Energy Storage R&D Activities at - CSIRO Anand I. Bhatt | Research Team Leader 31st August 2013
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Energy Storage R&D Activities at CSIRO Anand I. Bhatt | Research Team Leader 31st August 2013 CSIRO ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
Introduction
•CSIRO has a large group working on energy storage devices based in Melbourne
• Two teams:
• 1. Fuel Cells and Membranes – 9 staff
• 2. Batteries and energy storage devices – 8 staff
•The group has successfully developed the UltraBattery – lead-acid hybrid device
and a asymmetric supercapacitor device
• Both technologies now commercialised
•New technology areas are actively being explored
• Lithium batteries
• Grid storage technologies
• Fuel cells
UltraBattery status update • Licensed to battery companies: • Japan - Furukawa Battery • USA - East Penn Manufacturing Co. • Licensing negotiations going on for other regions around the world • Being commercialized for use in hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) and investigations for grid storage ability
ALABC Project proving UltraBattery performance on the ground The UltraBattery pack have achieved over 100 000 miles, without conditioning charging and are comparable to Ni-MH pack in terms of drivability, durability, fuel economy, CO2 emission, but with greatly reduced cost
UltraBattery under EUCAR test results Initial laboratory success
Grid Storage R&D
Current R&D areas – Grid Storage and
Smoothing
CSIRO is currently working on issues
related to grid storage technologies
Renewables generation smoothing
Peak load levelling
Identifying where on the grid storage
technologies should be located
Identifying new technologies – e.g.
Hybrid devices for grid storage solutions
Testing of UltraBattery pack at Hampton
wind farm
Infrastructure
Grid Storage Technologies
Energy storage for wind
Issues of Wind Energy
High variation in wind speed
Intermittent wind power
A solution is Energy Storage at the wind generator to smooth the power delivery
Battery charge
Power
Inverter/charger
Battery management
Smoothed O/P
Battery discharge
Time
UltraBattery bankPerformance of Furukawa batteries under
Wind-profile cycling
1500 Failed after 3168 cycles
47.9% of initial 10-h Capacity
Accumulative discharge capacity = 1358384Ah
1250 Accumulative charge capacity = 1389254Ah
10-h - Battery Capacity (Ah)
1000
750
500
Failed after 1512 cycles
48.3% of initial 10-h Capacity
Furukawa SLM - 1000 Battery
Accumulative discharge capacity = 643451 Ah
250 Accumulative charge capacity = 654284Ah
Furukawa UltraBattery
0
0 360 720 1080 1440 1800 2160 2520 2880 3240 3600
Cycle number
(i) The UltraBattery has shown longer cycle-life than that of the conventional lead-acid counterpart.
(ii) Two, 1-MWh UltraBattery packs are now under field service. One is at the Hampton wind farm, NSW,
Australia. Other is for solar-energy applications at New Mexico, USA.Lithium Batteries R&D
Comparison of different battery technologies
Lighter weight
Smaller deviceChallenges of Lithium Batteries
• Customer demands for increased power and
energy are beyond that which can be supplied
by lithium batteries
• Example: electric vehicle range anxiety problem
• Nissan Leaf (pure electric vehicle): 24 kWh equates
to 120 km on a single charge
• Cost of lithium batteries is high
• Example Nissan Leaf lithium ion pack costs around
$10k for a battery pack
• To be cost effective Li-ion batteries need to go from
$500 per kWh to $100 per kWhNext generation lithium batteries
Next generation technology such as Li-S or Li-air may supersede Li-
ion technology once developed
Intense research efforts at present – however, a lot of work left to
do before these technologies are market ready
14000
12000
Energy Density (Wh/Kg)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Lead-acid
Ni-Cd
Ni-MH
Li-ion
Theoretical
Li-S
Zn-air
Practical
Li-air
GasolineCSIRO’s Current S&T focus on batteries
Why lithium metal in batteries?
Li metal based batteries can have high energy and
capacity compared to conventional Li-ion anodes (e.g.
graphite etc.)
Lower weight devices with increased power and energy
Key to enable next generation battery technologies such
as Li-air, Li-S
Problem
Conventional carbonate based organic electrolytes with
Li metal can create issues
Dendritic growth forms from unstable SEI formation
Rechargeability and safety are compromised
Solution? SEM images of Li metal after
Large proportion of problems due to electrolyte – cycling in 1M LiPF6 in EC/DMC
at low current densities
change electrolyte
(Gireaud et al. Electrochem.
Can room temperature ionic liquids be used? Commun. 8 (2006) 1639–1649)CSIRO’s Current S&T focus on batteries
CSIRO electrolyte and Conventional electrolyte and
lithium metal lithium metal
800 cycles at 10 mA cm-2 Dendrite
formation
Li metal after cycling in 1M LiPF6 in EC/DMC at 1 mA cm-2
800 cycles at 100 mA cm-2 (Gireaud et al. Electrochem. Commun. 8 (2006) 1639–1649)
Kao, Bhatt, Best, Hollenkamp, Electrochemical Society Transactions, Oct 2012CSIRO’s Current S&T focus on batteries
Using CSIRO electrolyte, 2500 hours of cycling can be achieved with
lithium metal electrodes without dendrite based short circuiting or
cell failure
Cells cycled at 0.1 mA cm-2 and 22 °C.
Basile, Hollenkamp, Bhatt, O’Mullane, accepted Electrochem. Commun. Oct 2012CSIRO’s Current S&T focus on batteries
• Flexible battery
FIED • Enhanced
Safety
• Stability at > 80
High
Temperature
°C
Battery • Enabling
technology
Li-S
• 3 times energy
of Li-ionConcept image of FIED
Flexible Batteries
The flexible integrated energy device:
FIED
Human motion
causing a
Disturbance Transducer Vibration Energy
Flexible
Harvesting Device
Battery
Electronics
Concept image of FIEDFlexible battery development
Worlds first fully flexible lithium
metal rechargeable battery
Wool fabric containing conducting polymer
Developed to reduce battery
weight and allow integration into
garments
Lightweight technology
Size and shape can be easily Flexible lithium metal/nylon anode
controlled based on end user
requirements
Enhanced safety due to ionic
liquid electrolyte
Flexible BatteryFlexible battery performance June 2011: 30-40 Wh/kg energy density and 300 charge discharge cycles Conducting polymer/lithium metal cell Oct 2012: (preliminary coin cell results): 60-100 Wh/kg energy density LiFePO4/lithium metal cell
Lithium-sulphur (Li-S) battery • High energy density device: theoretical 1675 Ah/kg capacity vs. Li-ion’s 137 Ah/kg • Uses the multi step conversion of sulphur into lithium polysulphides during charge/discharge reactions • CSIRO has an active R&D program in developing Li-S batteries. • Key material challenges are being answered to increase cycle life and capacity • Key IP is being secured via patent applications
Rechargeable Lithium-air (Li-air) battery
• Very high energy density device:
theoretical 3842 Ah/kg capacity cf.
Li-ion’s 137 Ah/kg
• Uses formation of lithium oxides
as cathode reaction
• Under R&D at present –
http://www.dlr.de/tt/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-7766/13155_read-32186
significant worldwide interest from A. Best, CSIRO battery training course, 2013 CSIRO All Rights Reserved
research community
Technology Predicted range
• Key materials challenge exist
Limetal - Olivines 250-300 km
• CSIRO is beginning a program to
Limetal - sulphur 500 km
develop Li-air batteries. Proof of
concept devices have been Limetal - air 800 km
developed and tested
Calculations by K. Zaghib, HydroQuebec. Presented in
June 2012, IMLB conference S. Korea.Fuel Cells R&D
Fuel Cells Team – Key Capabilities
The R & D effort in the Capability is devoted
to experimental and technological aspects
of fuel cells, membrane separation, and
solid electrolyte devices
30 We μFC prototype
Substantial expertise exists in materials and
electrochemistry of solid and liquid
electrolyte devices, measurements of ionic
and electronic transport properties and
relating these to microstructure and phase
assemblage.
Synthesis and fabrication of materials and
devices (battery and fuel cell) to prototype
design and development phase backed with
a track record of successful technology
development and commercialisation.Fuel Cell, Ionic and Storage – Key Capabilities
Design and construction of test
stations, diagnostic equipment
including automation, new
electrochemical techniques, data
acquisition systems for the
development of energy related YSZ-electrolyte tubes
materials and devices.
Expertise in ceramic fabrication,
processing, shaping.
Expertise in development of
battery charging algorithms.
Excellent facilities for R & D on
batteries, fuel cells and gas
separation membranes Stand-alone
2 kW electrolyserFuel Cells team - R & D Areas Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) technology to achieve high fuel conversion efficiencies and low CO2 emissions. Fuel cells that can utilise biomass derived fuels such as ethanol for the transport sector and Direct Hydrogen Micro Fuel Cells. Li-ion and lead-zinc UltraBatteries (integrated battery / supercap). Hydrogen separation membranes (ceramic, cermet and metal). Electrochemical processes / technologies that can utilise coal for cleaner power generation. Distributed hydrogen generation. Oxygen generation for human consumption.
Technology Commercialisation
Benefits of Commercialisation
• To Create Impact from our Science
• Tangible economic benefit for Australia
– Solve BIG problems, job creation, career progression, export
revenue, investments, etc.
• Access to new income streams
– Reinvest and/or fund new projects / new science
• Build a return pathway to the research institution
– Dialogue with markets
• Develop the synergy between science and business
– Leads to practical outcomes
• Continue to enhance CSIRO’s reputation as an innovator in R&D
throughout Australia and the worldPolicy framework for commercialisation • Get technology out of CSIRO, into the private sector • Use arm’s length market pricing • Ensure risk-return balance is fair for all parties • CSIRO is prepared to wait until value is realised in the market to receive a return • Impact and benefit to Australia is the most important factor in determining appropriate return for CSIRO
Taking science to market
Value
Risk
Page 33
TimeFlexible transfer models Model: Licensing Equity Spin-out Sale of IP Several classes of business arrangements are commonly utilised by CSIRO: Licensing for upfront cash, longer term royalties, % equity, or combination thereof Equity investment in incorporated publicly listed companies Equity investment in incorporated unlisted companies Equity investment in incorporated SPV companies Membership or association interest in companies limited by guarantee Interest in incorporated joint ventures Interest in unincorporated joint ventures (UJV) Participation in collaborative research agreements Provision of services through research services and IP license agreements
Thank you CSIRO Energy Technology Anand I. Bhatt Research Team Leader t +61 3 9545 8691 e anand.bhatt@csiro.au w www.csiro.au CSIRO ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
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