GLOBAL MEETING 2015 EMERGING MARKETS FORUM - Participants' Pro les
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NOVEMBER 3-5, 2015 TOKYO, JAPAN EMERGING MARKETS FORUM 2015 GLOBAL MEETING Participants’ Profiles Emerging Markets Forum A nonprofit initiative of the Centennial Group
Theodore Ahlers Senior Associate, Centennial Group United States Theodore Ahlers is an economist with extensive experience in Europe & Central Asia, the Middle East & North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa. Over the last 25 years, he held numerous economist and senior management positions at the World PARTICIPANTS Bank, including Strategy and Operations Director for Europe & Central Asia (2007-12), Maghreb Department Director (2002- 07), and Strategy and Operations Director for Africa (2000-02). He holds a PhD in Development Economics from Tufts University, Fletcher School. 1
Isher Ahluwalia Chairperson and Board of Governors, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations India Mrs. Ahluwalia is Chairperson, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), where she also leads the Research and Capacity Building Program on Urbanisation in India. She was Chairperson of the High Powered PARTICIPANTS Expert Committee on Urban Infrastructure and Services from 2008 to 2011 and is currently on the Board of the Urban Institute of India. Dr Ahluwalia was awarded Padma Bhushan by the President of India in 2009 for her services in the fields of education and literature. Dr. Ahluwalia has written numerous books and published many articles in professional journals. Her latest books include Transforming Our Cities: Postcards of Change (HarperCollins), and a volume, Urbanisation in India: Challenges, Opportunities and the Way Forward (Sage India), which she has co-edited with Prof Ravi Kanbur of Cornell University and Dr P K Mohanty, former Chief Secretary, Andhra Pradesh. Her research has focused on urbanisation, sustainable public service delivery, industrial growth and productivity, macro-economic reforms, and social sector development. Dr. Ahluwalia is currently on the Board of Trustees of IWMI (International Water Management Institute), and was Chairperson, Board of Trustees of IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute), Washington D.C., from 2003 to 2006. She was a member of the Eminent Persons Group on India-ASEAN, a Group established by the respective governments during the period 2011-12, which submitted its Vision to the respective governments. She was also a member of the Eminent Persons Group of the Asian Development Bank from 2006 to 2007, which submitted its report titled “Towards a New Asian Development Bank in a New Asia” to the President, ADB in 2007. Besides being on the Boards of a number of Research Institutes in India, Dr Ahluwalia is also an Independent Director on the Board of SAIL (Steel Authority of India). Dr. Ahluwalia received her B.A. (Hons) from Presidency College, Calcutta University, M.A. from the Delhi School of Economics, and Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), all in economics. 2
Montek Ahluwalia Former Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission of India India Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia was until recently the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission for India. He has been a key figure in India’s economic reforms from the mid 1980s onwards. PARTICIPANTS Born on 24th November, 1943, Shri Ahluwalia received his Bachelors degree from St. Stephens College, Delhi University. Later he received an M.A. and an M. Phil degree in economics from Oxford University, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. After completion of studies, he joined the World Bank in 1968 as a Young Professional and then held various positions including Chief of the Income Distribution Division. He joined the Government of India in 1979 as Economic Adviser in the Ministry of Finance after which he held a series of positions including Special Secretary to the Prime Minister; Commerce Secretary; Secretary in the Department of Economic Affairs; Finance Secretary in the Ministry of Finance; Member of the Planning Commission and Member of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister. In 2001, he was appointed as the first Director of the newly created Independent Evaluation Office of the International Monitory Fund. He resigned the position in 2004 to take up the position of Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission which position he holds at present. Shri Ahluwalia has written on various aspects of development economics, including Indian economic policy and his articles have been published in a number of prominent Indian and international journals and books. He co-authored ‘Re-distribution with Growth: An Approach to Policy’, published in 1975. He also wrote ‘Reforming the Global Financial Architecture’, which was published in 2004 as Economic Paper No. 41 by the Commonwealth Secretariat, London. Shri Ahluwalia has received several honorary degrees including an honorary doctorate in Civil Law from the University of Oxford. He is an honorary fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford and a Member of the Board of Directors of the Global Green Growth Institute, South Korea. 3
Aktoty Aitzhanova Chairperson, National Analytical Center Kazakhstan Aktoty Aitzhanova was born in 1985. A graduate of the Eurasian National University and Exeter University in the United Kingdom, she holds MSc in International Management with specialization in entrepreneurship and innovation. She has also PARTICIPANTS completed studies in Political Science at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Italy. Her main areas of expertise are innovation, entrepreneurship policies review, long-term strategic planning, economic research and corporate governance. She is fluent in English and Italian. Ms. Aitzhanova has served in both the private and government sectors. Among them are LLC Synergy, International Relations and Geopolitical Researches institute, and Statistics Agency. She has served as an advisor to the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. She has been the Deputy Chairperson at the National Analytical Centre of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan since June 2012. 4
Alex Aleksishvili Chairman, Policy and Management Consulting Group (PMCG); Former Minister of Finance Georgia Mr. Aleksishvili, Chairman of the Board at Policy and Management Consulting Group (PMCG), has 15 years of working experience in public finance and economic development policy sector as a high level government official and the government PARTICIPANTS adviser responsible for budget and financial policy, tax and customs policy reform, simplification of doing business environment and improving investment climate. While working as a Minister of Finance of Georgia, successfully conducted series of reforms in Public Finance, Tax and Customs Policy and Administration, Economic Deregulation and Liberalization domains. Georgia was ranked by the World Bank “Doing Business” surveyas the world’s #1 reformer country in 2005-10. During this period (2004-2007), Georgia improved from 132nd place to 18th in the ranking of “Ease of Doing Business” by the World Bank. As a Minister of Finance (2005-2007), conducted Public Finance Management, Tax and Customs reforms. As a result of comprehensive policy reforms, Georgia’s GDP growth rate in 2005-2007 overreached 10% on average (2005 - 9.6%, 2006 - 9.4% and 2007 - 12.3%). FDI has been increased from 250 m USD in 2004 to 2,100 m USD in 2007. In addition, Mr. Aleksishvili was elected as a Chairman of UN Commission for Sustainable development in 2005-2006. 5
Nurzhan Algashov Director, Department of International Cooperation, National Analytical Center Kazakhstan Mr. Algashov has an extensive background in both private and public sectors. He worked as a Head of Banking Unit in one of the UniCredit offices in Kazakhstan. Then Mr. Algashov joined UNICEF, where he was responsible of building a fundraising PARTICIPANTS strategy for Kazakhstan. Now he serves as a Director of International Cooperation Department at a leading Kazakhstani think-tank National Analytical Center, which provides analytical research to the Government of Republic of Kazakhstan and other parties in diverse fields of public policy, social policy, economics and policy analysis. Mr. Algashov holds a Master of Public Administration degree from University of Exeter (UK), funded by the Chevening Scholarship. 6
Julio Cesar Angel-Mejia Deputy, Asia Office of Outreach and Partnerships, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) International Organization Julio Cesar Angel-Mejia has been appointed Operations Principal Technical Leader of the Inter-American Development Bank’s (IDB) Office in Asia since June 2015. He previously served as Chief of Executive Services to the Boards of Directors of PARTICIPANTS the IDB, Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC) and Donors Committee of the Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF) at the Office of the Secretary of the Bank and the IIC. Since joining the IDB in 1993, Mr. Angel-Mejía has occupied several positions, including Chief of the Modernization of the State and Civil Society Division of the Sustainable Development Department (SDS) in 2005. He was the IDB’s Country Representative in Chile from 2000 through 2005. He has also been the Executive Director for Colombia and Peru at the Boards of Directors of the IDB and IIC and Country Representative at the Donors Committee of the MIF from 1993 to 1998. From 1999 to 2000, Mr. Angel Mejia was an Economist at the International Monetary Fund in Washington DC. Prior to working at the IDB, he served as the Representative of the Central Bank of Colombia (Banco de la República) in Japan and Economic Counselor at the Embassy of Colombia in Japan from 1990 until 1993; Advisor to the Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Colombia and Deputy Director of the Economic Research Department of the Central Bank of Colombia (as well as Chief of its Fiscal Division and Economist of the International Economics Division) from 1984 to 1989. Mr. Angel-Mejía, a Colombian citizen, holds a Master of Science (MSc.) in Economics from the London School of Economics in UK; a postgraduate degree in Macroeconomic Programming from the Centre d’Etudes des Programmes Economiques in Paris; and a degree in Economics from Universidad de Los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia. 7
Hiroto Arakawa Advisor, Sumitomo Corporation Japan Mr. Hiroto Arakawa is advsor in Sumitomo Corporation. Prio to this, he was appointed as Senior Special Advisor of JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) in October 2008 following distinguished careers at the Japan Bank for International PARTICIPANTS Cooperation (JBIC) and the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF). During Mr. Arakawa’s time at these organiza- tions, he worked in a variety of departments charged with handling ODA loan operations, planning and strategy, and research activities. As Director General of JBIC’s Development Assistance Strategy Department from 2003 to 2005, he supervised overall opera- tional strategy for the organization’s ODA portfolio. Later, he initiated various joint research projects with the World Bank and Asian Development Bank, first as Executive Director responsible for development partner collaboration at JBIC from 2005 to 2007, then as Executive Director of the JBIC Institute (JBICI) from 2007 to 2008. He has been a member of Global Agenda Council (Poverty and Economic Development), the World Economic Forum. 8
Adriana Arreaza Director of Macroeconomic Studies, CAF - Development Bank of Latin America International Organization Adriana Arreaza is Director of Macoreconomic Studies at CAF, Development Bank of Latin America. She coordinates the team of country economists and contributes to CAF’s research publications. Ms Arreaza previously held positions as Senior PARTICIPANTS Economist and Principal Economist for Venezuela at CAF. She is also Assistant Professor at the Department of Economics of Universidad Católica Andrés Bello in Caracas. She worked at the Research Department of the Central Bank of Venezuela. She received her BA in Economics at Universidad Católica Andrés Bello in Caracas and her PhD in Economics at Brown University. 9
Luis Enrique Berrizbeitia Executive Vice-President, CAF - Development Bank of Latin America International Organization Since 1996, Luis Enrique Berrizbeitia has been Executive Vice President of CAF, Development Bank of Latin America. Previously, he was Executive Director of the International Monetary Fund representing Spain, Mexico, Venezuela and Central PARTICIPANTS America. Most of his prior career was linked to Venezuela’s relations with the international community in the areas of economics, finance, trade, oil and diplomacy. In this context, he has held the positions of Governor for Venezuela to OPEC and Director of Electric Power at the Ministry of Energy, Deputy Chief of Mission of the Venezuelan Embassy in Washington and Manager for International Relations at the Central Bank of Venezuela. He has also had extensive experience in the Venezuelan private industrial sector, specifically the electricity and cement industries. He is a Venezuelan citizen who graduated in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School of Finance and Commerce (B.Sc. 1971), and from the University of Houston with a Master of Arts (1978). 10
Jack Boorman Senior Fellow, Emerging Markets Forum; Former Counselor and Former Director of Policy Development and Review Department, International Monetary Fund (IMF) United States Jack T. Boorman was the Director of the Policy Development and Review Department of the International Monetary Fund for more than a decade. In the latter years of his career with the Fund, he was Counsellor and Special Advisor to the Managing PARTICIPANTS Director. Before his career in the IMF, Mr. Boorman taught at the University of Southern California, from which he received his Ph.D. in Economics, and at the University of Maryland. Mr. Boorman is the author of a number of books and many papers on diverse topics including development, structural adjustment, and developing country debt; emerging market country issues; international insolvency; governance; and IMF policies and country operations. Mr. Boorman currently serves as member of the Board of Trustees of LeMoyne College, and continues to write on global governance, emerging markets, and other topics. 11
Michel Camdessus Co-Chair, Emerging Markets Forum; Governor Emeritus, Banque de France; Former Managing Director, International Monetary Fund (IMF) France Former Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, Mr. Camdessus is Honorary Governor of Banque de France. PARTICIPANTS He is a member of the Africa Progress Panel, chaired by Mr. Kofi Annan. He was a member of the Commission for Africa, chaired by the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair. Mr. Camdessus was the Chairman of the World Panel on Financing Water Infrastructure (report: “Financing Water for All”—Kyoto—March 2003). He has been appointed as the Chairman of the French Government working group in charge of preparing the economic, social and structural policies reform, which has produced a key report “le Sursaut—Vers une Nouvelle Croissance pour la France” (La Documentation France, Paris—2004) Mr. Camdessus was born in Bayonne, France, on May l, 1933. French national, he is married to Brigitte d’Arcy; they have six children. Mr. Camdessus was educated at the University of Paris and earned postgraduate degrees in economics at the Institute of Political Studies of Paris (Institut d‘Etudes Politiques de Paris) and the National School of Administration (ENA). Following his appointment as Administrateur Civil in the French Civil Service, Mr. Camdessus joined the Treasury in the Ministry of Finance in 1960. After serving as Financial Attaché to the French delegation at the European Economic Community in Brussels from 1966 to 1968, he returned to the Treasury and went on to become Assistant Director in 1971, Deputy Director in 1974, and Director in February 1982. During the period 1978-84, Mr. Camdessus also served as Chairman of the Paris Club, and was Chairman of the Monetary Committee of the European Economic Community from December 1982 to December 1984. In August 1984, Mr. Camdessus was appointed Deputy Governor of the Bank of France, and was appointed Governor of the Bank of France in November 1984. He served in this capacity until his election as Managing Director of the IMF. Michel Camdessus was elected as Managing Director and Chairman of the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on January 16, 1987. On May 22, 1996, the Executive Board of the IMF unanimously selected Mr. Camdessus to serve a third five-year term as Managing Director, beginning January 16, 1997. He was the seventh Managing Director of the IMF. Mr. Camdessus retired from the IMF on February 14, 2000. He is the author of several books: • “Notre foi dans ce siècle” (Michel Albert, Jean Boissonnat et Michel Camdessus—Editions Arléa—2002) • “Eau” (Bertrand Badré, Michel Camdessus, Ivan Chéret, Pierre-Frédéric Ténière-Buchot—Editions Robert Laffont—2004) • “Le sursaut—Vers une nouvelle croissance pour la France” (Editions La Documentation Française—2004) • “Lettre ouverte aux candidats à l‘élection présidentielle (Editions Bayard-2006) 12
Luis Miguel Castilla Ambassador of Peru to the United States; Former Minister of Economy and Finance Peru Dr. Luis Miguel Castilla was appointed Ambassador of Peru to the United States on February 01 2015 by President Ollanta Humala. He had served as Minister of Economy and Finance of Peru from July 2011 to September 2014. During the past PARTICIPANTS 3 years, Peru’s credit ratings were upgraded by all major credit rating agencies (classified as the second highest investment rated country in Latin America). Prior to his appointment, Castilla held several positions at the Ministry of Economy and Finance, including Deputy Finance Minister and Chief of Staff. In addition, he has over fifteen year experience at multilateral development banks, holding senior positions at CAF -Development Bank of Latin America, among others. Dr. Castilla holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the Johns Hopkins University. 13
Taotao Chen Professor, School of Economics and Management; Director, Center for China-Latin America Management Studies, Tsinghua University China Dr. Taotao Chen is a professor in School of Economics & Management, Tsinghua University and director of Center for China & Latin America Management Studies, Tsinghua University. Her main research areas are “Foreign Direct Investment PARTICIPANTS (FDI)” “International Business” and “Globalization and Strategy”. She has published more than 30 papers on the topic of FDI spillover, Chinese Companies investing abroad, and has presided research projects supported by National Science Foundation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Commerce etc. In recent years, cooperating with Ministry of Commerce, World Economic Forum, UNESCAP, ECLAC, CAF and other international institutions and organizations, Prof. Chen put more efforts on the topics such as The Mechanism of Chinese Companies Investing in US, The Business Environment in Latin America and The capability of Chinese companies, Chinese companies investing in Europe and the contribution of MNCs to Regional Integration etc. There are different types of courses that Prof. Chen delivers in School of Economics & Management, Tsinghua University. They are mainly “Management of Global Enterprise”, “International Economics”, “Corporate Finance” for MBA programs, and “Chinese Company investing Abroad”“Business Valuation & Cross-border M&A” etc for Executive Training Programs. Prof. Chen also taught “Doing Business in China” for FGV Business School in Brazil and Bocconi University in Italy. 14
Jose Augusto Correa President, Crival Holdings Ltd. Brazil Mr. Correa is the President of Crival Holdings Ltd., a holding company with investments ranging from industrial materials to software to consumer goods. He is the Founder and Partner of BRICChamber and Chairman of the Board of Segurar PARTICIPANTS Tecnologia S.A., a company selling online insurance in Brazil. He was Managing Director and Vice President of Brassinter S.A., the largest metallurgy producer in Brazil, from 1985 to 2000; cofounder, director of Sinterex Comercio Internacional S.A., director of Akta Ltd, cofounder of Art Invest Ltd, and a Member of the Board of Christensen Diamond. He was also a Member of the International Advisory Board of SAAB AB Sweden until 2008, and was a Member of the Experts Panel of the World Competitiveness Yearbook. He has previously served as Deputy Head Director of the International Relations Department (DEREX) of the Industries Federation of the State of Sao Paulo (FIESP), in charge of Trade and Investments Promotion, and as Director of Comdefesa, the Defense Industries Department of FIESP. He cofounded the Innovation Forum of Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), a Brazilian think tank and educational institution, and founded the Entrepreneurship and New Ventures Center (FGV-CENN) at the FGV in 2004. He specializes in finance, with a graduate degree from the FGV EAESP Business School, where he also taught as a professor from 1998 to 2009. He has also received training in the London Metals Exchange, and graduated with an engineering degree from the Escola Politecnica of the Univerisity of São Paulo. 15
Gonzalo De Benito Ambassador of Spain to Japan Spain Bachelor in Law by the Complutense University in Madrid. Diploma in International Studies by the Madrid Diplomatic School. PARTICIPANTS Languages: English, French, German, Italian. Joined the Diplomatic Service in June 1979. He has held the following posts: Since December, Ambassador of Spain to Japan. 2012: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. 2009: Ambassador of Spain to the United Arab Emirates. 2008: Ambassador at large. 2003: Ambassador of Spain to Switzerland. 2000: Chief of Cabinet of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. 1996: Ambassador of Spain to Peru. 1992: Consul General in Houston, USA. 1990: Assistant Director General of Personnel at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1988: Assistant Director General of Immigration at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1984: Consul General in Lille, France. 1979: First Secretary at the Embassy of Spain in Luxemburg. 16
Thierry de Longuemar Vice President, Finance and Risk Management, Asian Development Bank (ADB) International Organization Mr. Thierry de Longuemar is the Vice President (Finance and Risk Management) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) since January 2013 after having served as Vice President (Finance and Administration), a position he assumed in November 2011. PARTICIPANTS Mr. de Longuemar has over 28 years of experience in both multilateral financial institutions and private banking. Mr. de Longuemar served twice as ADB Treasurer (2002-2004 and 2010-2011) and, in between, was Vice President Finance at the African Development Bank (2004-2010), an institution where he had also served as Treasurer (1996-2001). In investment banks, Mr. de Longuemar held the positions of Global Head of Central Banks and Supranationals at ABN Amro Bank; Head of Capital Markets at Banque de Gestion Privée (Crédit Agricole) and at Banque Régionale de l’Ouest (CIC Group); and several Treasury positions within the Paribas Group. Mr. de Longuemar is a French national and has an MBA degree from ESSEC in Paris. He is married with two children and is an active abstract painter. 17
Roberto de Ocampo Chairman of the Board of Advisors, RFO Center for Public Finance and Regional Economic Cooperation; Former President, Asian Institute of Management; Former Minister of Finance Philippines Dr. Roberto F. de Ocampo, former Secretary of Finance of the Philippines, became the first Filipino to receive the most internationally prestigious award to Finance Ministers, the “Global Finance Minister of the Year” award from Euromoney in 1995. In 1996, Euromoney PARTICIPANTS named him as Asian Finance Minister of the Year. In 1997, he was again recognized as Asian Finance Minister of the year, this time by Asiamoney. He is known nationally and internationally for public and international finance, having been Chairman of the APEC and ASEAN Finance Ministers (at the onset of the Asian Financial Crisis whose meetings he chaired that resulted in the landmark Manila Framework that prescribed the steps to exit the crisis) as well as member of the Boards of Governors of World Bank, IMF, and the ADB. He was Secretary of Finance (1994-1998) during the presidency of Fidel V. Ramos, and was widely recognized as the principal architect of the resurgence of the Philippine economy whose achievement was hailed by the international finance community. Prior to these posts, he also served as Chairman and CEO of the Development Bank of the Philippines and led its rehabilitation such that it was recognized by the prestigious international Banker Magazine during his tenure as one of the “world’s soundest banks.” He is the past president of the Asian Institute of Management having retired from that position in May 2006 and until recently was a member of the AIM Board of Trustees. At present he is the Chairman of the Philippine Veterans Bank and also Chairman of the Board of Advisers of the RFO Center for Public Finance & Regional Economic Cooperation, which is an ADB Regional Knowledge Hub. Dr. de Ocampo is a recipient of many international and national honors. In September 2001, he was named to the Ordre National de la Legion d’ Honneur by the Republic of France with the rank of Chevalier for his successful efforts and initiatives to promote closer Philippine-France relations. On the occasion of the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee, he was conferred by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his outstanding efforts in promoting Philippine-UK relations during his years in public service and more recently in his capacity as Chairman of the British Alumni Association. He has also been awarded the Philippine Legion of Honor, the highest honor conferred on Filipino civilians by the Republic of the Philippines in 1998 for his outstanding contributions to the country. He is one of the first ASEAN members of the Trilateral Commission, an international think-tank of distinguished global leaders and was also the first recipient of the Man of the Year Award from the Association of Development Finance Institutions of Asia Pacific (ADFIAP). He is a founding Partner of a Global Advisory Group (Centennial Group) based in Washington D.C. and is a Founding Director of a recently established Global Economic Forum: The Emerging Markets Forum. Dr. de Ocampo, who was the 1975 Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) awardee in the field of National Economic Development for pioneering the Philippine rural electrification program, had been cited as one of the 500 Great Asians in 2001 and a recipient of several Baron’s Who’s Who awards. In 2004, he was elected to the Board of Advisors of the Conference Board, one of the world’s leading authorities in international business economics (based in New York). In 2006, Dr. de Ocampo was conferred with the Asian Human Resources Development Award by the Asia HRD Congress. Dr. de Ocampo is a product of both De La Salle (grade school and high school) and Ateneo Universities. He received his MBA from the University of Michigan, a post-graduate diploma from the London School of Economics and has been conferred four Doctorates (Honoris Causa) by the De La Salle University in Business Administration, by the University of Angeles City in Public Administration, by the Philippine Women’s University in Laws, and by the San Beda College in Humane Letters. Dr. de Ocampo had been and is Chairman and/or Board Member of several private companies both in the Philippines and abroad including, among others, the Centennial Group (Washington, D.C.), Centennial Asia Advisors Pte. Ltd. (Singapore), Investment & Capital Corporation of the Philippines (ICCP) Group of Companies, Alaska Milk Corporation, United Overseas Bank, ABS- CBN Broadcasting Corporation, Philippine Airlines, Meralco, Globe Telecom Inc., Philam Asset Management Inc., Metrobank, Seaboard Eastern Insurance Co., House of Investments, Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation, Robinson’s Land Corporation, EEI Corporation, AES Corporation (Philippines) and Phinma Corporation, etc. He is presently Co-Vice Chairman of the Makati Business Club, a Past President of the Management Association of the Philippines (MAP) and an Emeritus member of Financial Executives Institute of the Philippines (FINEX) who named its head office in his honor. He was recently elected as Board Director of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). 18
Masatoshi Deguchi Corporate Officer, General Manager, Global Strategy and Coordination Department, Sumitomo Corporation Japan Mr. Masatoshi Deguchi is the General Manager of Global Strategy & Coordination Dept. of Sumitomo Corporation. Planning and coordination related to regional organizations, enhancing external relationship to ambassador/embassy PARTICIPANTS of each country and business federations are included in his duties. He has served in this role since April 2014. He has been with the Sumitomo Corporation since 1982 with experience in Accounting, Finance, Investor Relations and Planning & Administration field. In a career, he was assigned to work in New York, U.S.A from 1996 to 2002, and Singapore from 2008 to 2013 as Chief Financial Officer of Sumitomo Corporation Asia Pte. Ltd.,. He earned a BA from Kobe University, with a degree in Economics in 1982. 19
Tadashi Endo Professor, Yamanashi Eiwa College; External Expert of Monetary and Capital Markets, International Monetary Fund (IMF) Japan Tadashi Endo is an external expert at Monetary and Capital Markets Department, IMF, and a professor of finance at Yamanashi Eiwa College in Japan. Previously, he was a Senior Financial Specialist at the World Bank from 2002 PARTICIPANTS to 2010 and a Senior Capital Markets Specialist at IFC from 1999 to 2002. Prior to joining the World Bank Group, he worked at Blackstone Group as a managing director and at Nikko Securities Group in various capacities for 15 years. He holds an MBA degree from Boston University and a BA from Osaka University. He studied Medieval History of India at Jawahar Lal Nehru University from 1974 to 1976 under the Government of India Scholarship. 20
Esmel Emmanuel Essis Chief Executive Officer, CEPICI - Center for Promotion of Investments Côte d’Ivoire Born on October 05, 1957 in Dabou, Côte d’Ivoire, Mr Essis Esmel Emmanuel was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Investment Promotion Centre in Côte d’ Ivoire (CEPICI). This appointment is the result of a rich academic and professional PARTICIPANTS career in various companies both in Côte d’ Ivoire and abroad. After graduating from the Ecole Supérieure de Commerce d’Abidjan (ESCA), Mr. Essis Esmel Emmanuel began his career working, from 1982 to 1987, for the Audit Consulting firm Arthur Andersen, first as Assistant auditor and was later promoted Senior Auditor. His professional experience is as follows: • from 1988 to 1992 , he served as Administrative and Financial Director and Chief Operating Officer of Ivoiral IPS Group - CI ( Industrial Promotion Services Côte d’Ivoire) in Abidjan. • In 1992, he joined, Palm Industry in Abidjan as Financial Management Director and worked there till 1995 • In 1995, Mr. Emmanuel Essis Esmel was appointed Deputy Director General Cosmivoire - Sifca Group in Abidjan until 1998 • From 1998 to 2000 , he held the position of Director of Research and Development, for the holding company Siparal of Sifca Group in Abidjan • 2000-2008 ,he was appointed CEO of the Coca Cola bottling plant of ECCBC Group (Equatorial Coca Cola Bottling Company) in Guinea • 2008-2009 , he served as Regional Managing Director Guinea , Gambia & Bissau, for the Coca Cola Bottling Plant Group in Barcelona ECCBC (Equatorial Coca Cola Bottling Company) • 2009-2011, he set up Amsey ‘s International Consulting ( AIC )a Management and business Consulting firm in Paris and Abidjan, and was Associate Director of AIC • October 5th 2011, he served as General Manager of CEPICI by a decree N° 2011-2079 of 5 october 2011 to appoint the General Manager of CEPICI • March 2014, President of International Network of Francophones Investments Promotion of Agencies (RIAFPI) • Finally, Mr. Emmanuel Essis Esmel held since June 15, 2015, the post of representative of Sub-Saharan Africa and Member of the Management Committee of WAIPA (World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies) 21
Marco Ferroni Executive Director, Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture Switzerland Marco Ferroni is Executive Director of the Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture. The Foundation’s mission is to modernize agriculture and small-scale farming by route of sustainable intensification, diversification and links to markets. PARTICIPANTS Scalable solutions for farmers is the motto in six work thrusts: R&D, market-led extension, seed systems incubation, risk management, policy development and outreach. Before joining the Foundation in 2008, Dr. Ferroni held executive and advisory positions at the Inter-American Development Bank and the World Bank in Washington, DC. Earlier in his career, he worked as a finance and trade diplomat in his native Switzerland. Mr. Ferroni holds a doctoral degree in agricultural economics from Cornell University. 22
Cesar Fragozo Minister for Asia, ProMexico Hong Kong Mexico Cesar Fragozo is Minister for Asia at ProMéxico, an agency of the Ministry of Economy of the Mexican Government, overseeing a dozen of Asia and the Middle East offices promoting trade and foreign investment as well as the internationalization of PARTICIPANTS Mexican businesses across the globe. Prior to his role as Minister for Asia, Mr. Fragozo worked in Taipei and Germany as Trade Commissioner promoting in the latter, European investment into Mexico from Austria, Switzerland, Eastern Europe and Turkey. He began his career in finance and corporate banking within Mexico’s most salient banks. Cesar was educated in Mexico, Germany and the United Kingdom from where he obtained an MSc in International Securities Investment from University of Reading, England. 23
Toyoo Gyohten President, Institute for International Monetary Affairs; Former Vice Minister of Finance of Japan Japan After graduated from the University of Tokyo, Mr. Gyohten joined the Ministry of Finance (MOF) in 1955. Before he was ap- pointed to Vice Minister of Finance for International Affairs in 1986, he occupied various senior positions including Director- PARTICIPANTS General of International Finance Bureau at the Ministry of Finance and also served for the IMF and the ADB on lease. After his retirement in 1989 he was a visiting professor at Harvard University, Princeton University and the University of St. Gallen. In 1992 he became the Chairman of the Bank of Tokyo, Ltd (currently the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd.). Since 1995, he has been President of the IIMA and concurrently serves as Senior Advisor to the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. In the meantime, Mr. Gyohten also chaired Working Party of the OECD (1988-90) and the Institute of International Finance (1994-97). He was appointed to a special advisor to P.M. Obuchi in 1998 and more recently was an advisor to the Cabinet Secretariat (special envoy to P.M.). He now serves as Special Advisor to the Minister of Finance. Mr. Gyohten is co-author of the book “Changing Fortunes” with Mr. Paul Volcker. 24
Cameron Hepburn Professor of Environmental Economics, Smith School and INET, University of Oxford United Kingdom Cameron Hepburn is an economist with expertise in energy, resources and the environment. He is professor of environmental economics at the University of Oxford, based at the Smith School and the Institute for New Economic Thinking at the PARTICIPANTS Oxford Martin School, and is also Professorial Research Fellow at the Grantham Research Institute at the London School of Economics and a Fellow at New College, Oxford. He has degrees in law and engineering, a doctorate in economics, and peer-reviewed publications in economics, public policy, law, engineering, biology and philosophy. His work has been referred to in publications such as the Economist and the Financial Times, and he has been interviewed on television and radio in various countries. He has provided advice on energy and environmental policy to governments and international institutions around the world. He has also had an entrepreneurial career, co-founding three successful businesses – Aurora Energy Research, Climate Bridge and Vivid Economics – and investing in several other start-ups, including Purpose. 25
Marco Herrera President, Grupo Public Mexico Born in Mexico City in 1958, Mr. Herrera holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Advertising by Universidad de la Comunicación and Diploma Courses in Strategic Political Analysis and in Public Policy Design by the Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo PARTICIPANTS Económico—CIDE, and in Change Management for Public Institutions and private for ILO and the University of Turin, Italy. Throughout his professional career he has been Director for Public Relations, Advertising and Marketing for financial institutions of the caliber of Banca Serfin, and Banco Internacional. In the commercial sphere, he was the Marketing Director for Vianetworks and subsequently for Grupo Mexalit- Eureka, as well as Vice-President and General Manager for MasterCard International’s office in Mexico. In 1996, Mr. Herrera founded Grupo Public, a consultancy firm, offering services in the fields of Strategic Planning, Innovation, Public Affairs and Communication. He has been a communications and business advisor for several companies, including: Pemex, IMSS, Infonacot, INECOL, Motorola, Johnson & Johnson, GMAC, World Economic Forum, Sanofi-Aventis, Purina, and more. At present he is member of the Working Group of the Office of Civic Innovation, in the Ibero-American General Secretariat. He is a columnist and writes political analyses for Forbes México, and is an academic communications researcher for Universidad de la Comunicación, through which he published the book “The Effects of Communications in the 2006 Elections in Mexico”. He is a conference speaker and teaches diverse diploma courses for a number of educational institutions. 26
Biliang Hu President, Emerging Markets & International Development Institute China Biliang Hu is the President of the Emerging Markets and International Development Institute in China. Previously he was a Professor of Economics at Beijing Normal University and the Dean of School of Economics and Resource Management PARTICIPANTS of the University in China. Before his professorship, he cofounded a Delaware-based IT offshore outsourcing company – DoubleBridge Technologies Inc.; Before that, he was the chief China economist of SG Securities Asia, as well as the chief representative of the company in Beijing for four years. Before his investment bank experience, he worked with the World Bank Beijing Office as an economist for three years. He also taught Economics of Development in the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences for some years. His latest publications include Informal Institutions and Rural Development in China (London and New York: Routledge, 2007) and A Village Economy in Central Thailand: Testing Chayanov’s Model (Bangkok: Thai Watana Panich Press, 2007). His works twice won the Sun Yefang Economic Prize which is the highest economics research award in China. He also won Zhang Peigang Development Economics Award in 2009. He received his Doctorate of Economics from the School of Economics and Management, Witten/Herdecke University in Germany, and he conducted a two and half year post-doc research program at Harvard Kennedy School. His main academic interests are development economics, institutional economics and Chinese macroeconomic analysis. 27
Ishrat Husain Director, Institute of Business Administration; Former Governor, State Bank of Pakistan Pakistan Dr. Ishrat Husain took over as the Dean and Director of the Institute of Business Administration (IBA), Karachi on March 12, 2008. Immediately before that he had been holding the office of Chairman, National Commission for Government Reforms PARTICIPANTS (NCGR) in the Prime Minister Secretariat at Islamabad, with the status of the Federal Minister. In that capacity he completed a comprehensive report on the re-organization of the Government’s structure, processes and human resource management policies. Dr. Ishrat Husain became the Governor of Pakistan’s Central Bank in December, 1999. During the next six years, he implemented a major program of restructuring of the Central Bank and steered the reforms of the banking sector, which are now recognized by the World Bank and IMF to be among the best in developing countries. In recognition of his meritorious services he was conferred the prestigious award of “Hilal-e-Imtiaz” by the President of Pakistan in 2003. The Banker Magazine of London declared him as the Central Bank Governor of the year for Asia in 2005. He received the Asian Banker Lifetime achievement award in 2006. For over two decades, between 1979–1999, he served in various capacities at the World Bank in Washington DC. Among the positions he occupied at the Bank were Country Director for Central Asian Republics; Director, Poverty and Social Policy Department; Chief Economist, East Asia and Pacific Region; Chief Economist, Africa Region. Division Chief, Debt and International Finance and Resident Representative, Nigeria. Dr. Ishrat Husain was selected to the elite Civil Service of Pakistan in 1964 and served in the field and also held mid-level policy making positions in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) and in the Finance, Planning and Developing Departments in the Government of Sindh until 1979. Dr. Husain has maintained an active scholarly interest in development and globalization issues. He is the author of a dozen books, contributor of 15 chapters in edited books and more than 25 referred journal articles. Two of his books “Pakistan: The Economy of an elitist state” and “Economic Management in Pakistan: 1999–2002” published by the Oxford University Press are widely read in and outside Pakistan. He is regularly invited as a speaker, resource person, discussant, panelist or chairperson at International Conferences/ Seminars/ Workshops in different parts of the World held under the auspices of the World Bank, IMF, UN agencies, research institutions, think tanks. He has so far attended 100 such events. Dr. Husain is Higher Education Commission’s (HEC) Distinguished National Professor of Economics and Public Policy and is also the Chairman, HEC Social Sciences Council. He is currently serving on the Board of Trustees of the Aga Khan University, the Senate of Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Board of Governors, National School of Public Policy and Mahbub-ul-Haq Centre for Human Development. He was a member of the Steering Committee on Higher Education appointed by the President of Pakistan in 2003. Dr. Husain received his M.A. in Development Economics from Williams College and was at the top of his class and Ph. D in Economics from Boston University receiving International Student Award for outstanding academic achievement. He is a graduate of the Executive Development Program jointly sponsored by Harvard, Stanford Universities and INSEAD. 28
Gregory Ingram Former President, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy United States Gregory Ingram was President and CEO of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy from June 2005 through June 2014 and formerly Director-General, Operations Evaluation at the World Bank. At the World Bank, he also held positions as Director PARTICIPANTS of the Development Research Department, Staff Director for the World Development Report 1994, Infrastructure for Development, and Economic Adviser in the Urban Projects Department. Prior to joining the World Bank, Mr. Ingram was Associate Professor of Economics at Harvard University. Mr. Ingram holds a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University; a B.A. and M.A. in philosophy, politics, and economics from Oxford University; and a B.S. in civil engineering from Swarthmore College. 29
Tateaki Ishida President and Chief Executive Officer, Tokai Tokyo Financial Holdings, Inc.; Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Tokai Tokyo Securities Co., Ltd. Japan Mr. Ishida joined Tokai Tokyo Securities Co., Ltd. in May 2004 and was appointed to be Deputy President and a member of the Board in June of the same year. He was promoted to President in March 2005 and then appointed President and Chief PARTICIPANTS Executive Officer in June 2006. Since the introduction of holding company operating structure in April 2009, he has been President and Chief Executive Officer of Tokai Tokyo Financial Holdings, Inc. Prior to joining Tokai Tokyo Securities, he was President of UFJ International plc in London. Mr. Ishida started his career with the Tokai Bank, Ltd. in 1968 where he spent most of his 35-year career in the international and investment banking fields including his overseas assignments at the bank’s Bangkok and Los Angeles offices. In 1992, Mr. Ishida was seconded to London to establish and manage its highly reputable proprietary trading business as President of Tokai Bank Europe. He was elected as a member of the Board of the parent bank in 1994 and appointed as a Managing Director before returning to Tokyo in 1997. Subsequently at the Tokyo headquarters until 1998, he oversaw as the Head of International Capital Market Operation both worldwide capital market operation and the entire international banking with his authority and responsibility extended to enormously broad bank’s operation. Then, he moved to Tokai Asset Management Co., Ltd as President. Following his service for three years there, Mr. Ishida returned to London in 2001 as Chairman of Tokai Bank Europe plc and was later appointed to be President of UFJ International plc where he served three years before returning to Japan to join Tokai Tokyo Securities Co., Ltd. Mr. Ishida graduated with BA from the Faculty of Commerce, Otaru University of Commerce, Japan. 30
Oraz Jandosov Director, RAKURS Center for Economic Analysis; Former Minister of Finance; Former Governor, National Bank of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Mr. Jandosov is currently the director of the RAKURS Center for Economic Research, serving in this role since 2008; Chairman of the Board of Association of Economists of Kazakhstan; and Advisor to the Board and member of the Presidium of the PARTICIPANTS National Economic Chamber of Kazakhstan “Atameken Union.” He has held a number of prominent roles in Kazakhstan throughout his career, including Chairman of the Agency for Natural Monopolies Regulation and Protection of Competition, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Air Kazakhstan, Chairman of the Board of Association of Financiers of Kazakhstan, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Finance, Chairman of the National Bank of Kazakhstan, and President of JSC KEGOC. He has served as an assistant to the President, a member of the Higher Economic Council and National Council for Sustainable Development, and as co-chairman of Akzhol and True Akzhol, Kazakh political parties. He graduated from Moscow State University as an economist-cybernetician in 1987. 31
Abdoulie Janneh Executive Director and Board Member, Mo Ibrahim Foundation; Former Executive Secretary, UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) Senegal Abdoulie Janneh, a Gambian National, is a former United Nations Under-Secretary General and Executive Secretary of the UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). Since November 2012, Mr. Janneh has been serving as Executive Director/ PARTICIPANTS Board Member at the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, and he is based in Dakar, Senegal. Mr. Janneh successfully completed a seven-year tenure (2005-2012) at the helm of the ECA, an institution with the dual role of being the regional arm of the United Nations in Africa as well as a key Pan-African Institution. During his leadership of the ECA, Mr. Janneh took steps to strategically re-position the organization to better support Africa’s development agenda. In his various senior roles, Mr. Janneh has been striving to enhance partnership building for Africa, as a necessary vehicle to mobilize support and build inclusiveness for shared development objectives. In this regard, he has been able to cultivate strong partnerships at the highest levels between ECA and governments, the private sector, civil society, as well as national, regional and international organizations. He also serves on the Boards/ Advisory Panels of a number of organizations involved in Africa’s development. Notably, he is a member of the Africa Forum of Former Heads of State and Government and serves on several boards including the African Governance Institute (AGI) as Chair, the International Lawyers for Africa (ILFA), Coalition for Dialogue on Africa (CoDA), AO Alliance and Africa Sustainability Center (ASCENT). Mr. Janneh is the recipient of several awards and honors. 32
Naoya Jinda Chief Advisor to the President, Asian Development Bank (ADB) International Organization Naoya Jinda is a national of Japan. He obtained his Master’s degree in Public Policy from Harvard University, USA in 2000 and his Bachelor’s degree in Law from The University of Tokyo, Japan in 1996. PARTICIPANTS Prior to joining ADB, he was a Deputy Director of the International Tax Policy Division of Tax Bureau, the Ministry of Finance (MOF) of Japan. He was responsible for the international financial and taxation policies of the Ministry including fight against tax evasion and avoidance. He also carried out positions of increasing responsibility in various capacities in International Finance Bureau of the MOF related to development issues as well as multilateral and bilateral financial cooperation in the Asia and Pacific Region. 33
Donald Kaberuka Former President, African Development Bank Rwanda Mr. Donald Kaberuka is currently serving his second five-year term as President of the African Development Bank Group (AfDB). He was first elected in 2005, becoming the seventh president of the Bank Group since its establishment in 1963. PARTICIPANTS He was re-elected in May 2010 at the AfDB’s headquarters in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, for a second five-year term. He took the oath for his second term in September of that year in Tunis, the Bank’s current temporary relocation city. The Bank moved temporarily from Abidjan in 2003 due to the security situation there. Before joining the African Development Bank, Mr. Kaberuka, 61, had a distinguished career in banking, international trade and development and government service A national of Rwanda, he was the country’s Minister of Finance and Economic Planning between 1997 and 2005. During this period, he oversaw Rwanda’s successful economic reconstruction after the end of the civil war there. He initiated and implemented major economic reforms and introduced new systems of structural, monetary and fiscal governance, laying special emphasis on the independence of Rwanda’s central bank. These reforms led to the widely-recognized revival of Rwanda’s economy, and to the sustained economic growth that enabled Rwanda to obtain debt cancellation under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative in April 2005. During his service at the AfDB, Mr. Kaberuka has presided over a major redirection in its strategy for development and poverty reduction in Africa. To that end, the AfDB has placed increased emphasis on the private sector, and on the importance of major infrastructure developments in areas such as road, railways, power plants and communications, especially in their role in promoting regional integration in Africa. During Mr. Kaberuka’s period of office, the AfDB has become Africa’s premier financial institution. In 2009, in response to the global financial crisis, the African Development Bank Group made record approvals of loans and grants totaling more than USD 12.6 billion. Donald Kaberuka was educated at universities in Tanzania and Scotland. He holds a PhD in Economics from Glasgow University. 34
Gautam Kaji Chair of the Advisory Board, Emerging Markets Forum; Chair, Centennial Group; Former Managing Director, World Bank United States Mr. Kaji is the Chairman of the Centennial Group, a strategic advisory firm created by internationally recognized figures from the public and private sectors. The firm provides high-level policy and strategic advice to top business executives and senior PARTICIPANTS public officials on how to derive maximum benefits while minimizing risks from opportunities in today‘s global economy. Mr. Kaji currently serves on the Board of Directors of listed and privately held companies including: The Cabot Corp., Boston MA; The Infrastructure Development Finance Co. Ltd., India; HCL Perot Systems, Inc., Netherlands; Synergy Power Co. Ltd., Hong Kong; and Washington Asset Management, Inc., Washington, D.C. In addition, he has provided services to a number of private institutions such as J.P. Morgan since leaving the World Bank. In a career spanning almost 30 years in economic and development policy formulation and implementation with the World Bank, Gautam S. Kaji played a key role in helping the institution meet the development needs of its more than 180 member nations. In the process, he earned a worldwide reputation as a leading expert on global economic and financial issues. When he retired from the World Bank in November 1997, Mr. Kaji was Managing Director for Operations, with specific re- sponsibility for the institution‘s programs in Asia and Africa. He also chaired the Operations Committee, which reviews all projects put forward for Bank support and served as co-chair of the Private Sector Development Group, which encompasses the work of the Bank‘s private-sector affiliates, IFC and MIGA, as well as the IBRD itself. In addition, he was a member of the Bank‘s Executive Committee, the core senior management team guiding the strategic direction of the institution. Earlier, Mr. Kaji served in various operational positions with the Bank—including in Africa, Europe and the Middle East, and as Director for Human Resources. Prior to his appointment as Managing Director in 1994, he was the Bank‘s Vice President for operations in East Asia and the Pacific – a region with which he was closely involved for well over a decade. This involvement has allowed him to develop a keen insight into the social, institutional and political considerations that influence practical policy formulation and implemen- tation throughout Asia. He continues to maintain close personal contact with the senior policy makers and business leaders within and outside the region. Before joining the World Bank, Mr. Kaji worked for a number of years in the commercial banking sector in India, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, and the United States. He has an MBA from the Wharton School of Finance. 35
Eliane Karp-Toledo Visiting Scholar, Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS), Stanford University; Director, Projects and Policies of Social Inclusion, Global Center for Development and Democracy Peru Professor Eliane Karp-Toledo is Visiting Scholar at the Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS), Stanford University 2013-2014. She was also Visiting Scholar in the Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, 2012-2013. PARTICIPANTS Her other current academic experience include her role as Director of Projects and Policies of Social Inclusion at the Global Center for Development and Democracy (CGDD) and Visiting Professor Member of the Indigenist Chair “Jose Maria Arguedas” at the Ibero-American Institute, University of Salamanca, Spain. Professor Karp-Toledo is currently engaged in a book project related to Indigenous Peoples’ Empowerment: The New Challenges for Latin American Democracies. This project is to be conducted jointly with the School of Education of Stanford University, the University of Salamanca, Spain, and CGDD, with the support of the Andean Financial Corporation. This study will lead to the publication of a new book which focuses on Indigenous Movements and their claims to improve public and private policies in favor of increased social inclusion and equal citizenship. This project is part of the implementation of the 20-year Social Agenda for Democracy in Latin America. The Social Agenda is a policy-oriented research initiative of the CGDD, which was founded by the former President of Peru, Alejandro Toledo, in 2006. Professor Karp-Toledo was First Lady of the Republic of Peru from 2001 to 2006. As First Lady, her main goal was to design a public agenda leading to promoting the social and economic empowerment of people living in extreme poverty and people facing ethnic discrimination. Key areas such as constitutional and territorial rights, the exploitation of natural resources, royalties for the Indigenous Peoples, rights to patents and ownership of collective knowledge, cultural heritage, biodiversity and alternative sources of income, were all reviewed and promoted during that period. Professor Karp-Toledo also served as Honorary President of the National Commission for the Andean, Amazonian and Afro-Peruvian Peoples (2001-2003), which was created as an ad-hoc institution in 2001. The commission called on elected representatives from most ethnic populations, ministries, Congress people, and academicians who participated in formal meetings to discuss grievances, claims, participation and rights of the Indigenous Peoples in the democratic process. This commission was then institutionalized and acquired ministerial rank in 2005, with the creation of the National Institute for the Development of Andean, Amazonian and Afro-Peruvian Peoples (INDEPA). 36
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