Deep-bottom fish identification cards for small-scale fishermen
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Deep-bottom fish identification cards for small-scale fishermen iq
© Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 2013
These identification cards are produced by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) to help
improve catch data and statistics from small-scale vessels that regularly target deep-bottom fish species.
With a better understanding of small-scale vessel catches, regional fisheries managers can ensure that stocks are
better managed throughout their range and that small-scale fishermen get more recognition and support for
their contribution to food security and employment at the local level. The most likely users of these cards are
small-scale fishers who actively target deep-bottom fish stocks, along with fishery officers who are tasked with
monitoring these fisheries. Fisheries training institutions are other potential users.
Printing of these cards was made possible through financial assistance provided by AusAID.
Project coordination was done by the Oceanic Fisheries Programme’s Ecosystem Monitoring Section and the
Fisheries Information Section, SPC. Illustrations were made by Les Hata and Rachel O’Shea.
This publication is based on the Fish species identification manual for deep-bottom snapper fishermen
by Chapman et al. (2008).
Secretariat of the Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data
Deep-bottom fish identification cards for small-scale fishermen / produced by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community
1. Marine fishes – Classification – Oceania.
2. Fishery management – Oceania.
3. Fishes – Identification – Oceania.
I. Title II. Secretariat of the Pacific Community
597.0995 AACR2
ISBN: 978-982-00-0589-1
Head Body Caudal fin Different
caudal
fin types
Spiny dorsal fin Soft dorsal fin Rounded
Dorsal spines
Opercular
spine Truncate
t
ou
Sn
Emarginate
Lateral line
Lunate
Cheek
Gill cover Caudal fin
Forked
Anal fin
Cheek cleft
Pectoral fin Pelvic fin Anal spines
Snappers 2
Ruby snapper
Etelis carbunculus
Dorsal fin deeply notched
Distinct yellowish Small black markings on
max. length: 125 cm
lateral line upper lobe of caudal fin
Rounded opercular
spine (behind skin)
80 – 400 m
White tip on lower lobe of caudal fin
ETA
Marshi snapper
Etelis marshi
Dorsal fin deeply notched
No black markings on
max. length: 70 cm
Distinct yellowish upper lobe of caudal fin
lateral line
Pointed opercular
spine (behind skin)
80 – 400 m
White tip on lower lobe of caudal fin
F96
Snappers 3
Snappers 4
Scarlet snapper
Etelis radiosus
Forked caudal fin
Gills silverish with notch in centre
90 – 360 m
eew
Flame snapper
Etelis coruscans
Tips of upper and lower caudal fin
90 – 400 m
elongated to form filaments, often black
ETC
Snappers 5
Snappers 6
Rusty jobfish
Aphareus rutilans
Dorsal and anal rays
greatly prolonged
Lower jaw
projecting
Caudal fin
lunate
Gills silver Pectoral fin long,
40 – 330 m
reaching to above the anus
ARQ
Randall’s snapper
Randallichthys filamentosus
Dark to black margin on first
half of dorsal fin
Yellowish-orange on
upper half of body
150 – 380 m
Dark to black margin on pelvic fin
RAI
Snappers 7
Snappers 8
Crimson jobfish
Pristipomoides filamentosus
Top of head has yellow Crimson to reddish margin on
lines and blue spots dorsal and caudal fins
Line drawn from upper lip to fork
40 – 400 m
in caudal fin passes below eye
PFMLavender jobfish
Pristipomoides sieboldii
Dorsal fin has orange margin
Large eye for Caudal fin has pale margin
size of fish
Tooth patch on tongue
Line drawn from upper lip to fork in
100 – 360 m
caudal fin passes through centre of eye
LRB
Snappers 9Snappers 10
Scalemouth jobfish
Parapristipomoides squamimaxillaris
Upper lobe of
caudal fin yellow
Lower lobe of
130 – 460 m
caudal fin pink
PQMSharptooth jobfish
Pristipomoides typus
Wavy yellow lines on dorsal fin
40 – 120 m
Silverish belly
LRU
Snappers 11Snappers 12
Golden eye jobfish
Pristipomoides flavipinnis
Yellow margin on
spiny dorsal fin
Top of head has
reticulated speckles
Yellowish margin
60 – 360 m
on caudal fin when fresh
LWFGoldbanded jobfish
Pristipomoides multidens
Pale-bluish and yellowish
spots on dorsal fin
Gold bands edged in blue on
snout and cheeks below eye
40 – 320 m
LRI
Snappers 13Snappers 14
Ornate jobfish
Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus
Upper body has pink and yellow blotches
and irregular blue markings
70 – 300 m
LRYOblique-banded snapper
Pristipomoides zonatus
Four distinct yellow oblique
bars on upper body
70 – 300 m
Lower lobe of caudal fin yellow
LWZ
Snappers 15Snappers 16
Goldflag jobfish
Pristipomoides auricilla
‘Herringbone’ pattern of pale-yellow Upper lobe of caudal fin yellow with
and purple stripes along body grey-blue margin
80 – 360 m
LWACocoa snapper
Paracaesio stonei
Four narrow dark-brown bands
extending across whole body
Forehead rounded
200 – 320 m
LWR
Snappers 17Snappers 18
Saddle-back snapper
Paracaesio kusakarii
Four broad saddle-like dark brown bars on
back extending to or below lateral line
Forehead humped
in larger adults
Upper lobe of
caudal fin white
60 – 310 m
LRKVanuatu snapper
Paracaesio gonzalesi
Yellow band along lateral line from back of gill cover
to halfway along dorsal fin
140 – 250 m
Pectoral fin yellow
LRG
Snappers 19Snappers 20
Tang’s snapper
Lipocheilus carnolabrum
Upper body golden-olive
Upper lip thick with a fleshy to greenish-yellow
protrusion at anterior end
90 – 340 m
LIRMozambique large-eye bream
Wattsia mossambica
Caudal fin slightly forked with
broadly rounded lobes
Lips whitish
to yellow
60 – 220 m
Dark patch at base
of pectoral fin
WTM
Emperors 21Emperors 22
Japanese large-eye bream
Gymnocranius euanus
Scattered black spots, at most
covering a single scale
Large eye
15 – 250 m
Rounded lobes
GMQ All fins clear to reddish on caudal finGolden hind
Cephalopholis aurantia
Small red or yellow dots on head Pale-blue margin
and back to end of spiny dorsal fin on caudal fin
20 – 250 m
CFZ
Groupers 23Groupers 24
Eightbar grouper
Epinephelus octofasciatus
Eight pale vertical bands across body
extending over dorsal fin
80 – 300 m
EWOSpeckled grouper
Epinephelus magniscuttis
Spots on dorsal fin and top
Body and head covered with half of caudal fin
distinct dark spots (speckles)
No spots on belly
50 – 340 m
No spots on pectoral,
EEJ pelvic or anal fins
Groupers 25Groupers 26
Comet grouper
Epinephelus morrhua
Distinct oblique bands running
from snout to upper body
80 – 370 m
Lower bands break into lines
eeP and blotchesOblique-banded grouper
Epinephelus radiatus
Dark spots on soft dorsal fin
Dots forming subtle lines and base of caudal fin
between bands
80 – 390 m
Bands made up of double lines and
becoming more vertical towards caudal fin
EZR
Groupers 27Groupers 28
Dot-dash grouper
Epinephelus poecilonotus Darkish oval blotch on back
and spiny dorsal fin
45 – 375 m
Four dark-brown bands (broken into spots)
on side running concentric to oval blotch
EWPReticulate grouper
Epinephelus tuamotuensis
Irregular coarse dark-brown reticulum
on body and back of head
120 – 250 m
EWT
Groupers 29Groupers 30
Red-tipped grouper
Epinephelus retouti
Spiny dorsal fin with
deep-red tips Soft dorsal and upper part of
caudal fin grey-brown
40 – 220 m
Caudal fin truncate
EWRBrownspotted grouper
Epinephelus chlorostigma
Small dark-brownish spots over
head, body and fins
4 – 300 m
Caudal fin truncate with
EFH white margin
Groupers 31Groupers 32
Golden grouper
Saloptia powelli
Upper body yellow with no spots
Dorsal and caudal fins
Head orange yellow
140 – 370 m
OOWGarish hind
Cephalopholis igarashiensis
Seven distinct irregular
bright-yellow bands
80 – 250 m
Body bright red
CWI
Groupers 33Jacks 34
Almaco jack
Seriola rivoliana
Second dorsal fin four times
the height of first dorsal fin
10 – 340 m
YTL Leading edge of pelvic fin and margin of anal fin whiteGreater amberjack
Seriola dumerili
Second dorsal fin twice the
height of first dorsal fin
Extreme tip of lower caudal
fin lobe pale or white
1–360 m
AMB Tip of pelvic fin and anal fin lobes white
Jacks 35Jacks 36
Black jack
Caranx lugubris
Small black spot at top of gill cover
Head profile
concave at eye level
10 – 350 m
NXULongnose trevally
Carangoides chrysophrys
Black spot on upper
edge of gill cover
No scales on breast,
30 – 240 m
ventrally to behind pelvic fin
NGH
Jacks 37Snake mackerels 38
Black snoek
Thyrsitoides marleyi
Lateral line starts level with back of gill cover,
then splits into two around fourth dorsal spine
Body elongated
and compressed
1– 400 m
Well-developed pelvic fin, as long as pectoral fin
THMSnake mackerel
Gempylus serpens
Two distinct lateral lines
First dorsal fin very long, second dorsal fin
short and followed by five or six finlets
Body very long and skinny
Very small pelvic fin
1–330 m
GES
Snake mackerels 39Snake mackerels 40
Oilfish
Ruvettus pretiosus
Very rough skin
Two anal finlets
100 – 800 m
Sharp scaly keel
OILRoudi escolar
Promethichthys prometheus
Single lateral line
100 – 750 m
Small pelvic fin, represented by a single very small spine and soft ray
PRP
Snake mackerels 41Other deep-bottom fish 42
Japanese rubyfish
Erythrocles schlegelii
Deeply notched dorsal fin
Rough scales
Mouth large and
extends with flexible jaw
50 – 250 m
Distinct ridge or
ERY caudal keelGolden kalikali
Erythrocles scintillans
Deeply notched dorsal fin
No trace of ridge or
250 – 350 m
caudal keel
ERZ
Other deep-bottom fish 43Other deep-bottom fish 44
Ward’s tilefish
Branchiostegus wardi
Caudal fin has dark triangle on lower lobe
and two yellow stripes above
100 – 250 m
TIZRoughear scad
Decapterus tabl
First and second dorsal fins reddish
Caudal fin bright red
Upper body reddish-green
Small black spot on
top edge of gill cover
200 – 360 m
DCT
Other deep-bottom fish 45Other deep-bottom fish 46
Silver eye
Polymixia japonica
Tips of dorsal and caudal
fins blackish
Rounded snout
160 – 630 m
PXJ Two barbels under mouthLarge-headed scorpionfish
Pontinus macrocephalus
Two spines on gill cover
Tentacles over eye
170 – 275 m
PZM
Other deep-bottom fish 47Other deep-bottom fish 48
Threetooth puffer
Triodon macropterus
Beak-like teeth
Ventral flap very large
Large black spot on
upper part of ventral flap Ventral flap yellow
50 – 300 m
with white spots
TDUDaggertooth pike conger
Muraenesox cinereus
Elongated snout
Gill openings of the two sides
nearly meet on ventral side
1–740 m
DPC
Other deep-bottom fish 49Sharks 50
Bluntnose sixgill shark
Hexanchus griseus
No first dorsal fin
Single white stripe along side
Snout broadly
rounded
Long upper lobe
Six very long of caudal fin
gill openings
All fins have white margin
1–2500 m
SBLShortnose spurdog
Squalus megalops
Dorsal fins with black tips
and white margins
Spine on leading
edge of both first
and second dorsal fins
30 –750 m
DOP
Sharks 51Index Epinephelus retouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Epinephelus tuamotuensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Almaco jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Erythrocles schlegelii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Aphareus rutilans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Erythrocles scintillans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Black jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Etelis carbunculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Black snoek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Etelis coruscans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Bluntnose sixgill shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Etelis marshi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Branchiostegus wardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Etelis radiosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Brownspotted grouper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Flame snapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Carangoides chrysophrys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Garish hind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Caranx lugubris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Gempylus serpens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Cephalopholis aurantia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Goldbanded jobfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Cephalopholis igarashiensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Golden eye jobfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Cocoa snapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Golden grouper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Comet grouper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Golden hind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Crimson jobfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Golden kalikali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Daggertooth pike conger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Goldflag jobfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Decapterus tabl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Greater amberjack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Dot-dash grouper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Gymnocranius euanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Eightbar grouper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Hexanchus griseus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Epinephelus chlorostigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Japanese large-eye bream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Epinephelus magniscuttis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Japanese rubyfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Epinephelus morrhua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Large-headed scorpionfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Epinephelus octofasciatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Lavender jobfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Epinephelus poecilonotus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Lipocheilus carnolabrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Epinephelus radiatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Longnose trevally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Marshi snapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Reticulate grouper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Mozambique large-eye bream . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Roudi escolar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Muraenesox cinereus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Roughear scad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Oblique-banded grouper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Ruby snapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Oblique-banded snapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Rusty jobfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Oilfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Ruvettus pretiosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Ornate jobfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Saddle-back snapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Paracaesio gonzalesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Saloptia powelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Paracaesio kusakarii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Scalemouth jobfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Paracaesio stonei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Scarlet snapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Parapristipomoides squamimaxillaris . . . . . . . 10 Seriola dumerili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Polymixia japonica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Seriola rivoliana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Pontinus macrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Sharptooth jobfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Shortnose spurdog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Pristipomoides auricilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Silver eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Pristipomoides filamentosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Snake mackerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Pristipomoides flavipinnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Speckled grouper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Pristipomoides multidens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Squalus megalops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Pristipomoides sieboldii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Tang’s snapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Pristipomoides typus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Threetooth puffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Pristipomoides zonatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Thyrsitoides marleyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Promethichthys prometheus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Triodon macropterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Randallichthys filamentosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Vanuatu snapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Randall’s snapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Ward’s tilefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Red-tipped grouper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Wattsia mossambica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
SECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC COMMUNITY
BP D5 • 98848 NOUMEA CEDEX • NEW CALEDONIA
Telephone: +687 26 20 00
Facsimile: +687 26 38 18
Email: cfpinfo@spc.int
http://www.spc.int/fame
Prepared for publication at the Secretariat of the Pacific Community headquarters, Noumea, New Caledonia, 2013
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