CREVAJ-SSHRC Partnership Grant Leaving care in Québec and France: A longitudinal study
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CREVAJ-SSHRC Partnership Grant
Leaving care in Québec and France: A longitudinal study
As part of the announcement of the results of the prestigious competition SSHRC Partnership Grant, the
Canada Research Chair in evaluating public actions related to young people and vulnerable
populations (CRÉVAJ) has been funding a major research project for a period of 7 years (2014-2021).
CREVAJ is therefore pleased to announce that SSHRC has recently selected the project "Leaving care in
Quebec and France: A longitudinal study". This project which is summarize in the next pages addresses
a concern expressed for decades by youth organizations who want to better understand the links between
the dynamics of out-of-home care and entry into adult life. It also takes into account the importance of
social contexts in evaluation and policy analysis.
Martin Goyette, professeur agrégé,
Titulaire de la Chaire de recherche du Canada
sur l'évaluation des actions publiques à l'égard
des jeunes et des populations vulnérables (CRÉVAJ)
www.crevaj.enap.ca
École nationale d'administration publique
4750 Henri Julien, 5e étage
Montréal QC H2T 3E5
martin.goyette@enap.ca
1Relevance and significance
The need to better understand adult outcomes for young people from out-of-home placement and the
importance of supporting them in this transition have been highlighted in numerous government reports
and by many expert opinions in Canada (Groupe de travail, 2013; Intervenant provincial, 2012, Grant et
al., 2012; Reid et Dudding, 2006) and France (Défenseure des Droits de l’enfant, 2011; Commission sur
la politique de la jeunesse, 2009; Cour des comptes de 2009; ONED, 2009). In Quebec, in the mid-
1970s, the Batshaw Committee (1976) had already pointed out that "social integration is not easy for
former residents of boarding schools and that those schools do not really prepare them for it" (Leblanc,
1985 : 28; Laflamme-Cusson et Baril, 1975). The issue of support for young people who have been
placed became even more important with the enforcement of the Youth Protection Act in Quebec in
1979. This is reflected in Cloutier report (2000), those of the CPJ (2004) and the academic literature
(Laflamme-Cusson, et Manseau, 1979; Leblanc, 1985; Brunet, 1989; Mann Feder et White, 1999;
Lanctôt, 2006; Mann-Feder, 2007,2011 Goyette et Sasseville, 2012). In the early 2000s, the Association
des centres jeunesse du Québec developed the Youth Qualification Program (Goyette, 2003; 2006;
Goyette et Turcotte, 2004). This program reaches approximately 10% of all 5000 care leavers, those
who have been identified as having the greatest difficulties, and supports them on their path to autonomy
(Goyette, Morin et Boislard, 2008). In addition, contrary to what exists in several Canadian jurisdictions
and in other countries (Grant et al., 2012; Stein et al., 2011; Frechon, 2005), support for these young in
Quebec ends when they reach the age of 18. Moreover, in Canada, there is no system for monitoring
data on these young people after they leave placement, which is the case in the United States (United
States national Youth in Transition Database). Thus we have a lack of knowledge about the fate of
young people who have been placed (Grant et al., 2012). This can be considered a major issue,
considering that each year in Canada approximately 65,000 children are removed from their families to
be placed in foster care. In Quebec, it’s about 12,000 young people that are placed each year and 5000
that are prepared for independent living (Trocmé, 2010). This SSHRC Partnership proposal addresses
the concerns of those who work in youth serving organizations, who want to better understand the
connection between the dynamics of engagement in the system (stability, type of resources, etc.) and
reinsertion into adult life (outcomes). Through its processes, objectives and activities, this project will
contribute to the improvement of social practices and public policies to support youth who have been
placed. Finally, by focusing on integrated knowledge mobilization, it will promote the implementation
of innovative interventions for youth with strong evidence base.
Intention and objectives of the project
The project focuses on the major issue of the future of young people in care. It intend to understand the
factors that impact on their future by understanding the capabilities they used, the approaches in which
their engage, and barriers and supports they encounter in their various transitions to adulthood in
2territorial contexts (metropolitan, semi-urban, rural). By combining the analysis of the trajectories of
youth with social intervention practices related to public policies, institutions and communities, it will be
possible to capture the correlation between interventions and the needs of young people. The crossing of
these two dimensions will improve the range of services offered to young people leaving care and
influence the development of social policies.
This project on the future of youth who have been placed is built on international (France-Québec
comparison) and interdisciplinary (public administration, social work, criminology, demography,
sociology, education, literature, etc.) perspectives. This project is also built on strong intersectoral
collaborations with actors of youth protection and youth frontline services. In addition, it is rooted in the
work of the Canada Research Chair in evaluating public actions related to young people and vulnerable
populations (CREVAJ). Specifically, the project objectives are to:
1) Develop knowledge on the future of young people placed in Quebec and France by conducting a
representative longitudinal study; 2) Identify the effects of innovative practices for engaging youth in
their transition to adulthood by using comprehensive and evaluative research projects; 3) Support the
mobilization of knowledge gained in the first two objectives to improve the institutional and practice
community; 4) Strengthen the dynamics of formation for both researchers and social workers on the
question of support for youth leaving care. Furthermore, we will disseminate these gains in other sectors
of care (hospital, correctional, educational, and rehabilitative).
Problematization
The literature reveals two salient facts: 1) the weakness and fragmentation of outcomes data on youth
that have been placed and; 2) the diversity and accumulation of social problems and processes of
vulnerability amongst adults that have been placed during their childhood.
Indeed, many studies agree on the existence of difficult passages at the end of care, both in the period
before leaving care as the one that follows immediatly (20, 32). They also show that young people
whom have been placed present a vulnerability profile much more important that young people in
general (l81, 151). The accumulation of problems is of any order at the end of care. Thus, few of them
have completed their secondary studies (104, 194, 113, 110, 141, 45). Moreover, about half of them
(between 31% and 54%) work in the first months after the end of the support of youth protection system
(110 ; 56; 113; 167; 155). Most often it is underpaid and ungratifiants jobs (84; 110; 155). Furthermore,
the third of them live below the threshold of poverty (110;157). They also request more social assistance
than other young people (186; 83). In addition, about a quarter of these young people would experience
at least one episode of homelessness after reaching the age of majority (38, 57, 158, 167). Thus, young
people who have experienced placement present cumulative and persistant social issues (174; 155, 194,
108). They are also overrepresented among marginalized adult populations (186;49). Finally, mental
3health problems affect more than half of them (158); and nearly a quarter have already attempted suicide
in early adult period of time (113, 167, 158, 141).
Despite this portrait of vulnerability at the time of transition to adulthood, studies show that little
intervention are designed to support this key moment and to promote the social inclusion of these young
people (151, 192, 129). In addition, several researchers show how the discontinuity between youth
services and adults services (63, 83, 88) contributes to let young people that have been placed without
the supports that they would have needed (151; 84).
In pursuing this idea, the review of Frechon and Dumaret (64) shows that since the pioneering study
conducted in Finland by Salo in 1956, most of the work on the future of young people that have been
placed are monographic so that they do not allow identification of the reality of the all young people, or
comparisons. Furthermore, the sampling found in many studies are very smalle and have limited
applicability since they are only interested in a particular service (91, 44, 100, 56, 161, 43, 170).
However, some span surveys (10 , 14, 169) were conducted on delinquency and deviant behavior among
young people who have experienced care in childhood or adolescence. More recently, a survey in the
United-States (159) has recover, sometimes several years after the end of care [people between 20 and
50 years old], 1082 of the 1609 people placed in foster care by the same association. However, these
studies remain fragmented, as they become interested in looking strictly to understand the difficulties of
young people who were placed and not their successes.
Theoretical approach
In addition to drawing from the literature on the future of young people in care that is generally part of
an evaluative perspective of the outcomes, the theoretical framework within which the project is situated
include three perspectives: theories of knowledge mobilization in public administration (23, 105), the
actor and his flexibility (70, 36) and supports (139,140, 12). These three perspectives are complementary
in apprehending the practice of actors located in their different contexts. First, the theoretical perspective
on knowledge mobilization in public administration considers that change in practice and policy is
complex in a context where the actors are interdependent and interconnected and when they have a part
of the problem’s solution (171, 23). Our conception of innovations is based on the idea that the
confrontation of actors paradigms, sometimes competing or conflicting, allows a reproblematisation
conducting to agreement on the priority and importance of the changes and their nature (103, 1, 189).
Thus, our goal is to bring together producers, intermediaries, and users of knowledge to form a
collective actor engaged in the production of systemic changes needed to support innovation in the
transition to adulthood for young people that have been placed and also beyond sectoral and
organisationnal issues (23). Moreover, the literature emphasizes on the fact that scientific knowledge is
not independent of the context of production and use, as the ability of an actor to influence the collective
environment in which he works is directly related to contextual factors of this environment (2,
4103 105). In this perspective, it is necessary to rely on a bottom-up approach based on stakeholders,
implementation actors (118) and also focusing on the views of key stakeholders, youth. This position is
in line with our desire to rethink the research and ethics in making "visible" situations, conditions and
needs of so-called "weak" (82) actors (156,165). Indeed, work on actor and flexibility allows to take into
account the role of youth interactions with his environment, while recognizing his power in its trajectory
and its ability to make choices, to share his views on the services and his capacity to accept and refuse
support, and even if social contexts are adverse (140, 139). Finally, theoretical perspectives on social
networks, seen as facilitator for insertion will be used to understand the nature and significance of the
relations of vulnerable individuals (140; 139). Thus, in the prism of analysis of the results of public
action, the intersection between biography and relations stresses the importance of taking into account
the interaction in the study of the sequence of events that occur in different spheres of life to understand
the insertion process, especially in light of the functioning dynamic of social networks and its role (15
12). It is then possible to assess how public actions support or not the transition to life in three adult (82)
integration social spaces, either work or education, housing and famille (146,12,66) and to identify
levers and conditions to support the improvement of policies and pratiques (46).
Research programm
The methodological framework of the project is based on an intersectoral partnership dynamic of co-
construction of knowledge. Structural development and implementation of research, advocacy and
training are interrelated and interdependent. Finally, the four priorities, associted to the research
objectives, at center of the scientific program of the team are here presented.
Priority # 1: Conduct a longitudinal study that is both representative and prospective on the future of
youth placed in Quebec and France
Portrait of the young outgoing investment.
In order to achieve the representative longitudinal study, it is essential to first make a portrait of the
population of all leavers of an extended placement in Quebec (Courtney, 2005; Barth, 1990). Quebec
can count on the most reliable youth protection information system in Canada (Trocmé et al., 2010) and
on collaboration between our team and the YC for the use of these data (Turcotte et al., 2011; Trocmé et
al., 2010,). The first year of the project will clarify the operational and ethical issues (Commission on
Access to Information, RECs, etc.) related to the establishment of a portrait of all leavers from extended
placement (more than one year) of 16 and 17 years old in all YC. The primary data, which are at the
center of the portrait, are based on PIJ systems (youth integration project) and FTIR (intermediate and
family resources information system). Since each youth center controls its own data, our project will
develop an extraction procedure showing the variables of interest in relation to our problem. These data,
with complex restructuration, enable to rebuild the services and placement trajectories of each child.
5Finally, they give access to large cohorts of children followed by YC without having to develop a
sampling procedure, that is not only complicated but that often limits the generalizability of the results.
Indicators will be developed to describe the youth who exit care, they can be represent into three
categories (see Helie et al , 2011.): Characteristics of youth, services received and placements. The
characteristics available in PIJ are date of birth, gender (male, female), aboriginal status (on reserve, off
reserve, Inuit, Métis, non-aboriginal) and the problems that explain intervention (neglect, abandonment,
behavioral problem, physical, sexual or psychological abuse). The postal code can also be used in an
ecological perspective to assigned each child some characteristics of its neighborhood by combining the
population data - PIJ banks, Statcan or ISQ (ex. rate of socio-economic deprivation, unemployment rate,
rate of single parent families...). Services provided to each child will be described using the variables
such as the number of reports, the number of intervention, the duration of each intervention and the
cumulative duration of service, legalization of the intervention (and the date of the prosecution), the
number of life projects that have been successively determined for the young and the nature of the
project (back to family, most investment, adoption, guardianship), as well as the number of worker who
have been assigned as responsible of the case. To describe the trajectory of placement, the number of
days accumulated in out-of-home placement, the types of substitute care visited by the young (family,
rehabilitation center, group home, significant other) and their combinations will be measured. The
presence of emergency out-of-home placements and temporary placement will be considered. Finally,
the stability will be measured by three variables: the number of different living environments visited by
the child, the number of shifting from a substitute environment to another and the number of family
reunification failed.
This portrait once made will thus have data on the socio-demographic and clinical profile of young
people who have been subject to a extended placement and the services they received. For young people
who will be randomly selected in the longitudinal study, these data will cross with those of the future
analyzes.
A longitudinal study in Quebec
The data are at the center of the portrait of the representative selection of youth which will be monitored.
The longitudinal follow-up will be set up from the year 2. It will be conducted among 1,500 young
people from diverse socio-economic regions (metropolitan French and English, semi-urban, rural) . The
first data collection will be done when the young reach 17 years old from a random selection with
stratification according to the type of community investment. Like the American study of reference
(Courtney, 2005), selected youth will have experienced at least one year of out-of-home placement.
This collection will be conducted face to face before the end of the protection system intervention, to
create a link between the research team and the youths. A feasibility study conducted by the French team
with 100 youths (Frechon et al., 2009) was used to test and validate the conditions of a longitudinal
follow-up of this population by limiting attrition (face-to- face first wave, mobile phone contact between
the waves, social networks, etc.). This feasibility study indicates that 92 % of the young people surveyed
in the first wave were reinterviewed 6 months later, and although a third of these young people have
6changed their living place in between. Studies of this nature conducted in Quebec have also shown that
stability of interviewers and good collaboration with the community of practice are essential to reduce
attrition (Beaudoin et al , 2012; . Goyette et al , 2010, 2011). Finally, Courtney's attrition was minimal
because the researchers, with agreement of the youth had access to their contact information through
institutional issues (welfare, driver's license, etc.). In continuation of our previous work, similar
procedures will be updated , as appropriate, and will again be subject to relevant ethical review.
The research team will use the project's partners to keep contact with young people in their living
environment, with two other waves followed with an interval of one year (Year 3-5). The analysis will
focus primarily on the time while the youth have been taken care by the protection agencies (Who are
the young that are placed? How are they protected? What is their way of protection? On what skills will
they rely upon the output? (school level, surrounding, preparation for independence)) to address in
subsequent steps the major lines of transition to adulthood. This will capture the difficulties, but also the
resources mobilized by the young people in their journey, courses that are likely to be marked by a high
mobility (educational, vocational, residential), a low visibility for the future (short time contracts, low
professional qualifications obtained, as well as residential settings difficulties), a substantial
vulnerability and support of a family, friendly or uneven institutional. networks. A pretest similar to the
feasibility study (Frechon et al. , 2009) with 100 young people in Quebec will validate the selection
procedure, the tools and the follow-up procedure for young people.
National and international comparisons
In addition, collaborations since 2006 with Isabelle Frechon's team in France (Printemps Laboratory and
INED) have enabled the development of instrumentation that will facilitate comparative from a core
variable analysis. Indeed, the French team, funded by the National Research Agency, is also establishing
a representative longitudinal study among 1,500 young people. More broadly, the combination of
individual and contextual data will characterize the access to autonomy by types of inequalities,
institutional or educational trajectories, networks mobilization, but also social policies, while situating
these processes to a wider context of the transition to adulthood of youth. Both of the researches were
developed in order to facilitate comparisons with international "leaving care" studies and national
population studies data. Thus, the data collection tools will take into account the equipment developed
by the U.S. baseline of Mark Courtney. In addition, applications have been made to have access to the
results of LAC study, especially Quebec component. The integration of some dimensions or survey
questions will allow comparisons with the situation of youth in Quebec and Canadian GP.
Finally, in our analysis, we won't isolate the process of transition of youth who have been place from the
general population, we will incorporate indicators of the longitudinal study EJET.
There are few international comparative studies on the outcomes of out-of-home placement, but a
research network ("International Research Network on Transitions to Adulthood from Care ") advocates
for their implementation (Pinkerton, 2011 , Munro et al , 2011. ; Harder et al , 2011; . Stein et al , 2011).
7Territorial inequalities of child welfare policies and youth policy
Like the work done by the French research team, the Quebec longitudinal study aims to achieve the
following considering the context of young lives. Indeed, international comparisons required to highlight
the organizational, institutional and societal contexts. In addition to benchmarking France Quebec
longitudinal component (data on youth), we will implement an analysis of the structure, but also of
youth services and services for the protection of youth. The local implementation of youth policies will
be approach by the study of story telling of professional practice and the study of local implementation
of national policies (SSHRC 2012, Goyette et al. including G. Turcotte).
This analysis, already funded, fits a research project in France " Vulnerable youth perceptions and
supports in the local health and social policies" funded by ANR and directed by Loncle (Loncle, 2011;
Muniglia and Roth, 2012; Muniglia and Thalineau, 2012). Will be discussed: 1) an analysis of public
policies in the areas of social exclusion affecting youth (formulation of public problems, implemented
land, skills sharing, partnership and intersectoral), 2) a study of professionals on field towards
vulnerable youth logic of intervention 3) an analysis of young people in vulnerable situations lifecourse
(professional integration difficulties, lack of access to stable housing, health difficulties or access the
care or inability to use the material support of the family...). Moreover, the understanding of youth
protection context of both country and the interaction of practices to support transitions to adult life will
be conducted as part of this project within a postdoctoral CREVAJ - PRINTEMPS.
The focus of the analysis will highlight the intersection of logic action of youth protection systems
(definitions of risk and dangerousness) with the actual implementation of supports and practices in both
national contexts. Particular attention will be given to the design and implementation of these supports
focusing instead on mobilization and commitment of youth and street-level bureaucrats. Ultimately, the
implementation of the Quebec study will allow international comparisons considering national and
cultural contexts, including structuration of youth policies as well as youth pathways (Charbonneau,
2010 , Lima , 2004; Loncle , Spoiler and Van de Velde , 2012).
Priority # 2: Identify the effects of innovative practices for engaging youth in their transition to
adulthood by using comprehensive and evaluative research projects
The realization of the research priority one will allow the implementation of complementary research
projects that can be equally included in international comparative approach as anchors in Canadian
research needs. Consistent with the desire to recognize the voice and role of young actors in their
process of transitioning out-of-care, those projects will explore further avenue of experimentation and
also evaluation. In this context, partners will propose innovation platforms to integrate young people in
developing solutions supporting the preparation to autonomous life (149, 150, 8, 10, 133). Considering
the nature of the object of research, the study of youth empowerment, will be used to see how, in their
8capacity as an actor, these young people are involved (5,10). In seeking to understand the forms of
engagement beyond the traditional framework of the clinic, civic and political participation, we want to
understand how young people structure their flexibility from the constraints they live with (42) and how
social practices are managed to support their transitions. In addition, we’ll observe through participation
in collective projects, how these forms of engagement can also support the empowerment process (52,
54).
At least seven projects will be developed to produce new knowledge around this priority. They will also
be requests for additional funding. It appears as well as Canadian and international experience will be
utilized to capture the conditions for innovation to include intervention in emancipatory practices.
Partners and researchers are already enrolled in the provisional agenda of research themes: 1) the
establishment of National Youth in Care Québec; 2) practices to support continuity of links; 3)
proximity intervention practices; 4) collective commitment of young people in youth centers in their
preparation for independent living; 5) involvement in parenting and citizenship practices; 6) support to
residential autonomy; 7) the innovative commitment to academic success and employability practices.
Priority # 3: Support the mobilization of knowledge gained in the first two objectives to improve the
institutional and practice community
In the first year (2014) we want to update the appropriation of knowledge and tools of partners and their
stakeholders through dissemination of a quarterly information bulletin. It will be composed of three
parts: the knowledge about young people, their needs and their trajectories; knowledge on issues of
transition to adulthood; and intervention tools. Relying on a committee composed of key stakeholders
(including young people), the project will monitor these tools and documents and their use to ensure that
stakeholders understand conditions of success, the approach behind the tools and that they take into
account the context of use and the possible adaptation. This dynamic will be fed throughout the project,
by the dissemination of new knowledge and tools emanating from all team members. This knowledge
will be disseminated through a mobilization platform.
Priority # 4: Strengthen the dynamics of formation for both researchers and social workers on the
question of support for youth leaving care and disseminate these gains in other sectors of care (hospital,
correctional, educational, and rehabilitative).
Anchored in a process of co-construction of knowledge, our project will pay particular attention to the
training of future scientific and professional members to contribute to the quality of services and
practices in the community. Our project will contribute to skills development and training of more than
30 partners, 28 new researchers (post-docs and young researchers), more than 50 students (M.Sc. and
Ph.D.). Given the virtual absence of the issue of leaving care in the current training of stakeholders and
researchers, developing new expertise is crucial to the next generation. Our project aims directly
research training of stakeholders and users. Based on earlier projects of the team, we will develop
9innovative learning experiences promoting the voice of users and their subjective experiences. In this
regard, the project will contribute to the exchange of knowledge and practices between actors and
sectors, and, well beyond the youth services. In addition, training of new researchers will be provided by
mentoring around the expertise developed by the team of Dr. Trocmé on the analysis of administrative
data. In this respect, groups meetings between professionals and graduate students of the project will
permit the development of new practices and researches on the subject.
Appropriate duration for the completion of the program
The scale of structures and implementation of research, advocacy and training require funding over
seven years. We know that generate and institutionalize social innovations and change in social practices
and public policies towards the support of the transitions young adults placed life is complex. This
ambitious research agenda focused on practical issues for community organizations, institutions and
governments. The following diagram shows our main activities during the seven years of the project.
Partners
Finally, this project is built on a strong partnership within our team, which brings together researchers
and agencies involved in youth protection in Quebec, Canada and Europe. It will anchor the ongoing
10work of the Canada Research Chair in Evaluating Public Actions Related to Young People and
Vulnerable Populations. Beyond the creation of partnerships that will serve to co-construct knowledge
and the develop approaches to intervention this project will implement the first longitudinal study on a
representative sample of youth who have been placed. This will serve to promote better understanding
of the actions currently aimed at supporting transitions to adulthood for youth in care, as well as their
impact. This SSHRC partnership project is built on collaborations developed over the last fifteen years
between our research team, 16 youth centers, the Association of Quebec youth centers, the Commission
des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse, the Regroupement des Organismes
communautaires autonomes jeunesse du Québec, the Regroupement des auberges du cœur du Québec,
the Réseau des Carrefours Jeunesse-emploi du Québec the Minister of health and social services, the
Minister of Employment and Social Solidarity, the Minister of Education, Recreation and Sports , the
Center for Research on Children and Family, the Child Welfare League of Canada. In France, the CNRS
Printemps lab has also worked with our team since 2006 and, more recently the french research chair on
youth, to establish of this international study on the future of youth placed, and has developed a similar
methodological approach to enable comparative analysis.
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