FRENCH DEPARTMENT COURSE BROCHURE - 2019-2020 This brochure is also available on our website Wellesley College
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FRENCH DEPARTMENT COURSE BROCHURE 2019-2020 This brochure is also available on our website: http://www.wellesley.edu/french
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Course Descriptions .............................................................. 2 – 19
Requirements for the French Major ..................................... 20
The French Cultural Studies Major ....................................... 20
Honors in the French Major (360/370) ................................ 21 – 25
Advanced Placement & Language Requirements ................ 26
Graduate Study and Teaching .............................................. 26
La Maison Française/French House ...................................... 27
Wellesley-in-Aix .................................................................... 27
Faculty .................................................................................. 28 – 30
Awards and Fellowships ....................................................... 31 – 36
French Department
Sarah Allahverdi (sallahve@wellesley.edu)….. (781) 283-2403
Hélène Bilis (hbilis@wellesley.edu) ….. (781) 283-2413 (On Leave)
Venita Datta (vdatta@wellesley.edu) ….. (781) 283-2414
French House Assistantes - (781) 283-2413
Marie-Cécile Ganne-Schiermeier (mgannesc@wellesley.edu) ….. (781) 283-2412
Scott Gunther (sgunther@wellesley.edu) ….. (781) 283-2444 Chair 2018-2019
Barry Lydgate (blydgate@wellesley.edu) ….. (781) 283-2439 (On Leave-Fall)
Catherine Masson (cmasson@wellesley.edu) ..….. (781) 283-2417 (On Leave)
Codruţa Morari (cmorari@wellesley.edu) ….. (781) 283-2479
James Petterson (jpetters@wellesley.edu) ….. (781) 283-2423
Anjali Prabhu (aprabhu@wellesley.edu) ….. (781) 283-2495
Marie-Paule Tranvouez (mtranvou@wellesley.edu) ….. (781) 283-2975
Course Distribution, when applicable, is noted in parenthesis following the prerequisites.
1
FRENCH 101-102 (FALL & SPRING)
BEGINNING FRENCH I AND II
Prerequisite: Open to students who do not present French for admission, an equivalent departmental placement score, or by
permission of the instructor.
FREN 101-102 is a year-long course. Students must complete both semesters satisfactorily to receive credit for either
course. Systematic training in all the language skills, with special emphasis on communication, self-expression, and
cultural insight. A multimedia course based on the video series French in Action. Classes are supplemented by regular
assignments in a variety of video audio, print, and Web-based materials to give students practice using authentic
French accurately and expressively. Three class periods a week.
Each semester earns 1.0 unit of credit; however, both semesters must be completed satisfactorily to receive credit
for either course. Written and oral work; sustained class participation; weekly quizzes; periodic oral exams; no
midterm or final exam.
Lydgate
Ganne-Schiermeier
TBD
FRENCH 201-202 (FALL & SPRING)
FRENCH LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND CULTURES
FREN 201-202 is a yearlong course. Student must complete both semesters to receive credit. Accelerating students may
follow FREN 201 with FREN 205. Completion of FREN 202 allows first-year students to qualify for international study after
two further courses in French: a unit of FREN 206, FREN 207, FREN 208, or FREN 209, and a unit of FREN 210, FREN 211 or
FREN 212.
Prerequisite: FREN 102 or FREN 103, an equivalent departmental placement score, or permission of the instructor. (FREN
201 None, FREN 202 LL)
Reading, writing, speaking skills and critical thinking are developed through analysis and discussion of cultural and
literary texts. Issues of cultural diversity, globalization, and identity are considered. Thorough grammar review. Three
70-minute class periods per week.
Each semester of FREN 201 and FREN 202 earns one unit of credit; however, both semesters must be completed
satisfactorily to receive credit for either course. Students are strongly advised to complete the FREN 201-202
sequence within the same academic year and, in order to ensure they receive credit for the two courses, should
consult the chair if they foresee a gap in their enrollment for the sequence. A student who petitions to take FREN 202
2
without having completed FREN 201 must elect one of the following courses in order to complete the language
requirement: FREN 205, FREN 206, FREN 207, or FREN 209.
Datta
Prabhu
Ganne-Schiermeier
TBD
FRENCH 205 (FALL)
LITERATURE AND FILM IN CULTURAL CONTEXTS
Prerequisite: FREN 202 or FREN 203, or an equivalent departmental placement score. (LL)
Discussion of modern literature and film in their cultural contexts. Training in techniques of literary and cultural
analysis. Materials include novels, short stories, poetry, films, screenplays and videos from France and the
Francophone world. Vocabulary building and review of key points of grammar. Frequent written practice. Attention
to oral skills and listening comprehension as needed.
Students who have taken FREN 202 and wish further language training should take FREN 205, emphasizing reading
and writing, before moving on to other 200-level courses. FREN 205 is also recommended for incoming students who
place as indicated above and who would benefit from some grammar review and special attention to writing prior to
further literature or culture courses.
A transition course from basic language acquisition at the intermediate level to the study of literature, film and
culture, FREN 205 provides a review of key points of grammar, vocabulary building and help with writing as well as an
introduction to techniques of literary and cultural analysis. It will also help build reading skills. Although the
emphasis is on reading and writing, oral comprehension and speaking will not be neglected. Active participation in
class discussion is essential. Short papers will be assigned throughout the semester.
The literary, film and cultural selections will cluster around four pivotal moments or movements of the past century:
la Belle Époque, World War II and the Resistance, feminisms in France and other Francophone countries, colonialism
and post-colonialism.
Works studied include:
François Truffaut: Jules et Jim (film and screenplay)
Poetry from La Belle Epoque (Guillaume Apollinaire, Nathalie Clifford Barney, Lucie Delarue-Mardrus)
Vercors: Le Silence de la mer (novella and film)
Pierre Sauvage: Les Armes de l'Esprit (film)
Colette: La Femme cachée (short stories)
Simone de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième sexe (excerpt)
Feminist manifestos of the 1970’s
3
Négritude and anti-colonial poetry from Africa
Albert Camus: L'Exil et le Royaume (short stories)
Gillo Pontecorvo: La Bataille d'Alger (film)
Assia Djebar: excerpts from Femmes d'Alger dans leur appartement
Datta
FRENCH 206 (FALL & SPRING)
INTERMEDIATE SPOKEN FRENCH
Prerequisite: FREN 202, FREN 203, or FREN 205, or an equivalent departmental placement score. (LL)
This course develops the skills of listening and speaking in French, with special emphasis on pronunciation and
attention to related skills of reading, writing, and grammatical accuracy. Participants will practice conversation
through discussion of a wide variety of materials, including websites, magazine articles, short stories and film. This
course is designed to develop oral proficiency and listening comprehension, with necessary attention to the other
skills – reading and writing.
Throughout the semester, special attention is given to the idiomatic expression, forms of speech, and pronunciation.
In addition to the reading and study of magazine articles and short stories, extensive use is made of French short
films. Class time is entirely devoted to conversation and a wide variety of activities is proposed to increase students’
vocabulary, improve pronunciation, fluency and comprehension. At the end of the course, students’ oral and listening
skills are substantially developed.
Tranvouez
4
FRENCH 207 (FALL)
PERSPECTIVES ON FRENCH CULTURE AND SOCIETY: FRENCH IDENTITY IN THE
AGE OF GLOBALIZATION
Prerequisite: FREN 202, FREN 203, or FREN 205, or an equivalent departmental placement score. (LL, SBA)
In this introduction to French society and culture, we will examine France’s identity crisis in the twenty-first century.
From its historical position of political, economic, and intellectual leadership in Europe and the world, France is
searching to maintain its difference as a defender of quality over mass appeal and the proud values of its national
tradition in the face of increasing globalization. Topics include Franco-American relations, the European Union,
immigration, the family, and the role of women in French society. Readings are drawn from a variety of sources:
historical, sociological, and ethnographic. Magazine and newspaper articles with television programs and films will
provide supplementary information. Given the comparative perspective of this course, we will begin by studying
American stereotypes of the French as well as French stereotypes of Americans. Next, we will explore the way in
which the French define themselves, examining such topics as French attitudes toward their language, geography,
and history, as well as toward the state, money, and food.
We will then continue our survey of contemporary French society and culture, taking care to situate issues of current
interest within an historical framework. The major challenge facing the French today is related to the globalization of
their culture and economy. Franco-American relations as well as France’s role in the European Union are the product
of French attitudes toward its past: witness the recent discussions of freedom of the press and of secularism in the
wake of the Charlie Hebdo attacks. The impact of immigrant culture, in particular, Islamic culture, has led to the
emergence of a multicultural identity which challenges the traditional notion of “France, une et indivisible,” inherited
from the French Revolution and reinforced by the republican school system, established in the 1880s. The
meritocratic discourse of the republican schools still resonates today, although these schools seem to reinforce social
inequalities rather than transcend them. Women, too, in spite of egalitarian rhetoric, lag behind their European
sisters in terms of representation in French politics, although legislation has been passed recently to help rectify this
situation. All in all, France faces many difficult problems in the twenty-first century.
Gunther
5
FRENCH 209 (FALL)
TOPIC: CANNES: THE FRENCH FILM FESTIVAL
Prerequisite: FREN 202, FREN 203, or FREN 205, or an equivalent departmental placement score. (ARS, LL)
How did it happen that a minor festival in a town on the Côte d’Azur developed and came to gain world-wide
recognition, rivaling the Oscars in matters of glamour, star allure, and cinematic cachet? Exploring the history of
the Cannes Film Festival through a diverse array of published and audio-visual materials, this course will chart the
history of this annual event and its formative role in French film culture, and foster student fluency in written and
spoken French. Materials to be examined are French radio shows, newspapers reports, magazine and TV
coverage, along with selected films, memoirs, and a bande dessinée.
Since its inception in 1946, Cannes Film Festival has asserted itself increasingly in the popular imagination. Each
May, we are accustomed to Cannes dominating worldwide TV and newsprint coverage of media events, thanks to
the stars and starlets it attracts, to its annual outbreaks of scandal and outrage and to the films laurelled on the
final night at the Grand Palais. After the World Cup and the Olympics, Cannes is probably the most publicized
event on the planet. Beyond this glamorous façade, Cannes is a battleground of warring cinematic values: art
versus commerce, auteur cinema versus the multiplex, politics versus culture, Hollywood versus independent
cinemas. In the course of time Cannes has become a significant driving force in world cinema; it now sets agendas
for other film festivals, gives rise to significant careers, and shapes international appreciation of film as an art.
Cannes is a French festival, indeed a French state business. Does Cannes simply peddle French cultural and
political agendas? The presence of French films in competition is never a pure or simple matter. Political
considerations often seem pertinent to the decision of which films win prizes. Students in this course will become
familiarized with French oral and written discourses on the Festival. Each May, radio shows host special sessions
on Cannes happenings, magazines cover the event, starting with the general organization including the selection
of films and jury members, and ending with a heated discussion about the ceremony award. Joann Sfar’s graphic
novel Croisette, a chronicle of the festival’s 60th anniversary, will provide unique, witty and entertaining coverage
of the event and familiarize the students with the present situation of Cannes. In addition to numerous
interviews, memoirs by Gilles Jacob, the festival director for 35 years, and Serge Toubiana, journalist and director
of the French Cinémathèque, selected films will provide material for the exploration of the world’s most famous
festival. Articles, podcasts, and films screenings will provide a rich point of departure for the study of the festival’s
history. By the end of the course, students will be able to write a report on the latest edition of the festival in the
light of its history, and to account for this unique nexus of aesthetic idealism, commercial opportunism and world
politics.
Readings will include:
Gilles Jacob, La Vie passera comme un rêve (in English Citizen Cannes); Thierry Frémaux, ed., Ces années-là: 70 Chroniques pour 70
éditions du festival de Cannes.
Films will include:
th
Chacun son cinéma (a 2007 film commissioned for the 60 anniversary of the festival) and films from the latest edition of the festival.
Morari
6FRENCH 209 (SPRING)
TOPIC: THE PARIS OF POETS
Prerequisite: FREN 202, FREN 203, or FREN 205, or an equivalent departmental placement score. (LL)
A study of the city of Paris as urban inspiration for French poetry, with an emphasis on speaking and writing skills. This
course explores the visual arts, culture and history of the City of Light as represented and celebrated through French
poetry. Special attention is paid to Parisian artistic and poetic life during the late nineteenth-century to the present.
The Paris of Poets explores French poetry directly inspired by the centuries of architectural, cultural, even political layers
that compose the urban landscapes of Paris. Spiraling outward like some massive snail shell, each of Paris’s twenty
arrondissements has been touched by the writings of the French poets that we will read: (among many others) Baudelaire,
er
whose “Le Cygne” is set in the Tuileries Garden (1 arrondissement), Senegalese poet Léopold Senghor’s “Luxembourg
e e
1939” (5 arrondissement), Théophile Gautier’s « L'Obélisque de Paris » (8 arrondissement), Raymond Queneau’s “Rue
e e
Paul-Verlaine” (13 arrondissement), and contemporary poet Jacques Réda’s « Hauteurs de Belleville » (20
arrondissement). Other poems we will read crisscross Paris and its banlieues. The poetry of Paris has equally inspired and
been inspired by some of the greatest paintings and sculptures in the holdings of Paris museums, thus a part of our course
is devoted to exploring the special relation between the painters, sculptors and poets of Paris through the ages. The course
emphasizes learning how to read a poem (both out loud and analytically). Short papers will be assigned through the
semester. Intensive participation in class discussion is expected. There will be one short final project.
Texts: A Reader will be made available for this course.
Petterson
FRENCH 211 (SPRING)
STUDIES IN LANGUAGE
Prerequisite: At least one unit of FREN 206, FREN 207, FREN 208, FREN 209 or above, or an equivalent departmental
placement score. (LL)
Comprehensive review of French grammar, enrichment of vocabulary, and introduction to French techniques of
literary analysis, composition, and the organization of ideas. Open to first-year students if they have taken one of the
prerequisite courses. We will study fundamental concepts and techniques of analysis as they apply to French
literature. Students will practice reading different literary genres in depth, including poetry, the short story and the
novel. Students will learn to identify ways in which these texts are organized and the techniques an author uses to
convey meaning. Students will be introduced to the techniques of the “explication de texte”, the “commentaire
composé” of prose and poetical texts, and the “dissertation” (formal French essay).
7Students will be acquiring a critical vocabulary for the analysis of texts and will learn to refine their writing style
through intense practice. They will learn to write proper introductions and conclusions and to organize their ideas in a
manner appropriate to each writing assignment. We will develop the linguistic means necessary for organizing the
presentation of information, for putting ideas together, and for bringing more precision and nuance to writing.
Finally, we will learn to improve writing style by incorporating new grammatical structures in compositions.
Chapters of the grammar book that introduce new notions will be thoroughly presented; grammar points students
have learned at the intermediate level will be reviewed in detail and presented in the context of more complex
analytical approaches. Students will learn how to use their grammar book as a reference guide—a “tool” to be used
by each student according to her/his specific needs. Students will also learn how and where to find specific
grammatical information.
Grammar:
Difficultés expliquées du français for English Speakers by Alain Vercollier, Claudine Vercollier, Kay Boulier - Editor CLE
INTERNATIONAL
Analyse littéraire:
Littérature Progressive du Français, Nicole Blondeau, Ferroudja Allouche, Editor CLE INTERNATIONAL
Tranvouez
FRENCH 212 (FALL & SPRING)
FROM CLASSICISM TO PRESENT DAY: FRENCH LITERATURE & CULTURE
THROUGH THE CENTURIES
Prerequisite: At least one unit of FREN 206, FREN 207, FREN 208, FREN 209 or above, or an equivalent departmental
placement score. (LL)
Major authors from the eighteenth century to the twenty-first, studied in their historical and cultural contexts, with
emphasis on close reading, critical analysis, and writing in French. Literary generations and movements, from the
philosopher-writers of the Enlightenment through the nineteenth-century innovations of the romantic and realist
writers, to groundbreaking twentieth-century experiments in prose, poetry and theater, and the painful
disillusionment of the Second World War. Concluding with readings in new directions in French literature. A key
course for appreciating and understanding the materials in all our courses and one that prepares students to study
abroad.
Petterson
8FRENCH 218 (FALL)
WOMEN IN POSTCOLONIAL “FRENCH” AFRICA: AFTER NÉGRITUDE
Prerequisite: At least one unit of FREN 206, FREN 207, FREN 208, FREN 209 or above, or an equivalent departmental
placement score. (LL)
Male elites in postcolonial Africa dominated the independence era with liberation movements such as "négritude."
Women's position in both public culture and private spaces was ambiguous, rapidly changing, even contentious. Our
study of a variety of media, while placing literary texts at the center, will seek to understand the place of women in
the Francophone context and in postcolonial nations more widely.
“Négritude” is the term used to identify the poetics and politics of a group of young African and African diasporic
writers who came together as university students in Paris in the early twentieth-century. The names associated most
notably with that cohort are: Aimé Césaire from Martinique, Léon Damas from French Guyana, and Léopold Sédar
Senghor, who went on to be Senegal’s first president. Studying these writers will provide the base for our critique of
early Francophone literary creation and the politics of independence from a feminist perspective. The stark
demarcations between white and black of the colonial period are played out in Ferdinand Oyono’s novel, Une vie de
boy, whose central character tests out the meanings of being “French” African at the height of the colonial period.
We will watch scenes from the film Chocolat to think about the actual subjective experiences of the contrast and
contradictions of the white-black divide in colonial Africa.
Studying the writings and life of the revolutionary historical figure of Frantz Fanon will allow us to understand many
aspects of the position of colonized women during his lifetime (1925-1961), and especially during the period leading
up to the time when many French colonies were preparing for independence through revolutionary struggle. Fanon
provides an interesting focal point for such a study: we will explore the place of women in both his native Martinique
(which became a French Overseas Department) and in the space of his primary revolutionary activity, which was
Algeria, when the war of independence broke out. In this section of the class we will read from Fanon, but also from a
relatively unknown Martinican woman writer, Mayotte Capécia, whom he criticized in an effort to understand race
relations under colonialism in the French Creole island of Martinique. Fanon analyzed the culture of his childhood and
youth as being over-determined by colonial culture. While his early work attempts to revise and surpass such severe
limits on his existence and that of the youth of his time, it is often ruthlessly gender blind. Our critique will focus on
this blind spot as we explore the creativity of women in the Creolized colonial world. Alongside readings from Fanon
and Capécia we will also watch the delightful film, Sugarcane Alley, which will allow us to explore, beyond Capécia’s
biographical text, the multiple ways in which women were negotiating the same period. Our study of Caribbean
culture and its relationship to metropolitan French culture will involve looking at French advertisements and some
works on the history of the period. The classic film, Bataille d’Algiers, will allow us to focus on the events of the
Algerian war of independence, while we will critique the historical representation made of those events and of the
FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) in the film. The film gives us a dramatic scene from which will ensue our
discussion of the role of women in the war and soon after. Fanon’s famous essay on the veil provides textual entry
into the question. Assia Djebar’s Les enfants du nouveau monde provides a fictionalized literary account of the role of
women in that war. We will end the class with two less serious contemporary films that raise these issues in France.
In Café au lait, the métisse (mixed-race), Lola, is pregnant and one of her two lovers is the father: is it Jamal, the son
of African immigrants, or Félix, a young Jewish Frenchman? In Banlieu 13, which includes many chases, stunning
parkour scenes, and a plot that does not rely on the spectator’s belief, a ruffian of North African descent, Leito, and a
white undercover cop, Damien Tomaso, team up to infiltrate a ghetto which is mostly inhabited by immigrants and
the poor. The two characters are to diffuse a bomb that would destroy the entire community. The films allow us to
open up the question of colonization in contemporary France alongside issues of gender and immigration.
Novels/Essays:
Aimé Césaire Cahiers d’un retour au pays natal
9Oyono, Ferdinand. Une vie de boy
Fanon, Frantz. Peau noire, masques blancs (extracts)
Fanon, Frantz. L’An V de la révolution algérienne (extracts)
Capécia, Mayotte. Je suis martiniquaise
Djebar, Assia. Les enfants du nouveau monde
Films:
de Ponteverco Gillo. Bataille d’Algiers (1966)
Vir Parminder. Algeria: Women at War (1992)
Denis, Claire. Chocolat (1988)
Kassovitz Matthieu. Café au lait (1994)
Morel, Pierre. Banlieu 13 (2004)
Supplementary Reading:
Schloss, Rebecca Hartkopf. Sweet Liberty: The Final Days of Slavery in Martinique.
Hargreaves, Alec. Multi-Ethnic France: Immigration, Politics, Culture, and Society.
Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962.
Prabhu
10FRENCH 220 (SPRING)
DECODING THE FRENCH
Prerequisite: At least one unit of FREN 206, FREN 207, FREN 208, FREN 209 or above, or an equivalent departmental
placement score. (LL, SBA)
This course offers students analytical tools for interpreting French history, society, and culture. The first part of the
course focuses on the approaches that social science disciplines (history, anthropology, sociology) and theoretical
frameworks (semiotics, Marxism, structuralism, cultural history, queer theory) have used to analyze French social
phenomena. Short excerpts of texts by Claude Lévi-Strauss, Pierre Bourdieu, Roland Barthes, Algirdas Julien Greimas,
Natalie Zemon-Davis, Michel Foucault, Lynn Hunt, Pierre Nora, Robert Darnton, Joan Scott and others will orient our
discussions. In the second part of the course, students use these different approaches to examine the ways in which
terms such as “nation,” “class,” “secularism,” and “gender” take on distinct meanings in the French context.
In-class Presentation 1 (over the course of the first half of the semester) and Paper 1: Explaining the approaches
Students will choose one approach and explain it to the class. I will meet with them individually during the first
part of the semester to help them research these approaches and to come up with strategies for explaining
them to the class. Questions that students might address include:
- What is the history of this approach? In what social context did this approach first appear? How has the
approach changed over time?
- What kinds of cultural objects has the approach tended to look at?
- What criticisms exist of this approach? What are some of the potential blind spots of this approach?
In-class Presentation 2 (over the course of the second half of the semester): Applying the approaches
For this project, I will meet with students individually over the first half of the semester and we will work
together to apply the approaches we’ve learned to the analysis of a cultural object. Possible objects for analysis
include: the café, Astérix, French champagne, French vacations, French fashion (you can also propose to work
on another French cultural object, if you find one that lends itself to analysis from multiple approaches).
Students will examine their object from an integrative or multi-disciplinary viewpoint, so as to expose the
complex relationships and interdependencies that contribute to the object’s meaning. Questions that students
might address include:
- What was the historical context that produced the object? How was the icon interpreted at the time?
- What uses are made of the object in contemporary France? What does it mean today?
- Are there other objects in other historical or cultural contexts that play/played similar roles? In what
ways are they similar and different?
Paper 2 (end of the semester): Decoding French realities
Students will write guides for Americans that explain some of the ways in which French understandings of the
world differ from American ones. These guides will show that even though categories that we use to describe
11our social realities, such as “nation,” “secularism,” “social class,” “gender,” and “queer,” exist in both countries,
these terms take on different meanings and connotations in the two contexts.
Writing Requirements and Grading :
Paper 1 15%
Paper 2 25%
In-class oral presentation 1 15%
In-class oral presentation 2 25%
Participation/preparation 20%
TOTAL: 100%
Gunther
12FRENCH 229 (FALL)
AMERICA THROUGH FRENCH EYES: PERCEPTIONS AND REALITIES
Prerequisite: At least one unit of FREN 206, FREN 207, FREN 208, FREN 209 or above, or an equivalent departmental
placement score. (LL, HS)
The French have long been fascinated by the United States, especially since the end of the Second World War. At
times, the United States has been seen as a model to be emulated in France; more often, it has stood out as the
antithesis of French culture and values. This course examines French representations of the United States and of
Americans through key historical and literary texts—essays, autobiographies, and fiction—as well as films. Topics to
be explored include: representations of African Americans in French films (Josephine Baker), French views of
Taylorization, the Coca-Cola wars of the 1950s, French-American tensions during the Cold War, especially under de
Gaulle, as well as more recent debates about Euro Disney, McDonald's, Hollywood, globalization, and
multiculturalism.
We will begin with a brief overview of French-American relations, concentrating on the late eighteenth century, that is, the
period of the two revolutions, and then the 1920s and 1930s, when a significant American intellectual community resided
in Paris. We will then study French-American relations—cultural, political, social and economic—from 1945 to the present
day. In our examination of such issues of current interest as the war in Iraq, we will concentrate on texts from the French
press and journal articles.
Readings:
-Excerpts of the following primary texts:
Alexis de Tocqueville, De la démocratie en Amérique
André Siegfried, Les Etats-Unis d’aujourd’hui
Paul Morand, New York
Georges Duhamel, Scènes de la vie future
Simone de Beauvoir, L’Amérique au jour le jour
Jean-Paul Sartre, “Individualisme et conformisme aux Etats-Unis”
Jean Baudrillard, Amérique
Edgar Morin, Journal de Californie
Hergé, Tintin en Amérique
-Excerpts from the following secondary texts:
Christine Fauré and Tom Bishop, L’Amérique des Français
Philippe Roger, L’Ennemi américain: généalogie de l’antiaméricanisme
Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization
Tyler Stovall, Paris noir: African-Americans in the City of Light
Jean-Philippe Mathy, Extrême-Occident : French Intellectuals and America
Films:
Midnight in Paris
A bout de souffle
Datta
13FRENCH 300 (FALL)
POST-APOCALYPTIC CINEMA: FRENCH VISIONS OF ECOLOGICAL TRAUMA
Prerequisite: FREN 211 or, for students entering in 2014 or later, FREN 210 or FREN 212; and one additional unit, FREN 213
or above. (LL, ARS)
How has French cinema responded to the reality of environmental crisis and the specter of ecological catastrophe?
Issues linked to political ecologies and environmental ethics, anthropocentrism, climate change, pollution and
technological challenges have influenced the shape and substance of these cinematic responses. Work in the film
medium has assumed a critical place in a forum otherwise dominated by specialists in sciences, economics and
engineering. Indeed, French cinema has articulated a French voice in response to this global problem. As we probe
environmental discourses and their cinematic figuration, we will read, among others, texts by Marc Augé, Luce
Irigaray or Bruno Latour, and discuss representative films by directors such as Georges Méliès, René Clair, Agnès
Varda, Chris Marker, Jean-Luc Godard, Claire Denis or Jacques Tati.
Scientists diagnose problems and prescribe solutions, economists calculate the costs of a green economy and
engineers seek to invent technologies that will facilitate growth in challenged environments. What contributions
might cinema and the humanities make in helping to negotiate this multifaceted crisis? To be sure, the arts and the
humanities provide crucial perspectives in defining the problems that affect the environment and produce
observations that make room for creative solutions and imagine new resources. In the common endeavor of “saving
the planet,” the films and texts considered in this course contribute to the shared objective of developing both a
national and a global response to the environmental debates.
Questions of technological trauma have accompanied film history since the very beginning, with Georges Méliès’s
Voyage sur la lune from 1902 underscoring cinema’s seminal role in the modern conquest of new spaces. This early
20th century vision already revealed the threats posed by technology to humanism and pointed to visions of secular
and environmental apocalypse that cinema successfully commercialized in the Sci-Fi genre, as well as environmental
or social documentaries. The French film industry thus offers an impressive string of productions that have been
internationally recognized, from Jean-Luc Godard’s Sci-Fi Alphaville and politically apocalyptic Weekend to Agnès
Varda’s documentary The Gleaners and I, or Coline Serreau’s Think Global, Act Rural.
Georges Méliès’s filmic fantasies or Marcel L’Herbier’s and René Clair’s scientific visions of the early 1920s offer a
glimpse into cinema’s major role in allegorizing the menace of technology face to face with nature. However, it is at
the end of 1960s that French cinema becomes a major factor in environmental-related debates. As Kristin Ross has
argued in her seminal book Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture, post-war
French cinema frequently staged the connection between French modernization and physical and social landscapes.
Following Ross’s lead, we will focus mainly on French films after 1959 which address across genres issues like
ecological disasters, environmental justice, world ecology, pollution and recycling, as well as ecofeminism and
anthropocentrism. This course attempts to question the rationale behind these cinematic projects and to
contextualize them in relation to contemporary discourses in disciplines ranging from anthropology and history to
philosophy and media studies. It is in this context that we will consider readings by prominent French thinkers such as
Marc Augé, Jean Baudrillard, Michel de Certeau, Luce Irigaray, Henri Lefebvre, Bruno Latour, or Paul Virilio. Their
14critical reflections will provide a discursive background for our discussions about ecological catastrophes and
environmental challenges that are addressed in French films.
Fiction films and documentaries:
Voyage sur la lune (Georges Méliès, 1902)
Paris qui dort (René Clair, 1923)
Mon Oncle (Jacques Tati, 1958)
La Jetée (Chris Marker, 1962)
Alphaville (Jean-Luc Godard, 1965)
Fahreinheit 451 (François Truffaut, 1966)
Weekend (Jean-Luc Godard, 1967)
Je t’aime, je t’aime (Alain Resnais, 1968)
Sans Soleil (Chris Marker, 1983)
Les Glaneurs et la glaneuse (Agnès Varda, 2000)
Home (Yann-Arthus Bertrand, 2009)
White Material (Claire Denis, 2009)
Bird People (Pascal Ferran, 2014)
Les Combattants (Thomas Cailley, 2014)
Readings will consist of excerpts from:
Marc Augé, Non-lieux: Introduction à une anthropologie de la surmodernité (Seuil, 1992).
Etienne Balibar, Droit de cité (Editions de l’Aube, 1998).
Jean Baudrillard, Pourquoi tout n’a-t-il pas déjà disparu (Editions de l’Herne, 2008).
Michel de Certeau, L’Invention du quotidien. 1. Arts de faire (Gallimard, 1980).
Luce Irigaray, Le Temps de la différence. Pour une révolution pacifique (L.G.F., 1989).
Bruno Latour, Politiques de la nature (La Découverte, 2004).
Henri Lefebvre, La Production de l’espace (Anthropos, 1974).
Paul Virilio, Ville panique: Ailleurs commence ici (Galilée, 2002).
Morari
15FRENCH 306 (FALL)
LITERATURE AND INHUMANITY: NOVEL, POETRY AND FILM IN INTERWAR
FRANCE
Prerequisites: FREN 210 or FREN 212; and one additional unit, FREN 213 or above. (LL)
This course examines the confrontation between literature and inhumanity through the French literature, poetry and
film of the twentieth century. Poetry by Guillaume Apollinaire, André Breton, Robert Desnos and René Char, films by
Luis Buñuel and Man Ray, and novels and short stories by André Malraux, Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Blanchot and Jose
Semprun, all serve to illustrate the profound crisis in human values that defined and shaped the twentieth century.
"My skull's been x-rayed! Even though I’m still alive, I saw my skull! If that's not new, what is!" The French poet
Guillaume Apollinaire’s anecdotal exclamation (after seeing an x-ray of his shrapnel wound received during World
War I) announces the crisis of the modernist and neo-humanist belief in the merits of technological, social and artistic
progress in early twentieth-century France. The works studied in this seminar illustrate the link between modernism's
optimism and the Freudian concept of death; they also reveal humanity's own potential inhumanity.
The exploration of automatism in the Surrealist poetry, prose and films of Robert Desnos, André Breton and Luis
Buñuel further reveals a humanity divested of its cherished prewar avant-garde and modernist values. We also will
examine the pre-war, wartime and postwar writings of Jean-Paul Sartre, René Char, André Malraux, and Maurice
Blanchot to experience the changed vision of humankind; one of "lucid despair” before man's ever more clear
inhumanity. These authors are haunted by both the events of World War II and their own lack of a raison d'être. They
are also lucid about their inability to further pretend that art can be the immediate and unproblematic remedy for
man's inhumanity. Rather than quick answers, these wartime writings offer their own reformulation of Malraux’s
question, in his last novel Les Noyers de l'Altenburg, “does the notion of humanity make any sense?”
Assignments: Oral presentation, mid-term paper, and a final paper.
Reading list:
Apollinaire Poèmes à Lou (selections)
Blaise Cendrars L’Homme Foudroyé (selections)
Paul Valéry « Note (ou l’européen) »
Man Ray L’Etoile de mer (film)
Luis Buñuel L’Age d’Or (film)
Robert Desnos Corps et biens (selections)
Drieu La Rochelle Mesure de la France
Francis Ponge “Notes Premières de l’Homme” & “Pages bis”
Jean Paul Sartre « Présentation »
Albert Camus “Le Mythe de Sisyphe”
Jose Semprun, L’écriture ou la vie (selections)
André Malraux Les Noyers de l'Altenburg (selections)
Maurice Blanchot L’Instant de Ma Mort
Jean Echenoz 14
Petterson
16FRENCH 324 (SPRING)
THE BELLE EPOQUE AND THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN FRANCE
Prerequisite: FREN 211 or, for students entering in 2014 or later, FREN 210 or FREN 212, and one additional unit, FREN 213
or above. Not open to students who took the same topic as FREN 349. (LL, HS)
The term belle époque (1880-1914) evokes images of Parisian boulevards, bustling cafés, glittering shop windows, and
Montmartre cabarets, all symbols of modern consumer culture. No emblem of the era is as iconic as the Eiffel Tower,
constructed for the World’s Fair of 1889 as a tribute to French technology and progress. During the years preceding
World War I, Paris was the center of the European avant-garde—indeed, the capital of modernity. While cultural
ebullience is its hallmark, this period also witnessed the definitive establishment of a republican regime, the
expansion of an overseas empire, and the integration of the countryside into national life. Drawing on historical
documents and literary texts as well as films, posters, and songs, this interdisciplinary course examines French
culture, politics, and society during the era that ushered France into the modern age.
We will begin by examining the political situation of the Third Republic, in particular, the scandals that shook the
regime, notably the Dreyfus Affair; the conflict of Church and State, and the expansion of an overseas colonial empire.
Next, we will study French society of the Belle Epoque, exploring the family, the role of women, and the emergence of
a working class and of consumer culture. In the final third of the course, we will study the literary and artistic
achievements of the period, concentrating on the Parisian avant-garde, boulevard culture, the 1900 World’s Fair,
poster art, and the birth of the cinema.
Readings:
Eugen Weber, France, Fin de Siècle
Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years
Emile Zola, Au Bonheur des Dames
Jules Ferry, La mission coloniale
Baronne Staffe, Règles de savoir-vivre dans la société moderne (excerpt)
Jacques Ozouf, Nous les maîtres d’école: Autobiographies d’instituteurs de la Belle Epoque (excerpt)
Charles Rearick, Pleasures of Paris (excerpt)
Jules Verne, Paris au XXe siècle
Octave Mirbeau, Le journal d’une femme de chambre (excerpt)
Films:
Paris 1900 (documentary), Germinal, French cancan, Fantômas
Work for this course:
Two papers and an oral presentation.
Datta
17FRENCH 330 (SPRING)
FRENCH, FRANCOPHONE & POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES
Prerequisite: FREN 211 or, for students entering in 2014 or later, FREN 210 or FREN 212, and one additional unit, FREN 213
or above. (LL)
The course examines various texts from the postcolonial world to understand pressing concerns in different regions in
Africa, the Creole islands in the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean, and in Europe. Close attention will be paid to
narrative techniques while studying questions concerning the relationships with the metropolis and the functioning of
language(s). The course includes discussion and debates of postcolonial theory.
A newly independent nation faces a range of challenges, some of which are common to various areas of the
postcolonial world, and others, which are unique to the country in question. We will read texts that deal with urgent
issues in their specific contexts while we glean from the readings some general problems in the postcolonial world.
The relationship of each of these nationally-defined regions to the metropolis (France) could be radically different.
While Mauritius was more recently a British colony, Guadeloupe remains a French department, Algeria’s
independence included violent bloodshed. The esthetic and political effect of an actual or implied presence of other
languages within the French text will be central to our discussions of language. Readings will include key texts in
postcolonial theory and discussion of narrative techniques in the novel will be central to each session. The first weeks
of the class are devoted to understanding the emergence of postcolonial studies, a study of postcolonial theory, and
discussion of the key concepts of the field.
Assignments:
Two presentations, one mid-term written assignment, one final paper.
Texts:
Césaire, Aimé. Cahier d’un retour au pays natal.
Condé, Maryse. Traversée de la mangrove.
Djebar, Assia. L’ Amour, la Fantasia.
Fanon, Frantz. Peau noire, masques blancs.
Glissant, Edouard. Poétique de la Relation.
Mbanckou, Alain. Verre cassé.
Prabhu
18FRENCH/CPLT 359 (SPRING)
ADVOCATING FOR OTHER CULTURES
Prerequisite: At least two courses at the advanced 200 level or the 300 level in the major department. (LL)
Calderwood Seminar in Public Writing (in English)
Your local school board is considering eliminating foreign language instruction at the high school. You think it’s a bad
idea. How will you make your voice heard?
This seminar will explore writing that challenges language majors to rethink and repurpose their academic knowledge,
shaping it to contribute to public debates. Such writing may include op-eds and letters to the editor; book, film, and
music reviews; blogs; and interviews with notables in the field. Students will write weekly and revise their work in
response to comments from the instructor and their peers. The presence of majors in different languages will
introduce students to the assumptions, perspectives, and approaches of other cultures, with the goal of helping
participants become advocates for a wider, more inclusive cultural literacy.
Open to junior and senior majors in foreign language departments and related programs, and in Classical Studies and
Comparative Literature, and by permission of the instructor. Participants in this seminar will draw on their mastery of
a foreign language and culture to interpret their fields to non-specialists. Their studies have already taught them the
skill of projection – of imagining oneself as another and seeing reality from a standpoint outside oneself – that is
central to understanding a foreign culture. That skill is also, significantly, one of the keys to writing successfully for a
general public.
Lydgate
FRENCH 350
RESEARCH OR INDIVIDUAL STUDY
Prerequisite: FREN 210 or FREN 212, and one additional unit, French 213 or above.
350s will ordinarily be permitted in cases where there is no overlap of the content of the proposed study with a course
being offered by the French Department in the same semester. A student interested in doing an independent study should
first have a well-defined topic, including, for example, the author(s) to be considered, the question or central idea to be
studied, and the approach that will be taken. Students should consider which professor whose area of specialization and
interests most closely match her proposed study. Meetings and regular assignments will be discussed and arranged with
the professor in question. Please visit our faculty webpage for faculty information. Students should contact the instructor at
the time of pre-registration and, in any case, no later than the end of the first week of classes.
19Requirements for the French Major
For students entering before fall 2017, the major in French requires a minimum of eight semester courses above FREN
201, one of which must be FREN 210, FREN 211, or FREN 212. For students entering in fall 2017 or later, the major in
French requires a minimum of nine semester courses above FREN 201, one of which may be a course taught in English
in the French Department, and one of which must be FREN 210 or FREN 212. For all students, the major in French
requires at least two 300-level courses taught in French, one of which must be during their senior year.
FREN 101, FREN 102, FREN 103, and FREN 201 count toward the degree but not toward the French major. The
language courses FREN 202, FREN 203, FREN 205, FREN 206, FREN 211 and FREN 226 count toward the French Major.
All majors must take at least one culture course (FREN 207, FREN 220, FREN 222, FREN 225, FREN 227, FREN 229,
FREN 230, FREN 232, FREN 233, FREN 237, FREN 300, FREN 314, FREN 322, FREN 323, FREN 324, FREN 332) or spend
one semester studying in a Francophone country, and at least one literature course (FREN 208, FREN 209, FREN 213,
FREN 214, FREN 217, FREN 221, FREN 224, FREN 228, FREN 235, FREN 237, FREN 241, FREN 278, FREN 302, FREN 303,
FREN 306, FREN 307, FREN 308, FREN 313, FREN 315, FREN 317, FREN 330, FREN 333, FREN 356). For students
entering before fall 2017, FREN 210 and FREN 212 also satisfy the literature requirement.
FREN 350, 360 and 370 do not count toward the minimum requirement of two 300-level courses for the major. No
more than two courses taken credit/noncredit at Wellesley College may be applied to the French major. Students
planning to major in French should consult with the chair of the French department. The department does not offer a
minor.
The French Cultural Studies Major
Wellesley offers an interdepartmental major in French Cultural Studies, which combines courses from the
Department of French with those in Africana Studies, Art, History, Music, Political Science or any other department
offering courses on France or Francophone countries. French Cultural Studies majors ordinarily work closely with two
advisors, one from the French Department and one from the other area of concentration.
The major in French Cultural Studies consists of a minimum of eight units. At least four units in the French
department above FREN 201 are required, including FREN 207 and one of the following: FREN 210, FREN 211 or FREN
212.
In special cases, an upper-level culture course in French approved by the program director may be substituted for
FREN 207. At least two units in French at the 300 level are required. FRST 350, FRST 360 and FRST 370 do not normally
count towards the minimum requirement of two 300-level courses for the major. In exceptional cases this
requirement may be waived by the FCS director and/or the chair of the French department. No more than two
courses taken credit/noncredit at Wellesley College may be applied to the French Cultural Studies major. Students
planning to major in French Cultural Studies should consult with advisors to the major. For related courses for credit
toward the FCS major, please check http://www.wellesley.edu/french/culturalmajor.
20HONORS IN THE FRENCH MAJOR
The department offers two options for the achievement of honors in French:
Under Option A, students write and defend a senior thesis. Candidates must complete a 300-level course or its
equivalent before the fall of senior year. In addition, a 300-level course is to be taken concurrently with FREN
360-FREN 370. (See the description of those courses below.)
Under Option B, students sit for a written examination based on major works and authors of the French and
Francophone literary traditions. (See requirements, below.) Option B carries no course credit, but candidates
may elect a unit of FREN 350 in the fall of senior year as part of their preparation for the examination.
To be admitted to either program, a student must have a grade point average of at least 3.5 in all work in the
major field above the 100 level; the department may petition on her behalf if her GPA in the major is between
3.0 and 3.5.
Honors, Option A: Senior Thesis
FRENCH 360: Senior Thesis Research
FRENCH 370: Senior Thesis
Requirements:
1. Grade point average of 3.5 in the major, above the 100-level (Exceptions: see appended Articles of
Government, Book II, Section 2, Honors Programs.)
2. Recommendation of Department's Honors Committee when Project is submitted
3. A 300-level course or its equivalent before the Fall of senior year
4. French 360 and 370 do not count towards the minimum requirement of two 300-level courses for the
major.
Prerequisite for French 360: By permission of the department. See Academic Distinctions.
Prerequisite for French 370: French 360 and permission of the department.
Spring of Junior Year
In the Spring of the Junior Year qualified students who wish to be in the Honors Program must submit a proposal for 360
Senior Thesis Research. Students in the Wellesley-in-Aix program should discuss their plans with the program Director. Any
eligible junior who wishes to do so should then consult a faculty member for advice in selecting appropriate research
material for summer reading and in developing her topic into a promising proposal, which is to be formally submitted to the
department in the fall. The advisor should be contacted in February. In March and April the student should gather a
bibliography and by the end of April she should submit it to her advisor along with a preliminary proposal. The advisor
should comment on the bibliography and proposal by the beginning of June.
It is suggested that interested students look at the Honors theses of former students in the French Department Espace
Germaine Lafeuille. The Chair of the department is available for advice about selecting an Honors advisor. Students may
also consult the short description of the specializations of each French Department faculty member on the department
website.
21Summer
Read in general area of research and begin writing proposal for submission to the Department. Compile an annotated
bibliography.
September
Meet with advisor during the first week of classes to discuss thesis topic, annotated bibliography, and the reading done over
the summer. A schedule of conferences and deadlines should be worked out at this time.
October 1
Proposals are to be submitted to the Honors Committee of the department after consultation with the advisor. Goals, scope of
study, and critical approach should be clearly and precisely defined. Special attention should be paid to grammar, spelling,
and style. A tentative, but detailed, outline of the thesis, suggesting the progression of the argument or analysis must
accompany the proposal. A bibliography should also be included. Separate copies of the proposal are to be provided for each
member of the Honors Committee.
If the proposal is not approved, the student will be notified by October 8: in this case, the student may withdraw from the
Honors Program. She will be credited with one unit of 360 if sufficient work is done during the semester to justify it.
October 29
A more substantial outline should be submitted to the advisor.
December 1
A substantial sample (chapter or section, 20-25 pages) should be submitted to the advisor and the members of the Honors
Committee. During finals week, a mini-oral will be scheduled with the student, her advisor and two members of the Honors
Committee. At that time, the student, in consultation with her advisor and the committee, should decide whether her 360-370
work thus far, written or otherwise, justifies the continuation of her project into the second semester: it happens sometimes
that a topic turns out to be less interesting or fruitful than originally anticipated. In that case, credit will be given for one unit
of 360, provided sufficient work has been done. If the submitted sample appears promising, work on the 360 project should
continue in consultation with the advisor. In the latter case the instructor may choose to give a T.B.G. grade (To Be Graded)
instead of a letter grade for work done in the fall.
December
By the end of the final exam period the student will be notified of the decision of the Honors Committee. In order to avoid
the possibility of having two 360's on her transcript, a student may find it prudent to register for a course in French which
might serve as a substitute for the second semester.
List of Honors Candidates to CCI (Committee on Curriculum & Instruction) of the College
Before the end of the tenth week of classes the Honors Committee reports to the Curriculum Committee of the College (with
copy to the Chair of the Department), the names of students registered for 370’s who are candidates for honors.
Oral exam
The thesis is due in the Dean's Office at a date specified by the College, usually 2-3 weeks before the last day of classes. The
Oral Defense committee comprises the Advisor, the Chair of the Department (or her or his deputy), a representative of the
Curriculum Committee of the College, and at least one other department member ordinarily chosen by the Advisor and
Honors candidate.
If her thesis and her oral exam are judged of honors quality, the student is awarded honors in the major field. If the thesis is
completed but it or the honors exam is not of honors quality, honors are not awarded; 370 remains on the transcript as Senior
Thesis with an appropriate grade.
22Honors, Option B: The Survey of French Literature Examination
A second path towards earning Honors in the French department is through examination.
Requirements: In accordance with Wellesley College Articles of Government (Article IV, Section 2) and French
Department Policy:
1. Grade point average of 3.5 in the major, above the 100-level;
2. Students must be recommended by at least two professors from the department;
3. A 300-level course or its equivalent by the Fall of senior year;
4. No course credit will be awarded for the preparation of this exam. Students in this Honors path do not register for French
360 or 370;
5. A student requesting such an examination must do so in writing to the French department and to the Committee on
Curriculum and Academic Policy, normally by the end of the third week of her eighth semester;
6. The examination shall be given during the reading period;
7. A student passing the examination will receive Honors in French on the permanent record.
Description of the Exam: A written examination of major works and authors based on the “French Department List of
Representative Works from the French and Francophone Traditions (Medieval Period to the Twenty-First century).” See list
below.
● At the time of the exam, students are required to have read one work classified under the Medieval period and at least
five works from each century thereafter; additionally, students are require to view at least six works listed under the
“Cinéma” category of which Three must predate 1985 (a minimum total of 26 works of literature and six films).
● Students will have 3 hours to complete the exam, which will consist of two separate prompts. Students will not be
required to address every one of the works they have read in their exam answers, but their responses must display breadth
and depth in placing a variety of readings within historical and literary contexts.
● Students taking the exam must submit an “Honors Exam Reading Binder” which consists of notes, papers and/or exam
drafts, attesting to their completion of the required readings. This binder must include the written feedback of at least 3
professors the students have consulted in preparation for the exam (see below).
Timeline:
Students interested in pursuing the examination path to Honors are encouraged to consult with their professors early in their
careers within the French Dept. Though the Honors Option B is not limited to students who begin their preparation for it as
first or second years, the preference is that studying for the exam be a methodical process rather than a fourth-year endeavor.
Fall of Second Year:
By the fourth week of the Fall semester, professors nominate students who have displayed excellence in and enthusiasm for
the study of French language and literature. The students meet with a designated “Honors Exam Advisor” who will discuss
the goals of the exam and share strategies for reading effectively. This advisor will meet with the students again before the
start of winter break and in the spring to encourage reading progress and provide guidance. He or she will be available to
answer questions and help formulate ideas about the readings.
From Second-Year to Fourth year: Students continue making progress on their readings, consulting with professors as they
go. Students must obtain written feedback from at least three professors in the department on their readings, attesting to their
initiative in seeking out dialogue and feedback regarding the texts they have read.
Fourth-year: Students complete the reading list. Sample examination questions are printed. Students may choose to take the
exam either in the Fall or Spring Reading Periods.
French Department List of Representative Works from the French and Francophone Traditions from the Middle
Ages to the Twenty-first century:
Moyen Age (9th-15th centuries) : Read At least one of the Following :
Chrétien de Troyes Chevalier de la charrette (Lancelot)
Marie de France Lais—à choisir
La Chanson de Roland
Tristan et Iseult
1. XVIe siècle: Read at least five of the following:
Marguerite de Navarre (extraits)
Montaigne Les Essais (extraits)
Rabelais Pantagruel (extraits)
Ronsard Premier Livre des Amours, Premier Livre des Sonnets pour Hélène
Du Bellay Les Antiquités de Rome (extraits)
La Boétie Discours de la Servitude volontaire
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