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Vol. 78 Wednesday,
No. 15 January 23, 2013
Part V
Department of Energy
10 CFR Parts 429 and 430
Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedure for Set-Top Boxes;
Proposed Rule
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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY procedures. Any foreign national The regulations.gov Web page will
wishing to participate in the meeting contain simple instructions on how to
10 CFR Parts 429 and 430 should advise DOE as soon as possible access all documents, including public
[Docket No. EERE–2012–BT–TP–0046] by contacting Ms. Edwards to initiate comments, in the docket. See section V
the necessary procedures. Please also for information on how to submit
RIN 1904–AC52 note that those wishing to bring laptops comments through regulations.gov.
into the Forrestal Building will be For further information on how to
Energy Conservation Program: Test required to obtain a property pass. submit a comment, review other public
Procedure for Set-Top Boxes Visitors should avoid bringing laptops, comments and the docket, or participate
AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and or allow an extra 45 minutes. Persons in the public meeting, contact Ms.
Renewable Energy, Department of can attend the public meeting via Brenda Edwards at (202) 586–2945 or by
Energy. webinar. For more information, refer to email: Brenda.Edwards@ee.doe.gov.
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.
the Public Participation section near the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr.
end of this notice. Jeremy Dommu, U.S. Department of
SUMMARY: The U.S. Department of Any comments submitted must Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and
Energy (DOE) proposes to establish a identify the NOPR for the Test Renewable Energy, Building
new test procedure for set-top boxes Procedure for Set-top Boxes, and Technologies Program, EE–2J, 1000
(STBs). The proposed test procedure provide docket number EERE–2012– Independence Avenue SW.,
describes the methods for measuring the BT–TP–0046 and/or regulatory Washington, DC 20585–0121.
power consumption of STBs in the on, information number (RIN) number Telephone: (202) 586–9870. Email:
sleep (commonly known as standby 1904–AC52. Comments may be Jeremy.Dommu@ee.doe.gov.
mode), and off modes. Further, an submitted using any of the following Ms. Celia Sher, U.S. Department of
annual energy consumption (AEC) methods: Energy, Office of the General Counsel,
metric is proposed to calculate the 1. Federal eRulemaking Portal: GC–71, 1000 Independence Avenue
annualized energy consumption of the www.regulations.gov. Follow the SW., Washington, DC, 20585–0121.
STB based on its power consumption in instructions for submitting comments. Telephone: (202) 287–6122. Email:
the different modes of operation. DOE 2. Email: SetTopBox2012TP0046@ee. Celia.Sher@hq.doe.gov.
has tentatively identified that the test doe.gov. Include the docket number
and/or RIN in the subject line of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
methods described in the draft
Consumer Electronics Association message. Table of Contents
(CEA) standard, CEA–2043, ‘‘Set-top 3. Mail: Ms. Brenda Edwards, U.S.
Box (STB) Power Measurement’’ are Department of Energy, Building I. Authority and Background
appropriate to use as a basis for Technologies Program, Mailstop EE–2J, II. Summary of the Notice of Proposed
1000 Independence Avenue SW., Rulemaking
developing the test procedure for STBs. III. Discussion
The draft CEA–2043 standard specifies Washington, DC 20585–0121. If
possible, please submit all items on a A. Effective Date and Compliance Date of
the test methods for determining the Test Procedure
power consumption of a STB in the on, CD. It is not necessary to include B. Products Covered by This Rulemaking
sleep, and off modes. The proposed test printed copies. C. Industry Set-Top Box Test Procedures
4. Hand Delivery/Courier: Ms. Brenda D. Definitions
procedure in this rulemaking is
Edwards, U.S. Department of Energy, 1. Definition of Set-Top Boxes
primarily based on the draft CEA–2043
Building Technologies Program, 950 2. Basic Model of an STB
standard, which was issued as an email 3. Manufacturer of a Set-Top Box
L’Enfant Plaza SW., Suite 600,
ballot to the members of the CEA 4. Other Definitions
Washington, DC 20024. Telephone:
working group developing the standard 5. Definitions of Power Modes
(202) 586–2945. If possible, please
for a vote on November 27, 2012. E. Test Conditions
submit all items on a CD. It is not
DATES: DOE will hold a public meeting 1. Set-Top Box Settings
necessary to include printed copies. 2. Test Room
on Wednesday, February 27, 2013, from For detailed instructions on F. Test Setup
9 a.m. to 4 p.m., in Washington, DC. The submitting comments and additional 1. Test Voltage
meeting will also be broadcast as a information on the rulemaking process, 2. Measurement Accuracy
webinar. See section V, ‘‘Public see section V of this document (Public 3. Test Equipment
Participation,’’ for webinar registration Participation). 4. True Power Wattmeter
information, participant instructions, Docket: The docket is available for 5. Calibration
and information about the capabilities review at regulations.gov, including 6. Network Setup
available to webinar participants. Federal Register notices, framework G. Test Method and Measurements
DOE will accept comments, data, and 1. Set-Top Box Warm-Up
documents, public meeting attendee 2. Test Configuration Information
information regarding this notice of lists and transcripts, comments, and 3. Test Conduct
proposed rulemaking (NOPR) before and other supporting documents/materials. 4. Calculation of Average Power
after the public meeting, but no later All documents in the docket are listed Consumption
than April 8, 2013. See section V, in the regulations.gov index. However, 5. On Mode Power Measurement
‘‘Public Participation,’’ for details. not all documents listed in the index 6. Sleep Mode Power Measurement
ADDRESSES: The public meeting will be may be publicly available, such as 7. Off Mode Power Measurement
held at the U.S. Department of Energy, information that is exempt from public 8. Sleep to On Mode Transition Time
Forrestal Building, Room 8E–089, 1000 disclosure. Measurement
H. Sampling Plan
Independence Avenue SW., A link to the docket Web page can be
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I. Method To Calculate the Energy
Washington, DC 20585. To attend, found at: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ Consumption of a Set-Top Box
please notify Ms. Brenda Edwards at buildings/appliance_standards/ IV. Procedural Issues and Regulatory Review
(202) 586–2945. Please note that foreign rulemaking.aspx/ruleid/33. This Web A. Review Under Executive Order 12866
nationals visiting DOE Headquarters are page will contain a link to the docket for B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility
subject to advance security screening this notice on the regulations.gov site. Act
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C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction household energy use for STBs and written data, views, and arguments with
Act of 1995 network equipment is likely to exceed respect to the proposed procedure. (42
D. Review Under the National 100 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year. 76 U.S.C. 6293(b)(2)) Since DOE has
Environmental Policy Act of 1969 FR at 34914 (June 15, 2011). tentatively determined that STBs are a
E. Review Under Executive Order 13132
DOE may prescribe test procedures for covered product and a test procedure is
F. Review Under Executive Order 12988
G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates any product it classifies as a ‘‘covered required to determine the energy
Reform Act of 1995 product.’’ (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)) Under conservation standard for this product,
H. Review Under the Treasury and General EPCA, the ‘‘Energy Conservation a test procedure rulemaking is being
Government Appropriations Act, 1999 Program for Consumer Products Other undertaken to provide a test procedure
I. Review Under Executive Order 12630 Than Automobiles’’ consists essentially to measure the energy consumption of
J. Review Under Treasury and General of four parts: (1) Testing, (2) labeling, (3) STBs.
Government Appropriations Act, 2001 Federal energy conservation standards, In addition to proposing a test
K. Review Under Executive Order 13211 and (4) certification and enforcement procedure to measure the energy
L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal
procedures. The testing requirements consumption of STBs in on mode, DOE
Energy Administration Act of 1974
V. Public Participation consist of test procedures that is proposing test procedures to measure
A. Attendance at Public Meeting manufacturers of covered products must the energy consumption of STBs in
B. Procedure for Submitting Prepared use (1) as the basis for certifying to DOE sleep mode (an industry term that refers
General Statements for Distribution that their products comply with the to standby mode) and off mode. This is
C. Conduct of Public Meeting applicable energy conservation consistent with EISA 2007, which
D. Submission of Comments standards adopted under EPCA, and (2) amended EPCA to require DOE to
E. Issues on Which DOE Seeks Comment for making representations about the implement a standby and off mode
VI. Approval of the Office of the Secretary efficiency of those products. Similarly, energy consumption measurement, if
DOE must use these test requirements to technically feasible, in new or existing
I. Authority and Background determine whether the products comply test procedures that do not have this
Title III of the Energy Policy and with any relevant standards measurement. Otherwise, DOE must
Conservation Act (42 U.S.C. 6291, et promulgated under EPCA. prescribe a separate standby and off
seq.; ‘‘EPCA’’ or, ‘‘the Act’’) sets forth a mode energy test procedure, if
General Test Procedure Rulemaking
variety of provisions designed to technically feasible. (42 U.S.C.
Process
improve energy efficiency. (All 6295(gg)(2)(A)) EISA 2007 also requires
references to EPCA refer to the statute Under 42 U.S.C. 6293, EPCA sets forth any final rule establishing or revising
as amended through the Energy the criteria and procedures DOE must energy conservation standards for a
Independence and Security Act of 2007 follow when prescribing or amending a covered product, adopted after July 1,
(EISA 2007), Public Law 110–140 (Dec. test procedure for covered products. 2010, to incorporate standby mode and
19, 2007)). Part A of Title III of EPCA EPCA provides in relevant part that any off mode energy use into a single
(42 U.S.C. 6291–6309) established the test procedure prescribed or amended amended or new standard, if feasible.
‘‘Energy Conservation Program for under this section shall be reasonably (42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(3)(A)) DOE
Consumer Products Other Than designed to produce test results which recognizes that the standby and off
Automobiles,’’ which covers consumer measure energy efficiency, energy use or mode conditions of operation apply to
products and certain commercial estimated annual operating cost of a STBs, the product covered by this
products (hereafter referred to as covered product during a representative proposed rule. Therefore, in response to
‘‘covered products’’).1 In addition to average use cycle or period of use and this requirement, DOE proposes to
specifying a list of covered residential shall not be unduly burdensome to adopt provisions in the test procedure to
and commercial products, EPCA conduct. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3)) measure the energy use in standby and
contains provisions that enable the In addition, if DOE determines that a off mode for STBs. Because ‘sleep’ is the
Secretary of Energy to classify test procedure amendment is warranted, term used by industry for indicating that
additional types of consumer products it must publish a proposed test a STB is in standby mode, DOE is using
as covered products. (42 U.S.C. procedure and offer the public an the term ‘sleep mode’ to refer to standby
6292(a)(20)) For a given product to be opportunity to present oral and written mode in today’s NOPR. The proposed
classified as a covered product, the comments on it. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(2)) approach for measuring the power
Secretary must determine that: Finally, in any rulemaking to amend a consumption in sleep and off modes is
Classifying the product as a covered test procedure, DOE must determine to discussed in sections III.G.6 and III.G.7,
product is necessary or appropriate to what extent, if any, the proposed test respectively.
carry out the purposes of EPCA; and procedure would alter the measured In June 2011, DOE published the 2011
The average annual per-household energy efficiency of any covered proposed determination that tentatively
energy use by products of such type is product as determined under the determined that STBs and network
likely to exceed 100kWh per year. (42 existing test procedure. (42 U.S.C. equipment meet the criteria for covered
U.S.C. 6292(b)(1)) 6293(e)(1)) If DOE determines that the products. 76 FR at 34914 (June 15,
Under this authority, DOE published amended test procedure would alter the 2011). If DOE issues a final
a notice of proposed determination (the measured efficiency of a covered determination that STBs are a covered
2011 proposed determination), that product, DOE must amend the product, it may establish a test
tentatively determined that STBs and applicable energy conservation standard procedure and energy conservation
network equipment qualify as a covered accordingly. (42 U.S.C. 6293(e)(2)) standard for STBs. To initiate this
product because classifying products of EPCA specifies that if the Secretary rulemaking process, DOE published a
such type as a covered product is determines that a test procedure should request for information (RFI) document
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necessary or appropriate to carry out the be prescribed for a covered product, a on December 16, 2011 (the 2011 RFI),
purposes of EPCA, and the average U.S. proposed test procedure should be requesting stakeholders to provide
published in the Federal Register and technical information regarding various
1 For editorial reasons, upon codification in the interested persons should be provided test procedures used by industry to
U.S. code, Part B was re-designated Part A. an opportunity to present oral and measure the energy consumption of
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STBs and network equipment. 76 FR at proposes a metric to calculate the consumption of the STB in sleep mode,
78174. Such industry test procedures annual energy consumption (AEC) of DOE developed the test procedure from
included the ENERGY STAR® program’s the STB. DOE’s proposed metric the sleep mode test procedure specified
specification, ENERGY STAR Program combines the rated values of STB power in the draft CEA–2043 standard. Sleep
Requirements for Set-top Boxes, Version consumption in each mode of operation mode as defined in the CEA standard
3.0 (ENERGY STAR specification),2 with the expected time spent in the meets the definition of standby mode as
Consumer Electronics Association’s respective mode. The time weightings outlined in EISA 2007. (42 U.S.C.
(CEA) standards ANSI 3/CEA–2013–A 4 used to calculate the typical energy 6295(gg)) As discussed in Authority and
and ANSI/CEA–2022,5 Canadian consumption (TEC) in the ENERGY Background, section I of this NOPR,
Standards Association’s (CSA) test STAR specification were used as a
DOE proposes to use the industry term
procedure C380–08,6 as well as starting point to develop the time
‘sleep’ mode in place of standby for this
International Electrochemical weightings for the AEC metric proposed
Commission’s (IEC) standard IEC in today’s NOPR. test. For the sleep mode test, DOE
62087.7. Id. In the 2011 RFI, DOE also proposes two tests: (1) a manual sleep
II. Summary of the Notice of Proposed test in which the STB enters sleep mode
solicited comments on the key issues
Rulemaking through a user action on the remote
affecting the development of a new test
procedure. Today’s NOPR has been In this NOPR, DOE proposes: (1) A control; and, (2) an auto power down
developed based on DOE’s research and test procedure for determining the (APD) test in which the STB
analysis of existing and draft versions of energy consumption of STBs in the on, automatically enters sleep mode after a
industry standards, that prescribe test sleep, and off modes; (2) a method for period of user inaction. For both sleep
procedures for testing STBs, as well as determining the ratings of power mode tests, an average power
stakeholder responses to the key issues consumption in the on, sleep, and off measurement over a period of at least 4
discussed in the 2011 RFI. modes for a given basic model of STB; hours and up to a maximum of 8 hours
In this NOPR, DOE proposes and, (3) a metric to calculate the AEC of is recorded as discussed in section
measurement tests to determine the the STB. DOE also proposes to exclude III.G.6. For testing the power
power consumption of STBs in the on, network equipment from the scope of consumption of the STB in off mode,
sleep, and off modes. Pursuant to the this rulemaking, which is discussed in DOE proposes an average measurement
National Technology Transfer and further detail in section III.B of this
over 2 minutes after the STB has been
Advancement Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104– NOPR.
DOE’s proposed test procedure for placed in off mode. The proposed off
113), which directs Federal agencies to
determining the energy consumption of mode measurement test is discussed in
use voluntary consensus standards in
the STB is largely developed from the further detail in section III.G.7.
lieu of Government standards whenever
possible, DOE proposes a STB test draft CEA–2043 standard. The draft In addition to proposing measurement
procedure that has primarily been CEA–2043 standard was issued as an tests to measure the power consumption
developed from the draft CEA–2043 8 email ballot to CEA’s working group of the STB in the different modes of
standard, currently under development members for vote on November 27, operation, DOE is proposing a sampling
by a CEA working group that includes 2012. The standard specifies the plan that requires testing of at least two
representatives of the STB industry. definitions, measurement criteria, and STBs for each basic model, to determine
This draft standard provides the the test methods for determining the the power consumption in each mode of
definitions, measurement criteria, and power consumption of the STB in operation and the application of
test procedures for testing the specific different modes of operation. DOE
tolerances for determining the rating of
modes of STBs. DOE also proposes a reviewed several approaches for testing
a given basic model, as discussed in
method for determining the ratings of the power consumption of STBs and
determined that the test procedure further detail in section III.H.
power consumption in the on, sleep,
and off modes for a given basic model specified in the draft CEA–2043 Finally, DOE is proposing a metric to
of STB, which includes the number of standard is representative and generates calculate the AEC of the STB from the
units that must be tested and the repeatable power consumption values. rated power consumption in the on,
statistical tolerances. Finally, DOE This determination was made based on sleep, and off modes of operation. The
discussions with industry experts as proposed metric combines the rated
2 ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements for Set- well as through DOE’s internal research power consumption values of the STB
top Box Service Providers. Version 3.0. and analysis. Additionally, DOE has in the different modes of operation into
www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/product_specs/ proposed some modifications to the test
program_reqs/STB_Version_3_Program_ a single metric based on the expected
Requirements_Service_Providers.pdf?38d7-750d. procedure specified in the draft CEA– time spent in each mode of operation
3 American National Standards Institute. 2043 standard as discussed in sections such that it is representative of the
4 ANSI/CEA Standard. ‘‘Digital STB Background III.D through III.G. STB’s annual energy use. The time
Power Consumption.’’ ANSI/CEA–2013–A. July DOE’s proposed test procedure for
2007. weightings used to calculate TEC in the
determining the power consumption of
5 ANSI/CEA Standard. ‘‘Digital STB Active Power ENERGY STAR specification were used
a STB in on mode is comprised of two
Consumption Measurement.’’ ANSI/CEA–2022. July as the starting point to develop the time
2007. main tests: (1) An on (watch television
6 Canadian Standards Association. ‘‘Test (TV)) test that records the power weightings that are proposed for the
Procedure for the Measurement of Energy consumption when a channel is viewed; AEC metric. DOE believes that the
Consumption of Set-top Boxes (STBs).’’ C380–08. and, (2) a multi-stream test that proposed test procedure will accurately
August 2008. represent the energy consumption of
7 International Standard. ‘‘Methods of evaluates different functions of multi-
measurement for the power consumption of audio, streaming STBs depending on its STBs by capturing the AEC in on, sleep,
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video and related equipment.’’ Edition 3.0 2011–04. capabilities, such as channel viewing, and off modes. The AEC metric is
Section 8. recording, and playback. The proposed discussed in further detail in section
8 Draft CEA–2043. ‘‘Set-top Box (STB) Power
tests for on mode are discussed in III.I.
Measurement.’’ The version referenced in today’s
NOPR was issued as an email ballot, for vote, to the further detail in section III.G.5 of the
R04WG13 working group on November 27, 2012. NOPR. For testing the power
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III. Discussion Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) NOPR, DOE received comments about
commented that they support the the exclusion of specific models of
A. Effective Date and Compliance Date
development of a test procedure for STBs. Sidley Austin LLP (Sidley Austin)
of Test Procedure
STBs that accurately measures STB commented that during a meeting
If adopted, the effective date for this energy consumption by simulating between DOE, AT&T, and Sidley Austin
test procedure would be 30 days after actual usage by consumers. (CEE, No. on March 7, 2012, AT&T representatives
publication of the test procedure final 0028 at p. 1) Further, the joint response suggested that AT&T’s U-verse®
rule in the Federal Register. At that of DISH Network L.L.C. (DISH), receivers should not be covered under
time, the new metrics and any other EchoStar Technologies L.L.C. any test procedure or energy
measure of energy consumption which (EchoStar), and DIRECTV L.L.C. conversation standard rulemaking
depends on these metrics may be (DIRECTV), commented that this because the product already uses less
represented pursuant to the final rule. rulemaking should be limited to STBs power than other STBs and does not
Compliance with the new test procedure and should not include network meet the annual 100 kWh statutory
and sampling plans for representation equipment. (DISH, EchoStar, DIRECTV, threshold set by EPCA for covered
purposes would be required 180 days No. 0030 at p. 1) The National Cable & products to be regulated. (Sidley Austin
after the date of publication of the test Telecommunications Association LLP, No. 0024 at p. 2) Sidley Austin
procedure final rule. On or after that (NCTA) commented that if DOE further commented that AT&T’s U-
date, any such representations, proceeded with a rulemaking, the scope verse® is one of the most energy
including those made on marketing of this rulemaking should include STBs efficient STBs on the market and is
materials, Web sites (including that are defined as any non-gateway continuing to improve its efficiency.
qualification with a voluntary or State devices. (NCTA, No. 0034 at p. 43) DOE (Sidley Austin LLP, No. 0024 at p. 2)
program), and product labels shall be also received a comment in support of Next, AT&T commented that DOE
based upon results generated under the a test procedure for network equipment. should refrain from promulgating a test
final test procedure proposed to be The joint comment response of procedure or energy efficiency standard
included in Appendix AA to Subpart B Appliance Standards Awareness Project for Internet Protocol TV (IPTV) receivers
of 10 CFR Part 430 as well as the (ASAP), American Council for an because the energy use of IPTV STBs
sampling plan in 10 CFR Part 429. Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE), and does not meet the statutory threshold for
The final DOE test procedure shall be Consumer Federation of America (CFA) these boxes to be regulated. (AT&T, No.
utilized or referenced by all other encouraged DOE to continue 0032 at p. 5) DOE considers that today’s
organizations, such as U.S. investigating both network equipment test procedure NOPR is applicable to
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and STBs in order to realize energy any STB, including IPTV, as defined in
for its ENERGY STAR specification for savings for consumers as well as other section III.D.1 and will address the
STBs, the California Energy Commission economic and environmental benefits. scope of coverage for any energy
(CEC) and any other state regulation (ASAP, ACEEE, CFA, No. 0025 at p. 1– conservation standard during that
providing for the disclosure of 5) These commenters did not rulemaking, if required.
information with respect to any measure recommend any specific test method for DOE also received several comments
of STB energy consumption once the testing network equipment but on the coverage of low noise block-
test procedure becomes effective 30 suggested that DOE should look into downconverters (LNBs), auxiliary boxes,
days after the test procedure final rule existing test methods that were optical network terminals (ONTs), and
publication. The final rule will identified during the development of standalone digital video recorders
supersede any existing state test the ENERGY STAR specification for (DVRs). The Natural Resources Defense
procedure for STBs to the extent the small network equipment.10 (ASAP, Council (NRDC) recommended
state regulation requires testing in a ACEEE, CFA, No. 0025 at p. 3) including all of these products in the
manner other than that required by the Based on stakeholder feedback, DOE scope of this rulemaking. (NRDC, No.
final DOE test procedure. (42 U.S.C. proposes to exclude network equipment 0017 at p. 2) NRDC further commented
6297(a)(1)) from the scope of this NOPR and focus that once ONTs are installed, they are
exclusively on STBs. DOE proposes that not removed when service is
B. Products Covered by This the scope of today’s proposed terminated. If a customer switches to a
Rulemaking rulemaking is to capture the energy service provider that does not require an
In the 2011 RFI, DOE requested consumption of STBs that primarily ONT, this unit could continue drawing
comment on the scope of the STB and receive and output video content. DOE power without being used. (NRDC, No.
network equipment test procedure proposes to define STBs as described in 0017 at p. 2) Conversely, DISH,
rulemaking. DOE received some section III.D.1 below. DOE will continue EchoStar, and DIRECTV commented
comments that network equipment to evaluate the need for a test procedure that LNBs should not be included in the
should not be included in the scope of for network equipment. scope of this rulemaking. They
the rulemaking, and received some In addition to receiving comments on commented that LNBs can consume
comments in favor of developing a the overall scope of coverage of today’s varied power in different configurations.
Federal test procedure for STBs. Verizon (DISH, EchoStar, DIRECTV, No. 0030 at
commented that DOE should not (Docket No. EERE–2011–BT–NOA–0067), which is p. 5) Further, the outdoor unit (ODU)
identify network equipment as a maintained at www.regulations.gov. This notation that consists of a receiving dish, LNB,
indicates that the statement preceding the reference and radio frequency (RF) switch would
covered product and should clarify that is document number [0032 as assigned in
only ‘‘traditional, dedicated’’ STBs regulations.gov] in the docket for the STB test
need to be specified in detail to test
would be subject to any test procedure procedure rulemaking, and appears at page 5 of that these units in a repeatable fashion.
document. Finally, the power consumption of the
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or energy conservation standard.
(Verizon, No. 0032 at p. 5) 9 The
10 ENERGY STAR Small Network Equipment.
ODU devices varies with weather and
‘‘Draft Specification Framework Document.’’ location. (DISH, EchoStar, DIRECTV,
October 2009. www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/
9 A notation in this form provides a reference for prod_development/new_specs/downloads/small_ No. 0030 at p. 11)
information that is in the docket of DOE’s network_equip/SNE_Draft_Framework_V1_0.pdf? Because of the complexity associated
rulemaking to develop a test procedure for STBs ecf4-2f7e. with these equipment and the
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significant operational differences from respectively. The standards do not body that is accredited by ANSI.11 CEA–
STBs, DOE does not propose to include contain detailed information about 2043 is being developed under the CEA
LNBs, ONTs, ODUs, or other testing and setup for the different modes R04 WG13 STB Energy Consumption
infrastructure devices that do not of operation. As discussed, CEA is also working group, which falls under the
directly deliver TV signals to a developing a new standard, CEA–2043, CEA Technology & Standards program.
consumer display to be in the scope of that is currently in draft form but will DOE representatives have observed the
this rulemaking. supersede CEA standards ANSI/CEA– development of CEA–2043, attended
DOE requests comment on focusing 2013A and ANSI/CEA–2022 once it is conference call meetings between STB
the scope of today’s rulemaking to STBs published. Therefore, DOE did not refer manufacturers and energy advocates
and excluding network equipment. to ANSI/CEA–2013A and ANSI/CEA– during draft revisions, and have been
Further, DOE seeks additional 2022 to develop today’s proposed rule; included on all notes and
information and comment related to the instead it refers to the draft CEA–2043 documentation from the CEA R04 WG13
development of a test procedure for standard. STB Energy Consumption working
LNBs, ONTs, ODUs, or other The CSA test procedure, C380–08, group. Today’s NOPR has primarily
infrastructure devices and the standard specifies test conditions and setup been developed using the draft version
configuration in which these products requirements that are also referenced in of the CEA–2043 standard that was
should be tested. the ENERGY STAR specification and are issued as an email ballot to members of
C. Industry Set-Top Box Test Procedures the same as those specified in the draft the working group for a vote on
CEA–2043 standard. The C380–08 November 27, 2012. However, DOE is
While developing the proposed test standard specifies test procedures for proposing some modifications, which
procedure for STBs, DOE researched determining energy consumption in the are discussed in sections III.D through
existing and draft test procedures that on and sleep modes of operation, from III.G.
measure STB energy consumption, as The draft version of the CEA–2043
which the ENERGY STAR specification
discussed in the 2011 RFI. DOE received standard was in a 30 day voting period
was developed. Therefore, DOE does not
a comment from CEA stating that it that ended on December 28, 2012. Once
reference this CSA test procedure in the
should not duplicate the private sector’s the final CEA–2043 standard is
NOPR because the information specified
development of a consensus standard published, it will be available on CEA’s
in the CSA test procedure is also
test procedure for measuring the power Web site at http://www.ce.org/
included in the ENERGY STAR
consumption of STBs. (CEA, No. 0031 at Standards/Standard-Listings.aspx. DOE
specification.
p. 3) DOE agrees with CEA and is requests comment on using the draft
IEC 62087 provides specification for
proposing a test procedure for STBs that CEA–2043 standard as the basis for
testing the STB at different input signal
is largely based on standards accepted today’s proposed test procedure for
and developed by industry. The levels and different input terminals
depending on the type of the STB. The STBs.
standards that were reviewed to develop
this test procedure NOPR include the standard provides test procedures for D. Definitions
ENERGY STAR specification, CEA determining power consumption in the
on and sleep modes. In the on mode, 1. Definition of Set-Top Boxes
standards ANSI/CEA–2013A, ANSI/
IEC 62087 specifies tests in the play, Because there are no statutory
CEA–2022, the draft CEA–2043
record, and multi-function (with single definitions for STBs under EPCA
standard, CSA test procedure C380–08,
and multiple tuners) modes. In sleep currently, DOE proposes to develop a
as well as IEC standard IEC 62087.
The ENERGY STAR specification mode, it specifies tests at the active definition for STBs. Cisco commented
includes a test method for determining high, active low, and passive modes. that defining STBs as traditional STBs
the power consumption of the STB in DOE refers to IEC 62087 to support would capture only some of the ways in
some of its proposed requirements. which video program is delivered and a
different modes of operation. The
DOE primarily focused on the draft broader definition that is designed to
ENERGY STAR test method provides
CEA–2043 standard to develop the test encompass all means by which a
the test setup, test conduct,
procedure for STBs that is proposed in consumer could receive video signals
initialization requirements, and test
this NOPR. The draft CEA–2043 from multichannel video programming
procedures for testing the STB in many
standard specifies the test conditions distributors (MVPD) could inadvertently
different modes of operation. These
and test setup at which power bring tablet computers, computers,
include, in the on mode: watching TV,
consumption of the STB should be gaming consoles, and smartphones
recording to a DVR and removable
measured. These include the modes of under this regulation. (Cisco Systems,
media, and playing back recorded
operation of the STB, test room and Inc., No. 0027 at p. 11) DOE
content from a DVR and removable
equipment requirements, and understands these concerns and is
media. In the sleep mode, the test proposing a definition that captures
procedures include: sleep mode, APD, measurement tests for determining the
power consumption in each mode of more than just traditional STBs, while
and deep sleep. Finally, the ENERGY mitigating the issues associated with a
STAR test method also includes a operation. DOE also referred to the
ENERGY STAR specification to develop broader definition of STBs. The
method for testing a STB that has multi- proposed definition would be included
room capability. The ENERGY STAR some of the proposed requirements,
such as the AEC metric, that are not in 10 CFR Part 430.2 and would define
test method was developed based on the STBs as ‘‘a device combining hardware
CSA test procedure, C380–08. DOE specified in the draft CEA–2043
standard. In review of CEA–2043, DOE components with software programming
referred to some sections of the designed for the primary purpose of
ENERGY STAR specification to develop found that CEA is a leading organization
that connects consumer electronics receiving television and related services
today’s NOPR, which are discussed in
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with
manufacturers, retailers, and other from terrestrial, cable, satellite,
detail in sections III.D to III.I. broadband, or local networks, providing
The ANSI/CEA–2022 and ANSI/CEA– interested parties to develop industry
2013A provide an overview to accepted electronics test procedures. 11 ‘‘ANSI-Accredited Standard Developers.’’ www.
determine the power consumption of The CEA Technology & Standards ansi.org/about_ansi/accredited_programs/overview.
STBs in the on, sleep and off modes, program is CEA’s standards making aspx?menuid=1.
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video output using at least one direct that its primary purpose is receiving and over two channels: luminance and
video connection.’’ outputting video. DOE believes it is color.
DOE also proposes to include a important for the definition of a STB to For the definitions of Component
definition for direct video connection, include both software and hardware Video and HDMI, DOE proposes to
in 10 CFR Part 430.2, as ‘‘any because the underlying hardware for a incorporate by reference two industry
connection type that is one of the STB could look much like a general standards that are used to define these
following: High-Definition Multimedia purpose computer, but the software terms. Specifically, DOE proposes to
Interface (HDMI), Component Video, S- added to such hardware distinguishes define Component Video as a
Video, Composite Video, or any other the unit allowing it to function as a STB. connection that meets the requirements
video interface that may be used to Further, the proposed DOE definition found in CEA–770.3–D.12 For HDMI,
output video content.’’ does not include specific devices to DOE is proposing to define it as a
DOE’s proposed definition of STBs is which the content is delivered, while connection that meets the requirements
different from the definition specified in the draft CEA–2043 definition specifies found in the HDMI Specification
section 4 of the draft CEA–2043 that the content is delivered to a display Version 1.0.13 DOE believes these
standard. That standard defines a STB device, recording device, or client. In industry standards provide the
as ‘‘a device that receives video content lieu of specifying the types of devices to appropriate information for defining the
which is then delivered to a display which the content may be delivered, Component Video and HDMI
device, recording device, or client’’. DOE’s proposal specifies the types of connections and has therefore
DOE did not adopt CEA’s definition in video connections that may be used, incorporated these standards by
the NOPR because DOE believes the since, at a minimum, a STB must reference in section 430.3 of Subpart A
definition is vague and can include such deliver content to a video device. of 10 CFR Part 430.
devices in the scope of this rulemaking Including detail about the direct video In the 2011 proposed determination,
that are not, in fact, STBs. According to connections that are permissible ensures DOE proposed a definition for STBs and
the definition specified in the draft that devices that do not primarily network equipment as ‘‘a device whose
CEA–2043 standard, any device that can deliver content to a video device do not principal function(s) are to receive
receive video content and can deliver it meet the proposed definition. For television signals (including, but not
to display device, recording device, or example, devices that receive and limited to, over-the-air, cable
client is a STB. Under this definition, transmit information solely through a distribution system, and satellite
devices such as a smartphone could network interface and do not have a signals) and deliver them to another
potentially be included under the scope. video output would not be considered a consumer device, or to pass Internet
DOE believes these devices should not STB under DOE’s proposed regulatory Protocol traffic among various network
be included because the scope of today’s definition, but would be considered a interfaces.’’ 76 FR at 34915 (June 15,
rulemaking is to capture the energy use 2011). DOE received several comments
STB if the draft CEA–2043 standard’s
for those devices that primarily receive about this definition from stakeholders.
definition were adopted. DOE believes
and output video content. Because the The Northwest Energy Efficiency
that today’s proposed test procedure
primary use of a device such as a Alliance (NEEA) suggested a new
would not make appropriate
smartphone or gaming console is not to definition for STBs that accounts for the
representations of energy consumption
output video content, today’s test fact that these devices serve a broader
for devices that do not provide a direct
procedure would not make adequate function than to simply relay TV
video output, and therefore, has
energy representations of these signals. (EERE–2010–BT–DET–0040,
proposed this definition to narrow the
products. DOE believes that NEEA, No. 0006 at p. 2) AT&T and the
scope compared to the CEA–2043
smartphones do not meet the definition California Investor Owned Utilities (CA
of a STB under today’s proposed standard. IOUs) commented that DOE should
definition. Finally, to further aid in defining the adopt the definition of STB that has
DOE does not propose to use the scope of coverage of this rulemaking, been developed by the ENERGY STAR
definition specified in the draft CEA– DOE proposes to include definitions for program because it is well known by
2043 standard. Instead, DOE developed Component Video, Composite Video, industry. (EERE–2010–BT–DET–0040,
a definition for STBs that includes HDMI, and S-Video in the test AT&T, No. 0008 at p. 9) (EERE–2010–
specific detail about the types of procedure. These terms are all used in BT–DET–0040, CA IOUs, No. 0011 at p.
networks the device can receive video the definition for direct video 2) Further, the Northeast Energy
content from and the allowable output connection, which is used to define Efficiency Partnerships (NEEP)
connections for delivering the video STBs. DOE proposes to define these commented that STBs and network
content. The types of networks from terms in section 430.2 of subpart A of equipment should have a single
which content could be received— 10 CFR part 430 as follows: definition because they perform similar
terrestrial, cable, satellite, broadband, or Component Video: Component Video functions. (EERE–2010–BT–DET–0040,
local networks—are all networks that is a video display interface that meets NEEP, No. 0010 at p. 2) In contrast, the
are commonly used for STBs. In fact, the specification in CEA–770.3–D. CA IOUs commented that separated
STBs are often defined by their base Composite Video: Composite Video is definitions should be adopted for STBs
type functionality, which generally a video display interface that uses a and network equipment to explicitly
includes the network type used. This Radio Corporation of America (RCA) describe the products covered. (EERE–
information was also included in the connection to transmit National 2010–BT–DET–0040, CA IOUs, No.
definition for STBs in an older draft of Television System Committee (NTSC) 0011 at p. 2) NCTA commented that
the CEA–2043 standard and DOE analog video. STBs and network equipment vary too
proposes to include it to add specificity HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with
to the STB definition. Additionally, Interface or HDMI is an audio/video 12 CEA Standard. ‘‘High Definition TV Analog
DOE’s proposed definition refers to a interface that meets the specification in Component Video Interface.’’ CEA–770.3–D.
Approved February 2008.
device that is manufactured when both HDMI Specification Version 1.0. 13 ‘‘High-Definition Multimedia Interface
the hardware components and the S-Video: S-Video is a video display Specification.’’ Informational Version 1.0.
software is loaded on the device such interface that transmits analog video Approved September 4, 2003.
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much to fit under one definition and proposed determination may be too characteristics that affect energy
that network equipment should be broad for the purposes of the STB test consumption, energy efficiency, water
dropped from the rulemaking. (EERE– procedure rulemaking. The definition of consumption, or water efficiency; and
2010–BT–DET–0040, NCTA, No. 0017 at ‘‘principal function’’ could be (1) With respect to general service
p. 8, 22) NRDC commented that the part ambiguous; it is not explicit whether the fluorescent lamps, general service
of the definition that states ‘‘the principal function is based on how the incandescent lamps, and incandescent
principal function(s) are to receive TV device is used by the consumer or how reflector lamps: Lamps that have
signals’’ should be expanded because the manufacturer intends the device to essentially identical light output and
STBs receive more types of signals than be used. Further, the definition in the electrical characteristics—including
TV signals. (EERE–2010–BT–DET–0040, 2011 proposed determination does not lumens per watt (lm/W) and color
NRDC, No. 0012 at p. 5) CEA explicitly state that video content rendering index (CRI).
commented that DOE should adopt the should be delivered using a direct video (2) With respect to faucets and
definition that will be specified in the connection, which is included in the showerheads: Have the identical flow
new CEA standard and should compare definition proposed in today’s NOPR. control mechanism attached to or
the proposed STB definition to the As discussed previously, specifying that installed within the fixture fittings, or
Federal Communications Commission’s the device should deliver video content the identical water-passage design
(FCC) definition of ‘‘navigation device’’ using a direct video connection ensures features that use the same path of water
to avoid defining the same product that devices that do not use this in the highest flow mode.’’
category differently. (EERE–2010–BT– connection are excluded from the For today’s NOPR, DOE reviewed this
DET–0040, CEA, No. 0014 at p. 3) CEA proposed definition of STB. Therefore, definition of a basic model and has
also commented that the definition of DOE has proposed a new definition determined that the definition of basic
STBs should not include a device with solely for STBs as discussed in the model codified in 10 CFR Part 430.2 is
gateway functionality, such as devices above paragraph. applicable to STBs. For STBs, the
that terminate the service provider or IP DOE also considered defining a STB ‘identical electrical, physical, and
network for multiple devices in a home, using the base types included in the functional characteristics’ that identify
because such a definition would ENERGY STAR specification. However, two units as being the same basic model
combine video and non-video related the ENERGY STAR definition is more would also cover software download or
devices and would include many suited to differentiating product types hardware integration. This is because
different products such as networking for the purposes of efficiency levels, hardware components and software
switch, hub, Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi) 14 which is not necessary when it comes programming can change the functional
access point, Ethernet extending to defining scope of coverage for DOE’s or physical characteristics of the box
devices, and possibly the entire category regulatory program. that affect energy consumption and/or
of home automation, security and smart In conclusion, DOE proposes to define energy efficiency. Thus, in order for
grid products. (EERE–2010–BT–DET– STBs as ‘‘a device combining hardware multiple STBs to be in the same basic
0040, CEA, No. 0014 at p. 4) Finally, components with software programming model they must have essentially the
CEA, Verizon, and the designed for the primary purpose of same software downloads and hardware
Telecommunications Industry receiving television and related services integration. Additionally, for today’s
Association (TIA) commented that the from terrestrial, cable, satellite, proposed rule, DOE also believes that
broadband, or local networks, providing two STB units are considered to be the
phrase ‘‘to pass Internet Protocol traffic
video output using at least one direct same basic model if they have the same
among various network interfaces’’
video connection.’’ DOE invites multi-streaming and DVR functionality
should be excluded from the proposed
comment on this proposed definition of as described in section III.D.4.
definition as they believe the scope of
STBs. In particular, DOE requests DOE invites comment on the
the rulemaking is to only cover video
comment about whether the proposed discussion of basic model as it pertains
related devices. (EERE–2010–BT–DET–
definition is specific enough to exclude to the STB rulemaking.
0040, Verizon, No. 0015 at p. 4) (EERE–
non-STB devices such as gaming
2010–BT–DET–0040, TIA, No. 0040 at 3. Manufacturer of a Set-Top Box
consoles and smartphones, yet broad
p. 4)
enough to cover traditional STBs as well DOE considers today’s proposed test
DOE reviewed the comments it
as newer STBs. DOE also requests procedure applicable to any person that
received on the 2011 proposed
comment on the proposed definitions meets the definition of manufacturer
determination and preliminarily
for direct video connection, Component under EPCA as it relates to STBs. EPCA
concluded that it will not continue with
Video, Composite Video, HDMI, and S- defines the term ‘‘manufacture’’ as ‘‘to
the definition proposed for STBs and
Video. manufacture, produce, assemble, or
network equipment in the 2011
import.’’ (42 U.S.C. 6291(10)) The
proposed determination, for the 2. Basic Model of an STB proposed definition of a STB itself is
following reasons. First, the intent of the In March 2011, DOE published a final discussed in section III.D.1 of the NOPR.
proposed definition in the 2011 rule for ‘Certification, Compliance, and
proposed determination was that it be Enforcement for Consumer Products and 4. Other Definitions
broad enough so that it covered both Commercial and Industrial Equipment’. For the STB test procedure NOPR,
STBs and network equipment. However, 76 FR at 12422 (March 7, 2011). In this DOE proposes to define terms that are
as discussed in section III.B, today’s rule, DOE codified a definition for basic relevant for the test procedure based on
proposed rule narrows the scope of the model in 10 CFR Part 430.2 as follows: the definitions specified in section 4 of
rulemaking to cover only STBs and not ‘‘Basic model means all units of a the draft CEA–2043 standard. Of these
network equipment. Second, DOE given type of covered product (or class definitions, DOE proposes clarifying
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with
believes that the definition in the 2011 thereof) manufactured by one information, beyond what is provided in
14 Wi-Fi technology allows electronic devices to
manufacturer, having the same primary the draft CEA–2043 standard, for the
use radio waves to exchange data wirelessly over
energy source, and which have definitions of DVR, display device, and
a computer network using the Institute of Electrical essentially identical electrical, physical, home network interface (HNI).
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards. and functional (or hydraulic) Additionally, DOE is including new
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definitions for content provider and at a minimum frame rate of 59.94 frames Principal STB function: Functions
multi-stream. The proposed definitions per second (fps) (abbreviated 720p60) or necessary for selecting, receiving,
are included in section 2 (Definitions) of a minimum output resolution of 1920 × decoding, decompressing, or delivering
the proposed Appendix AA to Subpart 1080 pixels in interlaced scan mode at video content to a display device, DVR,
B of 10 CFR Part 430. All proposed 29.97 fps (abbreviated 1080i30). or client. Monitoring for user or network
definitions are listed below, followed by Home network interface (HNI): An requests is not considered a principal
a discussion of any differences from the interface with external devices over a STB function.
draft CEA–2043 standard. local area network (example: IEEE Satellite STB: a STB that receives and
Auto power down (APD): A STB 802.11 (Wi-Fi), Multimedia over Coax decodes video content as delivered from
feature that monitors parameters Alliance (MoCA) 19, HomePNA Alliance a service provider satellite network.
correlated with user activity or viewing. (HPNA),20 IEEE 802.3,21 or HomePlug Service provider: A business entity
If the parameters collectively indicate AV 22) that is capable of transmitting that provides video content, a delivery
that no user activity or viewing is video content. network, and associated installation and
occurring, the APD feature enables the Low noise block-downconverter support services to subscribers with
STB to transition to sleep or off mode. (LNB): A combination of low-noise whom it has an ongoing contractual
Client: Any device (example: STB, amplifier, block-downconverter and relationship.
thin-client STB, smart TV,15 mobile intermediate frequencies (IF) amplifier. Smart Card: A plug-in card that
phone, tablet, or personal computer) It takes the received microwave complies with ISO 25/IEC 7816–12 26
that can receive content over a home transmission, amplifies it, down- and is inserted into a satellite STB to
network interface (HNI). converts the block of frequencies to a enable the decryption of services and
Content provider: An entity that lower block of IF where the signal can provide other network control
provides video programming content. be amplified and fed to the indoor functions.
Crest factor: The ratio of the peak satellite TV STB using coaxial cable. Standard definition test stream (SD):
current to the root-mean-square (rms) 16 Multi-stream: A STB feature that may Video content delivered to the STB by
current. provide independent video content to the content provider to produce an
one or more clients, one or more
Digital video recorder (DVR): A STB output resolution of 640 × 480 pixels in
feature that records TV signals on a hard directly connected TVs, or a DVR.
interlaced scan mode at minimum frame
disk drive (HDD) or other non-volatile Outdoor unit (ODU): Satellite signal
reception components including: a rate of 29.97 fps (abbreviated 480i30).
storage device integrated into the STB. Thin-client STB: A STB that can
A DVR often includes features such as: receiving dish, one or more LNBs, and
imbedded or independent radio receive content over an HNI from
Play, Record, Pause, Fast Forward (FF), another STB, but is unable to interface
and Fast Rewind (FR). STBs that frequency (RF) switches, used to
distribute a satellite service provider directly to the service provider network.
support a service provider delivery DOE proposes to incorporate by
network based ‘‘DVR’’ service are not network to consumer satellite STBs.
Point of deployment (POD) module: A reference the industry standards that are
considered DVR STBs for the purposes used in the definitions of POD and
plug-in card that complies with the
of this test procedure. The presence of smart card. These standards are: ANSI/
ANSI/SCTE 23 28 24 interface and is
DVR functionality does not mean the inserted into a digital-cable-ready SCTE 28 for the definition of POD and
device is defined to be a STB. device to enable the decryption of ISO/IEC 7816–12 for the definition of
Display device: A device (example: Smart Card. These industry standards
services and provide other network
TV, Computer Monitor, or Portable TV) control functions. are part of the definition provided in the
that receives its content directly from a Power mode: A condition or state of draft CEA–2043 standard, and DOE
STB through a video interface (example: a device that broadly characterizes its believes the standards provide
HDMI, Component Video, Composite capabilities, power consumption, power necessary information to define the POD
Video, or S-Video), not through a home indicator coding, and responsiveness to and Smart Card plug-in cards.
network interface (HNI), and displays it input. The definition of DVR in the draft
for viewing. CEA–2043 standard is, ‘‘a STB feature
Harmonic: A component of order n of 19 MoCA is a trade group that promotes a standard that records TV signals on a hard disk
the Fourier series 17 that describes the that uses coaxial cables to connect consumer drive (HDD) or other non-volatile
periodic current or voltage (where n is electronic products and home networking devices. storage device. A DVR often includes
an integer greater than 1). The connection allows both data communication
and the transfer of audio and video streams. It is features such as: Play, Record, Pause,
High definition test stream (HD): the only home entertainment networking standard Fast Forward (FF), and Fast Rewind
Video content delivered to the STB by used by all three pay TV segments, such as, cable, (FR). STBs that support a service
the content provider to produce a satellite, and IPTV.
provider delivery network based ‘‘DVR’’
minimum output resolution of 1280 × 20 HPNA is an incorporated non-profit industry
service are not considered DVR STBs for
association of companies that develops home
720 pixels in progressive scan mode 18 networking specifications for distributing the purposes of this test procedure. The
entertainment and data over existing coaxial cables presence of DVR functionality does not
15 A smart TV is a hybrid TV that combines and telephone wiring within homes. mean the device is defined to be a STB.’’
internet features into modern TVs and STBs. 21 IEEE 802.3 is a working group that develops
16 Rms current is a statistical measure of the standards for Ethernet based local area networks. The definition of DVR in the draft CEA–
magnitude of a current signal. Rms current is equal 22 HomePlug is an industry alliance that provides 2043 standard does not explicitly state
to the square root of the mean of all squared specifications that support networking over existing that the HDD should be integrated into
instantaneous currents over one complete cycle of home electrical wiring. HomePlug AV is a the STB, while DOE’s proposed
the current signal. specification that provides sufficient bandwidth for
17 A Fourier series decomposes period functions applications such as high definition TV (HDTV) and
definition adds the specification that the
or period signals in terms of an infinite sum of voice over IP (VoIP). HDD or other non-volatile storage
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with
simple oscillating functions, such as sines and 23 The Society of Cable Telecommunications
cosines. Engineers, Inc. 25 International Organization for Standardization.
18 Progressive scan mode is a method of 24 Society of Cable Telecommunications 26 International Standard. ‘‘Identification cards—
displaying, storing, or transmitting moving images Engineers. Engineering Committee. Digital Video Integrated circuit cards—Part 12: Cards with
such that all lines in each frame are drawn in Subcommittee. ‘‘HOST–POD Interface Standard.’’ contacts—USB electrical interface and operating
sequence. American National Standard. procedures.’’
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