ENSURING URBAN RESILIENCE - R.Srinivas Town and Country Planner Town & Country Planning Organization Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs ...
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ENSURING URBAN RESILIENCE
R.Srinivas
Town and Country Planner
Town & Country Planning Organization
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
Government of India
• Highly urbanized and developed countries are worst
COVID PANDEMIC: URBAN CENTRIC VIRUS SPREAD….. affected
S.No/Continent Country No of Cases % • Million plus cities like New York, London,Paris,Rio De
Jenario and Mumbai have witnessed huge no .of +ve
(Lakh) Urbanization Cases
1 N. America USA 29.35 82.3 • 200,000 illegally subdivided hyper-dense dwellings—
apartments, basements, attics, lofts and industrial
2 Europe UK 2.84 83.4 sheds—across New York City
• Concentrated mainly in the outer regions of Queens,
3 Europe Italy 2.41 70.4 the Bronx, and eastern Brooklyn (all COVID-19
hotspots 25 within the city) Density ranges between
4 Europe Spain 2.97 80.3 15000-20000 persons per sq km
5 Europe France 1.66 80.4 • As per Greater London Authority, Greater London’s 32
boroughs, as many as 12 in Inner London have a
6 Europe Germany 1.97 77.3 population density of over 10,000 people per sq km.
• Boroughs of Hackney, Islington and Tower Hamlets
7 Europe Turkey 2.04 75.1 have densities of close to 16,000 people per square
kilometre, while in Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth,
8 Europe Russia 6.74 74.4 Hammersmith and Fulham, Southwark and
9 ASIA China 0.83 59.2 Westminster, the density is close to 13,000 people per
sq km.
10 ASIA Iran 2.37 74.9 • In Italy most coronavirus-affected cities and regions
early in Italy are Lombardy, followed by Emilia-
11 ASIA India 6.73 33 Romagna, Veneto, Marche, and Piemonte. Milan, the
second most populous Italian city, is located in
12 N. America Brazil 15.78 86.6 Lombardy.
13 Australia Australia 0.08 86 • In France, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes,Burgundy-Franche-
Comté, Brittany, Grand Est, Hauts-de-France and Île-
Source: 2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects de-France are most affected
Covidvisualizer.com as on 29.5.2020 at 10.00 AM Urbanization affects the epidemiology of
emerging infectious diseases
The 733 districts of India have
been broadly divided into Red
Zones, Orange Zones and Green
Zones.
Zone classification determines the
kind of restrictions placed on the
movement of people and supply
of goods in a district.
30 municipal areas have been identified for
stricter measures. The selected municipal areas
are: Brihanmumbai or Greater Mumbai, Greater
Chennai, Ahmedabad, Thane, Delhi, Indore,
Pune, Kolkata, Jaipur, Nashik, Jodhpur, Agra,
Tiruvallur, Aurangabad, Cuddalore, Greater
Hyderabad, Surat, Chengalpattu, Ariyalur,
Howrah, Kurnool, Bhopal, Amritsar, Villupuram,
Vadodara, Udaipur, Palghar, Berhampur, Solapur
and Meerut.
Situation as on 1.5.2020
Red Zone Districts:130
Orange Zone Districts :284
Green Zone Districts:319
Source: India Today
Cities Population Density Cases(as on Cases per lakh
(millions) (Persons 6.7.2020 TOP 15 CITIES WITH NO TOP CITIES WITH CASUALTIES PER
Per Sq Km 2.00P M 1 LAKH POPULATION:
OF +CORONA CASES
Mumbai 18.41 15517 83237 889 Greater Mumbai: 51
• All are million plus cities. Delhi: 27
Delhi 16.31 19960 97200 880
Amdavad: 26
Amdavad 6.35 11470 21715 389 • Except Hyderabad, Pune: 26
Coimbatore and Jodhpur all Chennai 22
Indore 2.16 11569 4810 241
are covered under Smart Indore: 12
Jaipur 3.07 6285 3510 115 cities. TOP CITIES WITH Covid +cases 1
Pune 5.04 32554 26956 862 LAKH POPULATION
• These cities constitute 65% Chennai: 1432
Hyderabad 7.74 4110 17650 471 of the total cases Mumbai: 889
Thane 1.26 14361 45833 3641 Pune: 862
• 53 million Plus cities Delhi: 880
Chennai 8.69 26553 66538 1432
together constitute :71.55 % Mallapuram: 622
Agra 1.74 10577 1267 79 of casualties for total urban Aurangabad: 533
casualties
Bhopal 1.88 6290 2984 165
All India Confirmed Case 674312
Jodhpur 1.13 13438 2948 279
All India Deaths 19289
Lucknow 2.90 6266 1341 47 Covid Cases in Million Plus cities 4.02 Lakh
Surat 4.58 13304 5714 127 Covid Deaths in Million plus cities 13802
Share in Covid Cases of Million plus
Vadodara 1.18 6485 2504 142 Cities 59.45%
Share in Covid Deaths of Million plus
Coimbatore 2.15 9950 712 67
Cities 71.55%
Bengaluru 8.49 11470 8345 98 Source- https://www.covid19india.org/ As on 29 May, 2020 11:41 AM
DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY
NUMBER OF ROOMS IN INDIA (2001-2011)
HHs (in %)
No. of rooms 2001 2011 How to ensure social
distancing when
Total Urban Total Urban country’s more than
No exclusive room 3.1 2.3 3.9 3.1 half of the households
One room 38.5 35.1 37.1 32.1 Reside in one or two
rooms
Two rooms 30.0 29.5 31.7 30.6
Three rooms 14.3 17.1 14.5 18.4 The urban population in the
country, which is 31.8 percent
Four rooms 7.5 8.7 7.5 9.3 in 2011, is expected to
increase to 38.6 percent by
Five rooms 2.9 3.3 2.6 3.3 2036. The urban growth
would account for over three-
Six rooms and above 3.7 4.0 2.8 3.3
fourth (73 percent) of total
Proportion of two ,three and four rooms households increased during population increase by 2036.
Out of the total population
census 2001-2011. Share of single room’s households has gone down.
increase of 30.7 crores during
However , the %age of households having no room increased from 2.3% 2011-2036 in the country, the
to 3.1% share of increase in urban
population is expected to be
22.4 crores.
STATUS OF HEALTH FACILITIES
Hospital Beds per 1,000 population: 0.7
Doctors per 1,000 population: 0.8
Ambulance per 1,000 population: 3.0
No. of Paramedics per 1,000 population: 2.1
No of ICU Beds per 100,000 population : 2.3
Pandemic Resilient cities
Benchmarking for Health Facilities
Incorporating Health Impact
Assessment while preparing the Local
Area Plan or Neighbourhood Plans
Focus on Senior citizens with co-
morbities
Equity in Distribution of Hospitals with
priorities on emergency Services
AVAILABILITY OF DOCTORS AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER COUNTRIES AND POPULATION GROWTH.
Medical doctors (including
general practitioners, No. of positive cases up to
Country Year specialists & others) Medical doctors/ 10,000 people 24 April 2020
United States 2017 1,698,252 26.12 902,582
Italy 2018 482,272 39.77 192,994
Spain 2017 361,326 38.72 219,764
Germany 2017 702,390 42.48 150,383
China 2017 2,828,999 19.80 82,816
France 2018 424,674 32.67 114,657
Iran 2018 259,208 15.84 89,328
United Kingdom 2018 377,078 28.11 148,377
Switzerland 2017 72,648 42.95 28,894
Turkey 2017 299,994 18.49 107,773
India 2018 1,159,309 8.57 24,942
Sr. No. City Population in 1951 Population in 2011 Population growth
1 Mumbai 2,966,902 16,434,386 454%
2 Delhi 1,744,000 12,877,470 638%
3 Kolkata 2,956,475 13,205,697 347%
4 Chennai 1,416,056 6,560,242 363%
5 Bengaluru 778,977 5,701,446 632%
6 Hyderabad 1,085,722 5,742,036 429%
7 Ahmedabad 788,300 4,525,013 474%
8 Pune 488,419 3,760,636 670%
Source Global Health Observatory and Census of India/ Observer Research FoundationPANDEMIC RESILITENT CITY:GUIDELINES The study will assess the following key areas. To understand the concept of resilience and its indicators in urban planning To explore how it is different from conventional planning and its importance in the present scenario To identify resilience gaps in the existing urban planning framework To suggest planning norms/programs for building urban resilience To suggest the ways on how to incorporate the recommendations in existing legislative framework/regulations regarding URDPFI Guidelines,2014 and Model Building Bye Laws,2016 To mainstream disaster resilience (natural and manmade) in Master Plan for cities and towns
Revisiting guidelines and regulations for managing Pandemics • Urban and Regional Development Plan Formulation and Implementation Guidelines,2014 • Model Building Bye Laws,2016 These have to be revisited with regard to: FAR Prescriptions Density allocation/Management Intensification of land uses along transit corridor Mixed use development City sprawl vs compact development Provision of open spaces Health Infrastructure Time to rethink overall ‘sustainability’ quotient of densities as it should life- threatening in the face of pandemic of the scale and magnitude of COVID-19. Unrestrained population densities in cities put severe pressure and undermine and overwhelm existing public health systems.
URDPFI GUIDELINES :AMENDMENTS TO BE SUGGESTED
Section(s) Existing Provision Amendments/Addendum to be suggested
1.5.5 Special Purpose Plan Contents for Pandemic Resilient Plan to be suggested
1.5.7 Projects/Research Taking up Research in Pandemic Resilience
2.2.5 Specific Purpose Plan To be taken up in the Emergency situation
2.2.5 Disaster Management Section on Pandemic Resilience as a part of Master
Plan Plan/Zonal Plan /Local Area Plan
4.5.2 Delineation of Delineation of Containment Zone or Areas with regard to
Area/Region vulnerability to Epidemic /Pandemic
4.8 Composition of Inclusion of Chief Medical officer/ Disaster Management
Committees for Planning Officer
Committee
5.3 Distribution of Landuse Revisiting the Areas to be kept under green and blue
infrastructure
5.3.8 Medi city Strengthening the Health Infrastructure in terms of dedicated
Pandemic Treating Hospitals
8.4.3 Health Care Benchmarking in terms of No of Doctors/para medics/ICU
Infrastructure facilities availability per 1000/1 lakh population
9.2 Simplified Development Provision of medical facilities in Industrial Zone/Mixed use
Regulations zones/Primary Activities ZoneMODEL BUILDING BYE LAWS: AMENDMENTS TO BE SUGGESTED
• Most of the States have amended their Building Bye Laws on the lines of Model
Building Bye Laws of TCPO/MoHUA
Sction(s) Existing Provision Amendments/Addendum to be suggested
3.1 Flexible FAR Depending on the carrying capacity and density
management
3.10.4 Development Controls on Health Mandatory provision of Isolation Wards( 5% of the FAR
Centers and Nursing Homes to be allotted to these services) necessary provisions
such as High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance (HEPA)
4.2/4.3.1. Habitable Room Minimum built up space for EWS/LIG
2
3.4.5 Resettlement and Slum in-situ Minimum Plot Size
upgradation or Regularization of
Unauthorized colonies
3.4.6 Low Income Housing Minimum Plot Size
4.3.44 Water and sanitary requirements Keeping in view of social distancing in assembly
buildings As per 69th round of NSSO Built-up area per family for the poorest 60% of the urban population is 380 square feet (sq ft). Average space per person, excluding the circulation area in the house, is 72 sq ft. This is even less than the built-up area of 96 sq ft recommended for a prisoner in India . Average per capita space for the owners of rented house or slum dwellers in city areas is only 42 sq ft. In recent past , FSI used as a tool of planning is rooted with the idea of tradability and maximum profit. Leverage for providing additional dwelling units for Slum Redevelopment Optimum FSI and density management PPP role in providing the housing for slums.
Prescribing average built up space for Slums redevelopment or Housing for EWS keeping in view the social distancing amid Pandemic 5 crore migrants have retuned to natives which gives an idea that they have no housing security. Rapid spread of the COVID19 virus and the high death rates seen in hyperdense megacities across the world :Wakeup call for urban planners, designers, policymakers and administrators to reconsider the long-held belief that denser cities are indeed better cities.
Decentralised urbanisation holds the key to healthy urban growth. (Moving away from Primate Centric Urbanization) Decentralized governance will assist several viable cities to grow and share amongst them the urbanization pressures that are currently concentrated on a handful of urban centres. Need for streamline the Integrated Development of Small & Medium Towns scheme from the point of view of densities with greater financial capacity, functional liberty, and empowerment. Health Facilities in the containment zone must be geo- tagged and information should be made available through mobile applications in view of any epidemic /pandemic.
INPUTS TO MOHUA PRIOR TO LOCKDOWN Identify, isolate, and care for patients early, including providing optimized care for infected patients while approving the layouts/building plan, clear cut marking of space for isolated ward has to be ensured. The isolation ward should not function as temporary arrangement and every hospital must certify that they have space for isolation ward while obtaining the Occupancy – cum-completion certificate. All hospitals must be geo tagged so as to facilitate visit of affected persons without any delay. Buildings should be properly sanitized, especially those areas that are damp and there is restricted sunlight. While preparing building design, it has to be ensured that proper sunlight is accessed in the buildings, especially hospital buildings that are frequented by the patients.
GIS mapping for vulnerable areas Prepare GIS map of a city where the incidences of virus spread or areas vulnerable to virus (Areas to be mapped where the visits may be restricted) Perform routine environmental cleaning Routinely clean all frequently touched surfaces in the workplace, such as workstations, countertops, and doorknobs. Use the cleaning agents that are usually used in these areas and follow the directions on the label. Aadditional disinfection beyond routine cleaning is recommended at this time. Provide disposable wipes so that commonly used surfaces (for example, doorknobs, keyboards, remote controls, desks) can be wiped down by employees before each use.
MINISTRY OF HEALTH DIRECTIONS GIVEN ON 30.4.2020 Containment zones in these RED districts have to be delineated based on: Mapping of cases & contacts. Geographical dispersion of cases and contacts. Area with well demarcated perimeter . Enforceability Depending on above factors: For colony/mohallas/municipal wards or police-station area/municipal zones/towns etc. as appropriate can be designated as containment zones. Rural areas - villages/clusters of villages or group of police stations/gram panchayats/blocks etc. as appropriate can be designated as containment zones. Area should be appropriately defined by the district administration/local urban body with technical inputs from local level. In the spirit of effective containment, it is advisable to err on the side of caution. Buffer zone around containment zone has to be demarcated.
Development Plan-2021 AUDA Source: Amdavad Urban Development Authority+ CEPT University
ROLE OF SMART CITIES:INTEGRATED COMMAND AND CONTROL CENTRE
How does ICCC facility help city respond? Notable actions taken
Data integrated onto single platform for
ICCC is leveraged as war rooms better insights enabling accurate
decisions in a tough environment
• 24x7 “war-room” for multiple depts. to coordinate surveillance,
Process change alongside tech
contact tracing, helplines, quarantine tracing etc.
implementation e.g. using PAS2 & VMD3
• Live data visualization & data based decision making for city for city wide messaging
Authorities
Ecosystem of partners to deliver
One stop shop for all initiatives outcomes such as public sector, NGOs
• Citizen helpline, complaint platform, counseling, etc. in city's response e.g. Bhopal took
HP & PwC's help to build its ICCC
telemedicine centre etc.
COVID-19 tracking dashboard
• Field visits, MMUs1, sanitization efforts coordinated centrally
• Virtual training centre for healthcare and relief staff
Source: Smart City Mission Directorate ,MOHUA,May,2020VARIOUS COVID-19 RESPONSE INITIATIVES MANAGED CENTRALLY IN THE ICCC
5
Surveillance and dashboard Real time patient tracking Online training centre
Surveillance and dashboard Real time patient tracking Online training centre
Online medical consultation Patient support platforms 24*7 citizen helplines
Source: Smart City Mission Directorate ,MOHUAWAY FORWARD Revisiting the planning guidelines/model building regulations with both short and long term strategies (Pandemic Resilient Cities). Positives of Smart City Mission and its strong interface with GIS and Real Time Data Flow. Density Management …availability of disaggregated data and possibilities of micro zonation though Local Area Plans Strong GIS interface with ICC Room ….Mapping of vulnerable areas vis-à-vis Medical/Health facilities. Revisiting our redevelopment policies as well as transit oriented policies.(Density allocation while recommending redevelopment) Focus should be on redistribution of population along with decentralisation of economic activities…I am a firm believer that this will definitely create economic opportunities for migrant laboures Time is ripe for having the National Policy for Relief and Rehabilitation for COVID19 and it should have the representation of Ministry of Health,MoHUA,MHA,MoCA,DPIIT, MoR and MoF clearly highlight the role of Urban Planning in mitigating the pandemic.
THANKS TO ALL PARTICIPANTS
OF COURSE…..
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