Folkloric Significance of Anti-urolithicPlant - Resolve a DOI Name

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Folkloric Significance of Anti-urolithicPlant - Resolve a DOI Name

Folkloric Significance of Anti-urolithicPlant
CrataevanurvalaBuch Ham (Varuna)

Isha Kumari1, Gitika Chaudhary2, Hemlata Kaurav3*
#1- Shuddhi Ayurveda, JeenaSikhoLifecare Pvt. Ltd. Zirakpur 140603, Punjab, India.
8219967718,ishamukta.369@gmail.com
#2- Shuddhi Ayurveda, JeenaSikhoLifecare Pvt. Ltd. Zirakpur 140603, Punjab, India.
9805867566, shuddhiresearch@gmail.com
#3 - Shuddhi Ayurveda, JeenaSikhoLifecare Pvt. Ltd. Zirakpur 140603, Punjab, India.
9736140010,shuddhi.research@jeenasikho.co.in

ABSTRACT
Plants are an important natural resource for providing food and medicine to the mankind from
ancient times. Crataevanurvala is one of such important medicinal plants belongs to the
Capparidaceae family. It is commonly called as ‘Three Leaved Caper’ in English and
‘Varuna’ in Hindi and has many local names in different regions of the country. It is a native
plant of India and uniformly distributed in many tropical and subtropical regions of the
world. This plant is widely used in traditional as well as modern medication system for its
important therapeutic properties. The plant has been mentioned in many ancient medicinal as
well as religious literatures. It is mainly used for its extraordinary anti-urolithicproperties.
The plant is enriched with many phytochemical constituents in which lupeol is the active
principle constituent associated with many biological activities. The main therapeutic actions
of the plant are anti-urolithic, nephroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-nociceptive, anti-
diarrhoeal, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective,anti-hyperlipidemicand anti-oxidant.The
present study has summarized the therapeutic and pharmacological value of
Crataevanurvalaalong with its utilization in the Folklore medicinal system.

Keywords:Varuna, Rasapanchak, Lupeol, Anti-urolithic, Anti-nociceptive

INTRODUCTION
Herbal plants are highly recommended in medication system all over the world for their
important therapeutic actions, higher marginal safety and low costs. In the past few years, a
tremendous shift towards herbal medicinesin the developed as well as developing nations has
been noticed due to increased market value of herbal products in the International and
domestic marketsand this shift can be entitled as ‘Return to Nature’. Herbal plants continue to
be an important treatment measure against many human ailments [1-3].They are extensively
used in various traditional systems of medicine. One of such important medicinal plant is
CrataevanurvalaBuch Ham. (figure 1) (Varun). It is an important medicinal tree belongs to
the family Capparidaceae and commonly called as ‘Three Leaved Caper’ in English due to
its trifoliate leaves whereas in Hindi it is called as ‘Varuna’ [4]. The Sanskrit meaning of
Varuna is ‘one that is earnestly desired by people’whereasSauvrishta means ‘tree that fetters
diseases’ and Marutapaha indicates the meaning ‘one that cures the diseases of destabilized
humor Vatta’ [5]. The genus Crataeva has got its name in the honor of ‘Crataevus’ who was
a Greek botanist, living in the Hippocrates time [6]. This genus consists of several species
which are present throughout the world and four species among them are reported from India

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.26808/rs.ph.i11v3.02
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Health Care Issue 11, Vol. 3 (May.-June.2021)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijphc/index.html ISSN 2249 – 5738
[7]. Crataevanurvala is an evergreen ornamental native tree of India and found in almost all
the tropical areas of the world [8]. The tree bears beautiful creamy white flowers during
summer month and grown as promenade tree due to its elegance[9]. It has some religious
beliefs associated with it. For instance, it is considered as rain and wind deity. It is believed
that natural calamities like heavy rain, flood, wind, storm and cyclone, draught are caused by
Varun. So,Hajong people worship the plant in occasion of ‘Varun Puja’ to avoid these
disasters [10]. It is also mentioned in Valmiki Ramayana [11]. As per the astroethnobotany,
Crataevanurvalais associated with Chaitra Nakshatra[12]. Crataevanurvala as a whole plant
is considered medically important [13]. It is a globally recognized medicinal herb used for the
treatment of kidney stones because of its high anti-urolithic potential [14-17]. It is a plant of
great significance in folklore culture and registered traditional medication systems like
Ayurveda and Unani. In Ayurveda, the plant is used in number of herbal formulations to treat
asmari (renal stone), mutrakrichha (dysuria), vatarakta (gout), gulma (blating), and krimi
(worms).In Unani system of medicine, stem bark of the plant is used to enhance the appetite
and reduce the bile secretion [18].It is used traditionally in folk practices to treat a variety of
diseases like stones, dysentery, tumors and ringworms etc. It is also used as a contraceptive
for women. It is also consumed as a vegetable in some areas.Crataevanurvalais has rich
amounts of saponins, triterpenes, alkaloids, tannins, glucosinolates, phytosterols and
flavonoid glycosides [19,20]. Lepeol (a triterpenoid) is the active phytochemical constituent
of the plant which is responsible for many important biological activities. The main
therapeutic properties of the plants are anti-urolithic, nephroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-
nociceptive, anti-diarrhoeal, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and anti-oxidant.
Crataevanurvalais a well-known plant for its anti-estrogenic and laxative and thyrotropic
activities and also used in nephric disorders [21-24]. Each part ofCrataevanurvala is
medically important and has external as well internal uses [25].Vernacular names and
taxonomic classification of Crataevanurvala are given in table no. 1 and 2.

Figure 1. Crataevanurvala

English Three Leaved Caper
Hindi Baruna, Barna
Sanskrit Varun, Bharamarpriya, Bilvapatra, Tiktashak, Triparna or Bilvapatra,
Padap, Triparna, Vruttaphala
Bengali Varne, Borun, Bonna, Pithagola
Gujarati Vayvarno, varano
Tamil Mavilinagam, Narvala, Varanam, Maavilangam, Maralingam
Telugu Ulimidi, Bilvaram, Chinnavulimidi, Maagalinagam, Maaredu,
Peddamaagalingam, Peddavulimidi, Thellavulimidi
Kannada Bitusi, Holenekki, Holethumbe, Maavilanga, Mata maavu,
Naarambele, Vitasi, neeravaala, Sethubandhan, Vaayuvaruna,
Nervaala
Malyalam Nirmatalam, Nirval
Marathi Haravarna, Karvan, Kumla, Nirvala, Ramala, Varun, Vaayuvarna

Table 2. Taxonomic Classification of Crataevanurvala

Taxonomic Rank Taxon
Kingdom Plantae
Division Magnoliophyta
Phylum Tracheophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Brassicales
Class Magnoliopsida Brongniart
Family Capparidaceae
Genus Crataeva
Species nurvala

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION
Crataevanurvala is a decidious tree which attains the height upto 25–30 m and has branched
head. The stem bark occurs in pieces, 6–15 cm long and 3–10 cm wide and 5–12 mm thick
and has ash color on the outer surface. The lenticels give rough appearance to the outer
surface of bark whereas it has smooth, whitish-brown or buff inner surface. The leaves are
trifoliate, have glabrous surfaces and pale from beneath. The petioles are about 3.8–7.6 cm in
size. The leaflets are ovate and 5–15 by 3.8–6.3 cm in size. The base of leaves is attenuate
and venation is reticulate. The base of lateral leaflets is oblique. Thepetiolules are 6–9 mm
long. Crataevanurvala has numerous greenish white flowers with terminal corymbs. The
pedicles are long stout and glabrous. The flowers have petaloid, small, distant, ovate, and
acute sepals. The petals are 2.5 by 0.9 cm in size and have claw up to 6 mm long. Stamens
are larger than petals which occur in spreading manner. The young stamen filaments are
purple or white and turn lilac with the time. And in the same way sepals turn into yellow or
pale pink from green color. The flowers have 5 cm long terete and smooth gynophores. The
ovary is ellipsoid with flat stigma. The fruits aresmooth or scurfy berry and have globose or
ovoid shape. Seeds are brown and embedded in fruit pulp. It has long cylindrical roots with
wood bark. The outer surface of wood bark isyellowish-brown. A longitudinal wrinkled
network is present over the surface of roots with fractures of tough and fibrous nature. The
root has slightly bitter taste [27].

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.26808/rs.ph.i11v3.02
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Health Care Issue 11, Vol. 3 (May.-June.2021)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijphc/index.html ISSN 2249 – 5738
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Crataevanurvala grows in tropical and subtropical countries of the world likeIndia, Sri
Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, and China. It mainly grows along the river and
streams bank and near the sides of temple. It is indigenous to Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil
Nadu states of Indian. Whereas it is also found in Assam, Bengal, Central India, Sikkim,
Andaman and Nicobar Island, and near river banks in Kanara and Malabar. It is found in the
southernmost mountain ranges of the Himalayas. The plant usually blooms in the month of
March and fruits in June [28].

PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Crataevanurvala contains alkaloids, tannins, resins, flavonoids, steroids, saponin, terpenoids
and phenols [29,30]. Various researchers have explored the phytochemical profile of this
plant. The first reported study on isolation of cadabicine along with cadabicine diacetate was
carried out by Ahmed et al. [31]. The plant also contains catechin, (-) epicatechin5-glucoside,
(−) epiafzelechin, glucocapparin, lupeol acetate, spinasterol acetate and taraxasterol [32].
Lupeol (a triterpenoid) is considered as the most important phytochemical constituent of
Crataevanurvala. Many researchers have isolated lupeol from the plant along with many
other compounds. For instance, Parvinet al., isolated lupeol from the chloroform fraction of
crude rectified spirit extract along with betulinic acid, beta sitosterol and stigmasterol [33].
Haque et al., isolated phragmalin and lupeol from the ethyl acetate extracted from the stem
bark [34]. Rao et al., isolated lupeol and lipnone from the methanolic extract of the bark [35].
The aqueous extract of the plant contains succinic acid, mannitol and lactic acid which were
first isolated by Chanda et al. [36]. Sinha et al., isolated a steroidal glycoside named as
crataenoside and 5,7-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1-ethyl-1,4- dihydro-4-quinolone named
crataemine from the stem bark of Crataevanurvala [37]. Leaves of the plant contain
phytochemicals like dodecanoic anhydride, methyl pentacosanoate, kaempferol-3-O-α-D-
glucoside and quercetin-3-O--α-D-glucoside [38]. Crataevanurvala flowers contain
heneicosane, 1-octadecanol, methyl pentanoate, 1-eicosanol and 9-heptadecanone [39].

Figure 2. Chemical Structures of Phytochemical Constituents of Crataevanurvala

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.26808/rs.ph.i11v3.02
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Health Care Issue 11, Vol. 3 (May.-June.2021)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijphc/index.html ISSN 2249 – 5738
TRADITIONAL AND MODERN VIEW
AYURVEDIC VIEW
Ayurveda being the most ancient medication system works on improving the overall health of
the person. Medicinal plants are used in more than half of the Ayurvedic practices that
maintain the body harmony by balancing the three body components/doshas of the body i.e.
Kapha (water and earth), pitta (fire), and Vata (space and air) [40-44]. Crataevanurvala has a
great position in Ayurvedic pharmacopeia. It is extensively used to balance the hormone
levels by maintaining the equilibrium between Vata, Pitta and Kaphadosha [45]. Different
Nighantus have given the plant many different names (refer table 3). In Ayurveda,
Crataevanurvala is mentioned asAshmarighnaDravya i.e. drug used for the management of
urolithiasis [46]. The rasapanchak i.e. physicochemical properties of the plant make it
therapeutically more important (refer table 4). The plant is used in many Ayurvedic
formulations as the main ingredient to treatprostatitis, prostate enlargement, other
inflammatory conditions, thyroid problems, paralysis and urinary tract related problems
[47,48].

Table 3. Synonyms ofCrataevanurvala as per different Nighantus [49]

Bhavprakasnighantu Varana, kumāraka, varuna, tiktashak
Dhanwantarinighantu Kumāraka, tiktashak, tamal, marutapana, swetapuspa, shakdrum,
gandhabriksha
Kaidevnighantu kumāraka, tiktashak, sadhuvriksha, varuna, swetapuspa, uruman,
swetavriksha, tamalak, shakdrum, rodhavriksha, chalapaha
MadanpalNighantu Varana, sweta, hakavriksha, kumaraka
Saligramnighantu Shakavriksha, kumāraka, varuna, tiktashak, swetadruma,
sadhuvriksha, urumanswetavriksha, swetadru, sweta
Raj Nighantu Kumāraka, varuna, swetapuspa, tiktashak, swetadruma,
sadhuvriksha, tamal, marutapana
PriyaNighantu Varuna
SankarNighantu Varuna, tiktashak, marutapana, varhapuspa, uruman, swetavriksha
NighantuAdarsha Varuna, tiktashak, marutapana, varhapuspa, uruman, swetavriksha,
swetadru

Table 4. Rasapanchak of Crataevanurvala as per Ayurveda [50]

Sanskrit/English Sanskrit/English
Virya/Potency Ushna/Virya
Vipak/Metabolic property Katu/Pungent
Guna/Physical property Laghu/Light, Ruksha/Dry
Rasa/Taste Tikat/Bitter, Kashay/Astringent

Actions and Properties of Crataevanurvala as per Ayurveda [51,52]
Sansthanikkaramwahay: It acts as blood purifier, anti-inflammatory agent and used to treat
goiter, abscess and inflammation
Abhyantranadisansthan: It works on the digestive system and increases metabolism. It is
used to treat liver disorders, worm infection and pain.
Rakat: It acts as a blood purifying agent.
Mootarwahsansthan: It has anti-urolithiasis and diuretic property and used to treat urinary
tract infection, dysuria and lower abdominal pain.

Ayurvedic Formulation of Crataevanurvala
VarunadiKwath: It is an important plyherbal formulation which is mentioned in
SharangadharaSamhita and Bhaishajyaratnawali for the effective management of
mutrashmari(urolithiasis), granthi (ovarian cyst) and pradara (discharge) [53,54].
PashanabhedadiGhrita: It is a polyherbal formulation having Crataevanurvala as one of its
important ingredient. Sushruta has recommended this drug for urolithiasis management.
Gupta et al., has also reported the anti-urolithicpotential of this formulation in an in-vivo
study on albino rat models [55].
VarunaShigruGuggulu: It is a polyherbal formulation made up of Varun
(Crataevanurvala), Shigru (Moringaoliefera) and Guggulu (CommiphoraMukul), used in
Mootraghata condition (symptoms of low urinary output either by retention, absolute or
relative anuria or oliguria) [56].
NyagrodhadiChurna: It is polyherbal formulation made up of 28 medicinal herbs including
Crataevanurvala. It is known to be effective in polyuria conditions in diabetes mellitus [57].

FOLK VIEW
Folk people have a very close association with the nature. They have enough knowledge
about the floristic wealth of their surroundings. They use natural resources in many ways to
derive maximum benefit from them. Crataevanurvalais one of the plant that is widely
recognized for its various therapeutic properties. In many parts of the India, it is mainly used
to treat urinary tract infections and urolithiasis [58]. For instance, In Mikir Hills, India,
people treats urinary complaints with fresh bark juice of Crataevanurvala. They also use the
juice as a tonic for general weakness and consumed by women after childbirth [59,60]. Tribal
people of Tripuri and Reang, Tripura, Buxar and Muzaffarnagar also use bark decoction
traditionally in the treatment of urinary diseases, stones and stomach related issues [61-63].
In Bhopal, people use flowers and bark of the plant for their anti-urolithic property [64]. The
Indo-Tibetan Himalayan tribes, also use the stem and root bark against kidney stones [65]. In
Gopalganj, people use the leaves of this plant to treat dysentery [66].Crataevanurvala bark in
formulation with Caesulia axillaries and Morindacitrifolia is used to treat baldness and sores
in Taungya community, Terai Arc Landscape [67].Leaves and fruits are used traditionally by
some folk medicinal practitioners of Bangladesh to treat diarrhoea [68]. In Ichapur village in
Jessore district, Bangladesh, people use leaves in some formulation with other herbs to treat
scrotal tumor [69]. The tribal population of some areas of Rajasthan, uses leaves of
Crataevanurvala locally in the treatment of guinea worm disease [70]. In Una and Hamirpur
district of Himachal Pradesh, people use bark to treat UTI, root decoction to treat cervical
adenitis and leaf extract to treat sores and also consumed as blood purifier [71]. In some
tribes of Chhattisgarh, the plant is used as contraceptive [72]. The plant is also used
traditionally in rheumatoid arthritis, intestinal parasite, peptic ulcer, tumour and worms [73].
Apart from therapeutic uses, the plant is also used as vegetable in Karbi, Assam [74].

MODERN VIEW
Adulteration and substitution are the most common malpractices in any market of crude
drugs. Therefore, the authentication of medicinal plant is very important [75]. There are
several factors which directly or indirectly promotes the quality degradation of herbal
products such as unavailability of required species (due to gradual or rapid endangerment and
extinction, increasing rate of deforestation and high cost), similar morphological appearance,
conflict in vernacular names of the herbal plants mishandling and improper storage and
deliberate substitution [76-79]. There are many other threats that have the potential to create

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.26808/rs.ph.i11v3.02
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Health Care Issue 11, Vol. 3 (May.-June.2021)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijphc/index.html ISSN 2249 – 5738
hardship in future for herbal drug markets such as lack of skilled traditional AYUSH
professionals having scientific background, insufficient research and development activities,
lack of regulatory standards and documented information on herbal plants and influence of
western medication etc. [80]. Some immediate steps need to be taken to promote the quality
of herbal products. Such as standardization can be initiated by proper pharmacognostical
study of the drug as it provides crucial information about the morphology, microscopic
details and physical quality of the crude drugs [81].

THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES OF CRATAEVA NURVALA
Crataevanurvalaexhibits many important therapeutic properties. Some of its reported studies
on therapeutic actions are summarized below:
Anti-urolithiatic
Aggarwal et al., studied the anti-urolithicproperty of Crataevanurvalain an in-vivo test
conducted on albino rat models. They implanted stone in the urinary bladder of the models
surgically. A significant decrease in the serum and urinary creatinine was observed in the
models on treatment with the decoction of Crataevanurvala. The urinary output was also
increased. The study suggested that plant has anti-crystalization behavior which attributes to
its anti-urolithic property [82]. Pantha et al., also suggested that root and bark extract of the
plant are associated with the anti-urolithic property. The study was carried out on in-vivo
mice models. It was observed that the administration of root extract at the dosage of 300
mg/kg showed more potent anti-urolithic activity by preventing the deposition of crystals in
the urinary tract [83]. Anand et al., carried out an in-vivo study on rat models to evaluate the
preventive actions of lupeol against kidney stone. The results revealed that administration of
lupeol reduced the size of preformed calculi as well as prevented the further vesicle calculi
formation [84]. As per Baskar et al., lupeol administration exhibited remarkable actions
against radical-induced toxicity in experimental urolithic. It reduced the renal oxalate level
and peroxidative levels. It also increased the anti-oxidant status [85].
Nephroprotective
Sharma et al., evaluated the effect of important polyherbal formulation made up
ofCrataevanurvala, Boerhaaviadiffusa, Rheum emodiandNelumbonuciferaagainst
methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rat models. The treatment of models with the
formulation significantly improved the functioning of kidney markers, oxidative stress
markers. It also reversed the histological damage which was induced by methotrexate [86].
Meher et al., also studied the nephroprotective activity of Crataevanurvalaon animal models
having experimentally induced nephrotoxicity by gentamicin. The aqueous extract of the
plant found to be very effective in protecting kidney from the damage induced by gentamicin.
All the parameters such as Blood urea and Serum Creatinine estimation, Urine RE/ME and
histopathology, showed positive results which suggested the nephroprotective actions of
Crataevanurvala [87]. Shirwaikar et al., in-vivo study on cisplatin induced nephrotoxic rat
models suggested that lupeol administration at the dosage of 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight
significantly decreased the blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and lipid peroxidation
concentrations as well as increased the activities of glutathione and catalase [88].
Anti-nociceptive
Moniruzzaman et al., studied the anti-nociceptive behavior of methanolic extract of
Crataevanurvala leaves. They carried out an in-vivo study on thermal and chemically
induced nociception mice models. The methanolic extract at the dose dependent manner
produced good anti-nociceptive action. It also inhibited the neurogenic and inflammatory
pain which was induced by formalin injection in the sub-plantar region [89]. As per Jalal et
al., crude methanolic extract of Crataevanurvala., is associated with the anti-nociceptive
activity. The extract helped in the reduction of acetic acid-induced writhing in the in-vivo

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.26808/rs.ph.i11v3.02
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Health Care Issue 11, Vol. 3 (May.-June.2021)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijphc/index.html ISSN 2249 – 5738
models of nociception. In the dose dependent manner, an increase in the latency period in the
tail immersion method was also observed [90]. Alam et al., evaluated the antinociceptive
effect of crude ethanolic extract of the plant against chemically induced nociceptive mice
models. The extract exhibited significant anti-nociceptive action in a dose dependent manner
[91].
Anti-hyperlipidemic
Sikarwar et al., conducted an in-vivo study to investigate the anti-hyperlipidemic activity
ofCrataevanurvala. Hyperlipidemia was induced artificially in the albino rat models by triton
and atherogenic diet. Oral administration of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of stem
bark at the dosage of 500 mg/kg body weight markedly reduced the serum lipid parameters
like triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density
lipoprotein (VLDL). Whereas an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was also
observed [92].
Wound healing
Astuti Naveen investigated the wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of
Crataevanurvala root bark in ether anaesthetized albino rat models by incision, excision,
dead space (granulation), hydroxylproline wounds. The extract at the dosage of 150 and 300
mg/kg significantly increased the skin breaking strength, granuloma breaking strength,
wound contraction, hydroxyl proline content and dry granuloma weight and decreased the
period of epithelization [93].
Anti-fertility
As per Bhaskar et al., the ethanol and aqueous extracts of the dried stem bark are associated
with anti-fertility activity. The extracts at the dosage of300 and 600 mg/kg body weight
caused significant anti-fertility impacts in rat models i.e. partial and complete resorption of
implants. The extract also showed estrogenic activity [94].
Actions on Thyroid Gland
As per Kaur et al., study,ethanolic extract ofCrataevanurvala is associated with the
enhancement of thyroid gland hormones. The study was conducted on Swiss albino female
mice models. It was revealed from the study that extract at the dosage of 400 mg/kg exhibited
hyperthyroidism activity by a decline in triiodothyronine (T3) / total thyroxine (T4) ratio and
at the dosage of 600 mg/kg, it exhibited hypothyroidism activity such as retaining euthyroid
profile, T3/T4 ratio, and near-normal histology [95].
Anti-diarrhoeal
Inayathulla et al., studied the anti-diarrhoeal activity of Crataevanurvala in
castor oil‐ induced diarrhoeal rat models. The administration of ethanol extracts caused
significant changes. The extract at the dosage of 500 mg/kg ratarded the enterpooling and
intestinal transit induced by castor oil. It also helped in the inhibition of
weight and volume of intestinal content [96].
Anti-oxidant
Kumari et al., screened out some Indian medicinal plants for their anti-oxidant potential in
multiple in-vitro assays. The results revealed that Crataevanurvala exhibited highest anti-
oxidant activity. It was found that bark extract of Crataevanurvala showed highest
superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity [97].
Hepatoprotective
Reena S. investigated the hepatoprotective activity of Crataevanurvalaaqueous and ethanolic
extract and its isolated compound in in-vitro and in-vivo assays. The in-vitro study on isolated
hepatocytes showed a marked lowering in glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and Lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) level whereas ethanolic extract and isolated compound in the dose
dependent manner lowered down the levels of biochemical markers (serum glutamic-
oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and bilirubin) to normal [98].

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.26808/rs.ph.i11v3.02
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Health Care Issue 11, Vol. 3 (May.-June.2021)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijphc/index.html ISSN 2249 – 5738
Cardioprotective
Sudharsan et al., evaluated the cardioprotective potential of Crataevanurvala in
cyclophosphamide (CP) induced rat models. CP caused alterations in the cardiac electrolytes
of the models. The findings of the study revealed that lupeol and lupeol linoleate at the
dosage of 50 mg/kg body weight reversed all the alterations induced by CP [99].

CONCLUSION
Crataevanurvala is a widely recognized medicinal plant for its high anti-urolithic potential. It
is one of the important herbal plant species in almost each medication system worldwide. In
folklore medicinal practices it is used to treat a wide array of diseases including UTI and
renal stones. It has been described in many ancient Ayurvedic literatures including Samhitas
and Nighantus. Crataevanurvalaexhibits many therapeutically important properties which
have been supported by various experimental and clinical trials. For example, anti-urolithic,
nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-
nociceptive and wound healing etc. Each aspect of the plant from morphological description
to phytochemical profile and therapeutic actions, has been thoroughly explored in the present
study. It is evident from the study that plant can provide base for the development of many
important drugs. Also, the successful in-vitro trials on the micro propagation have suggested
that plant can be propagated on a large scale which can be used for long term preservation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors are thankful to the Department of Research and Development of JeenaSikho Pvt.
Ltd. Zirakpur Punjab for giving us the opportunity to explore this ancient medicinal fruit
plant.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
None
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