control and their influence on the germi-
nation of wheat and maize seeds infected with Fusarium
pathogens.
2 Methods
2.1 Effects of essential oils on in vitro fungal
growth Figure 1: Fusarium equiseti cultures on medium with the addition of
essential oils: control: (1) clove essential oil, (2–5) (5 × 103, 10 × 103,
The research material consisted of two essential oils: clove 15 × 103, and 20 × 103 ppm); pine essential oil (6–9) (5 × 103,
(Eugenia caryophyllus (Spreng.) Bullock & SG Harriso) and 10 × 103, 15 × 103, and 20 × 103 ppm).
886 Monika Grzanka et al.
Figure 2: Fusarium culmorum cultures on medium supplemented Figure 4: Fusarium avenaceum cultures on the medium with the
with essential oils: control: (1) clove essential oil, (2–5) (5 × 103, addition of essential oils: control: (1) clove essential oil, (2–5)
10 × 103, 15 × 103, and 20 × 103 ppm); pine essential oil (6–9) (5 × 103, 10 × 103, 15 × 103, and 20 × 103 ppm); pine essential
(5 × 103, 10 × 103, 15 × 103, and 20 × 103 ppm). oil (6–9) (5 × 103, 10 × 103, 15 × 103, and 20 × 103 ppm).
F. avenaceum, and F. poae. The resulting mycelia and
spores were then filtered through several layers of sterile
cheese cloth into a sterile glass bottle containing 250 ml
sterile distilled water plus 0.1% of surfactant. The conidial
suspension of each fungal strain was then homogenized with
a magnetic stirrer for 5 min (spore concentration – 4 mln/ml).
For plant inoculation, surface-sterilized seeds were soaked
in the conidial suspension of Fusarium spp. fungal strain
[55]. Bottles containing the soaking seeds were kept for
24 h in the dark at 25°C. After this time, the rolled towel
test was started. The control sample consisted of seeds that
had not been soaked in any more solution. In the next
combination, the seeds were soaked for 8 min in distilled
Figure 3: Fusarium poae cultures on medium with the addition of
essential oils: control sample: (1) clove essential oil, (2–5) (5 × 103,
water, the remaining ones in essential oil solutions of vari-
10 × 103, 15 × 103, and 20 × 103 ppm); pine essential oil ous doses (5 × 103, 10 × 103, 15 × 103, and 20 × 103 ppm).
(6–9) (5 × 103, 10 × 103, 15 × 103, and 20 × 103 ppm). The test was performed in triplicate for each species, and
25 seeds were used in each replication. The rolls were
placed in a thermostatic cabinet, ensuring constant humi-
Life Sciences. The rolled towel test uses the same oils dity (70%) at a temperature of 21°C. After 4 days from the
mixed with ethoxylated rapeseed oil as in the experiment beginning of the experiment, the germination energy of
carried out on Petri dishes. seeds was determined. After 7 days from the beginning
In the experiment, the influence of the two essential of the research, the germination capacity of seeds, the
oils on the energy and germination capacity of grains, length of the shoots and seedling roots were assessed.
the length of shoots and roots, and the health of maize On the basis of the collected results, the vigor index was
(Zea mays L.) seedlings (PR39H3 variety) and winter determined: vigor index = [seedling length (cm) × germi-
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings (Arkadia variety) nation (%)]. Additionally, the infection on the surface of
was assessed. In the rolled towel test, which was set up grains and seedlings by fungal pathogens was visually
with the use of filter paper, seeds inoculated with fungi assessed. The data obtained in the experiment were sub-
of the genus Fusarium were used. Seed inoculation was jected to ANOVA, and then to Tukey’s protected LSD test
carried out according to the Jaber and Enkerli metho- with a probability level of 0.05.
dology [54]. Fungal conidia were harvested under sterile
conditions by gently scraping the surface of 21-day-old Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to
sporulating cultures of Fusarium: F. culmorum, F. equiseti, either human or animal use.
Impact of essential oils of the Fusarium genus and seed germination 887
3 Results oil contributed to the complete inhibition of germination
of corn seeds (Table 2).
The highest statistically significant level of maize seed-
3.1 Effects of essential oils on in vitro
ling root length was recorded for the control (untreated
fungal growth objects) and combinations in which the seeds were soaked
in distilled water and solutions of 15 × 103 and 20 × 103 ppm
The use of clove essential oil in all the tested concentra- of pine oil. The longest maize seedlings shoot and the
tions inhibited the development of the tested pathogens highest vigor index level was observed in the control
in 100% (Table 1). When pine essential oil was added, its (untreated) sample, combinations in which seeds were
efficacy depended on the dose of the substance and the soaked in distilled water, and in the combinations where
species of fungus. The increase in the concentration of the pine oil in concentrations 10 × 103, 15 × 103, and 20 ×
essential oil led to an increase in its efficacy (Figures 1–4). 103 ppm was tested. Soaking the seeds in clove essential
The lowest efficacy of this compound was observed for oil contributed the most to lowering the vigor index
F. avenaceum mycelium growth control. In the case of value. The above-mentioned observations were statisti-
F. equiseti, F. culmorum, and F. poae, none of the doses of cally confirmed (Table 3).
pine essential oil resulted in inhibition of mycelium growth The highest statistically significant level of germina-
at the level of statistical significance equal to the combina- tion energy of winter wheat seeds was observed in control
tions in which the clove essential oil was used. objects (untreated), combinations in which seeds were
soaked in distilled water and combinations where pine
oil was tested in concentrations 15 × 103 and 20 ×
3.2 Rolled towel test 103 ppm. The highest values of germination capacity
of winter wheat seeds were observed in the untreated
The highest statistically significant level of germination objects (controls), combinations in which the seeds were
energy of maize seeds was observed for the control soaked in distilled water and solutions of 10 × 103, 15 ×
object, combinations in which the seeds were soaked in 103, and 20 × 103 ppm of pine oil were added. Soaking
distilled water and in the combinations where the lowest winter wheat seeds in solutions containing clove oil com-
concentration of clove oil and 5 × 103, 10 × 103, and 15 × pletely inhibited their germination (Table 4).
103 ppm of pine oil. The highest values of germination The highest statistically significant level of root length
of maize seeds were observed in the untreated objects was found in winter wheat seedlings, in a combination
(controls), combinations in which the seeds were soaked where seeds were soaked in distilled water. The longest
in distilled water and solutions of 10 × 103 and 15 × shoots of seedlings and the vigor index were recorded for
103 ppm of pine oil were added. The above-mentioned combinations where the seeds were soaked in distilled
observations were statistically confirmed. Soaking the water and solutions of 20 × 103 ppm of pine oil. Inhibition
seeds in solutions of 15 × 103 and 20 × 103 ppm of clove of seed germination in combinations in which clove
Table 1: Mycelium development after the application of essential oils
Surface of the mycelium (cm)
No. Treatment Dose (ppm) Fusarium equiseti Fusarium culmorum Fusarium poae Fusarium avenaceum
1 Control — 4.60 ± 0.00a 4.60 ± 0.00a 4.60 ± 0.00a 4.60 ± 0.00a
2 Clove essential oil 5 × 103 0.00 ± 0.00e 0.00 ± 0.00e 0.00 ± 0.00e 0.00 ± 0.00f
3 10 × 103 0.00 ± 0.00e 0.00 ± 0.00e 0.00 ± 0.00e 0.00 ± 0.00f
4 15 × 103 0.00 ± 0.00e 0.00 ± 0.00e 0.00 ± 0.00e 0.00 ± 0.00f
5 20 × 103 0.00 ± 0.00e 0.00 ± 0.00e 0.00 ± 0.00e 0.00 ± 0.00f
6 Pine essential oil 5 × 103 4.60 ± 0.00a 3.44 ± 0.18b 4.25 ± 0.12b 4.29 ± 0.19b
7 10 × 103 2.31 ± 0.27b 1.44 ± 0.21c 1.43 ± 0.12c 3.13 ± 0.21c
8 15 × 103 0.66 ± 0.08c 0.60 ± 0.06d 0.38 ± 0.22d 2.38 ± 0.31d
9 20 × 103 0.49 ± 0.17d 0.48 ± 0.13d 0.30 ± 0.00d 1.45 ± 0.29e
LSD (0.05) 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.26
a–f: different letters indicate statistically different mean LSD (p = 0.05) = value from the last line.888 Monika Grzanka et al.
Table 2: Effect of essential oils on the germination energy and germination capacity of maize seeds
No. Treatment Dose (ppm) Germination energy (%) Germination capacity (%)
1 Control — 66.7 ± 12.2ab
86.3 ± 5.7a
2 Seeds soaked in distilled water — 65.3 ± 15.1ab 83.7 ± 12.0ab
3 Clove essential oil 5 × 103 71.7 ± 3.5a 75.3 ± 7.5bc
4 10 × 103 5.3 ± 4.6c 5.3 ± 4.6d
5 15 × 103 0.0 ± 0.0c 0.0 ± 0.0d
6 20 × 103 0.0 ± 0.0c 0.0 ± 0.0d
7 Pine essential oil 5 × 103 68.0 ± 4.0ab 68.0 ± 4.0c
8 10 × 103 64.7 ± 5.0ab 78.3 ± 5.7abc
9 15 × 103 64.0 ± 4.0ab 78.7 ± 12.2abc
10 20 × 103 54.7 ± 15.1b 73.3 ± 4.6bc
LSD (0.05) 14.62 10.92
a–d: different letters indicate statistically different mean LSD (p = 0.05) = value from the last line.
Table 3: Effect of essential oils on the length of roots and shoots of seedlings and the vigor index of maize seedlings
No. Treatment Dose (ppm) Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Vigor index
1 Control — 1.86 ± 1.33a
1.52 ± 0.94a
130.67 ± 80.28a
2 Seeds soaked in distilled water — 1.60 ± 1.41ab 1.43 ± 0.85a 122.05 ± 76.64a
3 Clove essential oil 5 × 103 1.05 ± 0.81bc 1.18 ± 0.84ab 89.97 ± 65.94ab
4 10 × 103 0.00 ± 0.00d 0.02 ± 0.14c 0.16 ± 1.14c
5 15 × 103 0.00 ± 0.00d 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.00 ± 0.00c
6 20 × 103 0.00 ± 0.00d 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.00 ± 0.00c
7 Pine essential oil 5 × 103 0.74 ± 0.77c 0.91 ± 0.81b 61.35 ± 53.86b
8 10 × 103 1.09 ± 0.88bc 1.52 ± 1.02a 120.44 ± 83.25a
9 15 × 103 1.63 ± 1.27ab 1.57 ± 1.05a 126.22 ± 88.70a
10 20 × 103 1.44 ± 1.41ab 1.31 ± 1.11ab 97.01 ± 83.24ab
LSD (0.05) 0.624 0.445 48.836
a–d: different letters indicate statistically different mean LSD (p = 0.05) = value from the last line.
Table 4: Effect of essential oils on the germination energy and germination capacity of winter wheat seeds
No. Treatment Dose (ppm) Germination energy (%) Germination capacity (%)
1 Control — 97.3 ± 2.3 ab
97.3 ± 2.3ab
2 Seeds soaked in distilled water — 97.3 ± 2.3ab 97.3 ± 2.3ab
3 Clove essential oil 5 × 103 0.0 ± 0.0c 0.0 ± 0.0c
4 10 × 103 0.0 ± 0.0c 0.0 ± 0.0c
5 15 × 103 0.0 ± 0.0c 0.0 ± 0.0c
6 20 × 103 0.0 ± 0.0c 0.0 ± 0.0c
7 Pine essential oil 5 × 103 96.0 ± 4.0b 96.0 ± 4.0b
8 10 × 103 96.0 ± 4.0b 97.3 ± 2.3ab
9 15 × 103 97.3 ± 2.3ab 97.3 ± 2.3ab
10 20 × 103 100.0 ± 0.0a 100.0 ± 0.0a
LSD (0.05) 3.47 3.07
a–c: different letters indicate statistically different mean LSD (p = 0.05) = value from the last line.
essential oil was used resulted in the fact that the values of Soaking the seeds in both distilled water and essen-
root length, shoot length, and vigor index were equal to tial oil solutions contributed to a statistically significant
zero (Table 5). decrease in the infection of seedlings and the surface ofImpact of essential oils of the Fusarium genus and seed germination 889
Table 5: Effect of essential oils on the length of roots and shoots of seedlings and the vigor index of winter wheat seedlings
No. Treatment Dose (ppm) Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Vigor index
1 Control — 1.18 ± 0.53bc
1.85 ± 0.58bc
180.03 ± 56.76bc
2 Seeds soaked in distilled water — 2.47 ± 1.44a 2.44 ± 1.06a 238.05 ± 104.83a
3 Clove essential oil 5 × 103 0.00 ± 0.00d 0.00 ± 0.00d 0.00 ± 0.00d
4 10 × 103 0.00 ± 0.00d 0.00 ± 0.00d 0.00 ± 0.00d
5 15 × 103 0.00 ± 0.00d 0.00 ± 0.00d 0.00 ± 0.00d
6 20 × 103 0.00 ± 0.00d 0.00 ± 0.00d 0.00 ± 0.00d
7 Pine essential oil 5 × 103 0.81 ± 0.50c 1.54 ± 0.60c 148.42 ± 59.99c
8 10 × 103 0.88 ± 0.39c 1.53 ± 0.52c 149.25 ± 50.66c
9 15 × 103 1.37 ± 0.73bc 1.96 ± 0.82bc 190.24 ± 77.50bc
10 20 × 103 1.69 ± 0.69b 2.11 ± 0.63ab 211.07 ± 63.07ab
LSD (0.05) 0.742 0.474 48.046
a–d: different letters indicate statistically different mean LSD (p = 0.05) = value from the last line.
Table 6: Effect of essential oils on the infection by Fusarium of In organic farming where the use of chemical plant protec-
seeds and seedlings of maize and winter wheat tion products is not allowed, a significant reduction in the
occurrence of pathogens with the use of biological agents is
Infection of seeds and seedlings (%) already an important factor improving the health of crops.
Combining biological control with other methods can allow
No. Treatment Dose Maize Winter
(ppm) wheat obtaining sufficiently higher yields of good quality [56].
Research developed by other scientists also indicates that
1 Control — 30.7a 26.7a
the use of essential oils can significantly reduce the devel-
2 Seeds soaked in — 14.0b 18.7b
distilled water opment of pathogens of the Fusarium genus [57]. Clove
3 Clove essential oil 5 × 103 13.0b 0.0d essential oil significantly contributed to the inhibition of
4 10 × 103 6.7bcd 0.0d the development of the studied analyzed pathogens. In the
5 15 × 103 0.0d 0.0d case of chemical plant protection products, there are many
6 20 × 103 0.0d 0.0d
studies about their effects on crops [58,59]. However,
7 Pine essential oil 5 × 103 9.3bc 6.7c
8 10 × 103 8.0bc 2.7d
research is needed to assess the phytotoxicity of sub-
9 15 × 103 4.0cd 2.7d stances of natural origin in relation to agricultural crops.
10 20 × 103 8.0bc 2.7d Soaking seeds in distilled water contributed to a
LSD (0.05) 7.84 3.89 decrease in the infection of seedlings. In the case of
a–d: different letters indicate statistically different mean LSD
pathogens present on the surface of the grains, rinsing
(p = 0.05) = value from the last line. the seed material may reduce the infestation of plants
by fungal pathogens. Information available in the lit-
erature also indicates that soaking the seeds in water
corn and winter wheat seeds. Clove essential oil contri- may have only a minor contribution in reducing seed
buted more to the reduction of infestation than pine infestation by pathogens of the genus Fusarium [60].
essential oil (Table 6). In the case of winter wheat, the In the search for new, safe methods of plant protection
use of higher concentrations of pine essential oil reduced that reduce the amount of chemicals released into the
infection on a statistical level equal to the use of clove environment, the possibility of reducing the occurrence
essential oil. of fungal diseases by soaking seeds in solutions con-
taining plant extracts was investigated [61]. The addition of
essential oils to distilled water limited infestation in the roll
4 Discussion experiment.
Soaking cereal seeds in essential oil solutions may
The use of pine essential oil did not contribute to the inhibit germination [62]. In the conducted experiment,
complete inhibition of pathogen development. In plant soaking of winter wheat and maize seeds in solutions of
protection, however, it is important to limit the occurrence clove oil contributed to a significant, in most cases, com-
of diseases below the threshold of economic harmfulness. plete inhibition of germination. Other results available in890 Monika Grzanka et al.
the literature also indicate that soaking wheat grains in a Funding information: This research received no external
solution of clove oil can significantly reduce their germi- funding.
nation [63]. The use of pine oil, depending on the con-
centration, had a lesser effect on germination or had no Author contributions: M.G. – conceptualization, metho-
statistically significant effect on this parameter. dology, data curation, writing – original draft, and writing –
Seed dressing may contribute to limiting the length review and editing; Ł.S. – conceptualization, writing –
of the roots and shoots of crop seedlings [64]. Studies original draft, and formal analysis; J.D. – methodology
carried out by other scientists indicate that pine essential and writing – original draft; J.H.-J. – data curation and
oil contributes less to the inhibition of root and seedling visualization; G.S. – validation; Z.S. – methodology and
shoot growth than the selected other essential oils in the data curation; and D.R. and S.Ś. – data curation.
context of some plant species [65]. The infestation of
cereal grains by pathogens of the Fusarium genus alone Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of
contributes to the inhibition of germination [66,67]. It can interest.
also lead to disturbances in the growth of seedlings and
roots [68–70]. However, when essential oils are used, Data availability statement: All data generated or ana-
germination may be completely inhibited or seedling lyzed during this study are included in this published
growth may be significantly inhibited. article.
It is worth paying attention to the properties of essen-
tial oils, such as biodegradability, easy availability, and
low toxicity to organisms that are not the target of the
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