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International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research
Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-Sept. 2020
Website: ijshr.com
Original Research Article ISSN: 2455-7587
Effect of Lockdown during COVID-19: An Indian
Perspective
Anjali Miglani
Directorate of AYUSH, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Chief Medical Officer - NFSG, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of NCT of Delhi, Delhi Government
Health Centre, Sector-12, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110077, India.
ABSTRACT 60 years (p value 0.03). Fear of death is
significant in persons above 70 years of age (p
Background: The 2019 corona virus disease value 0.007). There is no statistically significant
(COVID-19) pandemic has caused havoc effect on interpersonal relations.
worldwide and is a public health emergency of Conclusion: This study shows association
international concern. India is also going between lockdown during COVID-19 and
through a challenging situation as the number of anxiety and other apprehensions in Indian
COVID-19 cases is increasing day by day. The population. These findings need further research
Indian Government imposed strict preventive to identify communities at high risk of
measures and restrictions in the form of destabilized mental health so that interventions
nationwide lockdown on 25th March, 2020 to can be planned. Health authorities could
retard the spread of the virus. consider providing online psycho education
The aim of this study is to survey the general through social media or TV programs.
public in India for exploring the impact of
lockdown on the mental health of individuals. Keywords: COVID-19, Lockdown, Anxiety,
Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey Apprehension, Fear
design was created using the free software
Google Forms®. Survey was conducted from INTRODUCTION
15th April to 25th April 2020. A total of 5459 COVID-19 is an infectious disease
individuals met the inclusion criteria and the caused by severe acute respiratory
data is analysed using statistics software IBM
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It
SPSS (Version 25). Chi square test has been
was first identified in December 2019 in
used to determine correlation between
demographic data and mental state in lockdown Wuhan, China, when clusters of pneumonia
during Covid-19 pandemic. P valueAnjali Miglani et.al. Effect of lockdown during COVID-19: an Indian perspective
can range from no symptoms Rationale of the study
(asymptomatic) to severe pneumonia and COVID-19 is a new disease with
death. [2] high reproductive number and no definite
Individuals aged over 60 years and treatment or vaccine. High numbers of
those with underlying conditions such as people are getting infected and rate of local
hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular transmission is high, which has made
disease, chronic respiratory disease and countries around the globe to take stringent
cancer are at highest risk. Mortality actions like quarantine and lockdown. The
increases with age, with the highest psychosocial impact of health emergencies
mortality among people over 80 years of seems to be higher during quarantine
age. Disease in children appears to be measures. [8] Quarantine has been associated
relatively rare and mild with approximately with high stress levels. [9]
2.4% of the total reported cases reported An observational cross sectional
amongst individuals aged less than 19 years. study can be considered an important
[2]
research tool to describe “real-world” care
Lockdown is meant to prevent the settings and can assist with the designing of
spread of infection from one person to randomised controlled trails. [10] This study
another and also to build necessary health is planned as a preliminary step for
care network to handle eventualities. This assessing the mental state of people during
means, not stepping out of the house except lockdown in COVID-19.
for buying necessities, reducing the number
of trips outside and ideally only a single, METHODS
healthy family member making the trips A cross-sectional web-based survey
when absolutely necessary. design has been adopted. The people under
The world’s biggest lockdown was study were explained the purpose of our
imposed in India. Indian Prime Minister Sh. study to get their consent. On-line consent
Narendra Modi called for a complete was obtained from the participants.
lockdown of entire nation for 21 days Participants were allowed to terminate the
(Lockdown 1.0 from March 25, 2020 to survey at any time they desired. The survey
April 14, 2020) in an effort to contain the was anonymous. The confidentiality of
COVID-19 pandemic. [3] The lockdown was information was assured to the participants.
then further extended to a total duration of Participants who were Indian citizens ≥ 18
66 days. The lockdown was first extended years were eligible irrespective of the state
till May 3, 2020 (Lockdown 2.0), [4] then in which they reside. Those who were
further extended for 2 weeks (Lockdown 3.0 terminally ill, on immunosuppressant or on
from May 4, 2020 to May 18, 2020) [5] and antidepressant medication were excluded
then further extended upto May 31, 2020 from the study. Data was collected between
(Lockdown 4.0). [6] April 15th 2020 to April 25th 2020 using an
A WHO technical guidance note on-line questionnaire circulated through
(WHO 2020), stated that “the main WhatsApp, other social groups or through
psychological impact to date is elevated the internet. The investigated timeframe
rates of stressor anxiety”, with a warning corresponds to the time when lockdown was
that “as new measures and impacts are in its 2nd phase. On-line consent was taken
introduced – especially quarantine and its as a part of survey; those who consented to
effects on many people’s usual activities, fill the survey had also consented to share
routines or livelihoods – levels of the data. The survey was developed using
loneliness, depression, harmful alcohol and the free software Google Forms®.
drug use, and self-harm or suicidal The survey was conducted using a
behaviour are also expected to rise”. [7] questionnaire which had questions related to
apprehension of losing job/ financial loss,
International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 56
Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020Anjali Miglani et.al. Effect of lockdown during COVID-19: an Indian perspective
stress of diminishing essential supplies, Figure-1 shows the flowchart of the study.
effect on interpersonal relations, anxiety, Table-1 shows demographic data of 5459
fear of getting infected or death due to the participants. Participants consisted of 2948
COVID-19. Response options for questions males (54.0%) and 2511 females (46.0%).
were generally: Yes/No. This made the Median age of males is 44 (IQR=25) and of
survey easy to fill, even for less educated females is 43 (IQR=24). Maximum
people and less time consuming. respondents are in the age group of 18-30
The information collected by online (24.7%) and 41-50 (24.4%). Most of the
survey is tabulated and analyzed and respondents are residing in Delhi (33.5%)
interpreted statistically. Statistical software followed by Maharashtra (18.1%). 58.3%
IBM SPSS (version 25) is used for analysis are married, 36.9% are employed in private
of data. Null hypothesis is that there is no job and 23.1% are home maker. 74% of the
association between the lockdown measures respondents were staying with family at the
and mental health of people. Alternate time of lockdown. 9.6% of respondents
hypothesis is that there is an association were staying in containment zones (Areas
between the lockdown and mental health of that are notified by the authorities as high-
people. Chi square test is used for testing risk zones, where the number of COVID-19
the correlation between the two variables. P cases is high, are called containment zones.
valueAnjali Miglani et.al. Effect of lockdown during COVID-19: an Indian perspective
containment zone and having knowledge of relationships did not show any association
some friend/ acquaintance who is infected with any of the independent variables.
with COVID-19 (Table 2). There is a
significant association between anxiety and Table 1: Demographic Data (N=5459)
Socio Demographic Variable Number (%)
self employed persons (p value80 93 (1.7)
be significantly anxious (p value0.100) 142 179 (>0.100)
(0.015)* (>0.100)
51-60 255 216 (>0.100) 101 (>0.100) 304 (>0.100) 98 (>0.100) 125 (>0.100)
(0.002)*
61-70 110 120 (>0.100) 53 (>0.100) 202 (0.03)* 61 (0.06) 51 (0.10)
(>0.100)
71-80 66 (>0.100) 75 (>0.100) 30 (>0.100) 123 (0.02)* 42 (0.007)* 28 (0.052)
>80 21 (>0.100) 18 (>0.100) 8 (>0.100) 42 (0.03)* 15 (0.03)* 6 (0.06)
Gender
Male 698 731 (>0.100) 269 (0.100)
(>0.100) (>0.100)
Female 623 650 (>0.100) 317(0.100)
(>0.100) (>0.100)
International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 58
Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020Anjali Miglani et.al. Effect of lockdown during COVID-19: an Indian perspective
Occupation
Government/PSU Job 42 6 (0.100) 88 (>0.100) 29 (>0.100) 37 (>0.100)
(0.100) 132 168 (>0.100)
(>0.100) (>0.100)
Private Job 486 576 (0.100) 683 (>0.100) 206 253 (>0.100)
(>0.100) (>0.100)
Retired with pension 14 0 (0.100) 54 (0.05) 15 (>0.100) 10 (0.09)
(0.100) 102 (>0.100) 43 (>0.100) 159 (0.001)* 41 (>0.100) 37 (0.07)
pension
Self Employed 262 306 (0.100) 279 (>0.100) 82 (>0.100) 109 (>0.100)
(0.100) 170 (0.08) 507 (>0.100) 151 (0.10) 35 (0.100) 208 (0.01)* 59 (>0.100) 79 (>0.100)
Containment zone (0.100) 57 (>0.100) 202 (0.100)
(Anjali Miglani et.al. Effect of lockdown during COVID-19: an Indian perspective
deteriorated the supply situation. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/w
Fear of getting infected is significant ho-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-
in persons aged 60 years and above. This is the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-
probably because co morbidities are more march-2020. Accessed 18th June, 2020.
common in old age and advancing age is 2. World Health Organization, Report of the
also a risk factor for COVID-19. It is also WHO-China Joint Mission on
higher in people living in containment zones Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19),
as probably their anxiety level is already 28th February, 2020. Available at
high and they are forced with more https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/re
restrictions. port-of-the-who-china-joint-mission-on-
coronavirus-disease-2019-(covid-19).
This study shows that there is
Accessed 18th June, 2020
anxiety, fear and apprehension in certain
3. Prime Minister’s Office. PM calls for
groups of general population. Continued complete lockdown of entire nation for 21
public education and reliable information days, 24th March, 2020. Available at
about COVID-19 through health https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?
departments and media can help reduce the PRID=1608009. Accessed 18th June,
fear of the unknown. Stress management 2020.
and relaxation techniques can be 4. Ministry of Home Affairs. Lockdown
disseminated to public through video clips Measures for containment of COVID-19
and cartoons for easy understanding. This pandemic in the country to continue to
will enhance the psychological preparedness remain in force up to May 3, 2020, 14th
of the nation. April, 2020. Available at
Future studies may be planned to https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?
monitor the mental health outcomes of the PRID=1614481. Accessed 18th June,
population, in order to define mental health 2020.
interventions at a population level. 5. Ministry of Home Affairs. Extension of
Lockdown for a further period of Two
CONCLUSIONS Weeks with effect from May 4, 2020, 1st
This study managed to capture some May, 2020. Available at
immediate negative mental health impacts https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?
of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indian PRID=1620095. Accessed 18th June,
population three to four weeks into the 2020.
COVID-19 lockdown measures. It also 6. Ministry of Home Affairs. Extension of
Lockdown up to May 31, 2020, 17th May,
suggested some important future research
2020. Available at
areas to assess the impact of the COVID-19
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?
pandemic on mental health for targeted PRID=1624763. Accessed 18th June,
psychological interventions. 2020.
7. World Health Organization, Mental health
Funding and COVID-19, March, 2020. Available
No specific funding was granted for this at https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-
study. topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-
Conflict of Interest health/data-and-resources/mental-health-
The author has no conflict of interest to and-covid-19. Accessed 18th June, 2020.
disclose. 8. Brooks S. K., Webster R. K., Smith L. E.,
Woodland L, et al. (2020). The
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