COVID-19 Economic and Social Policy Brief-#5 Week of April 13-April 17, 2020 - AUPE
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COVID-19 Economic and Social Policy Brief-#5
Week of April 13-April 17, 2020
In addition to the supports listed in previous briefs, this brief discusses announcements made
between April 13 and April 17. Below is a summary of new funding announcements and amendments
to previous funding programs as well as important information that has come out this week. Like the
other briefs I have included information about what some other jurisdictions are doing, and other
supports that the federal and provincial government should be providing.
Federal Government:
From the Prime Minister’s Daily COVID-19 Update:
• The Federal Government is providing $1.7 billion dedicated to help clean up orphan wells in
Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia
o According to the Prime Minister this will create and maintain immediate jobs in Alberta-
roughly 5200
• The will be providing $750 million to fund the reduction of emissions caused by methane. They
received feedback from producers that regulations should be eased due to COVID-19 and the
impact on the economy. However, in order to meet their environment and emissions reductions
goals instead of relaxing regulations they are providing funding to companies to help ensure
that they can invest in the reduction of emissions
• They are also going to be providing approximately $75 million to oil and gas companies that
operate offshore of Newfoundland
• Trudeau also spoke about the impact that COVID-19 has had on the arts and culture sector, to
that end they are providing $500 million to heritage Canada
At the time that this brief was written the news releases had not been released by the Federal
government, so I was not able to double check these numbers or get more information about how
these supports would be operating.
Supports for the North:
• $72.6 million to the governments of Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut to support their
COVID-19 health and social services preparations and responses
• $17.3 million to the governments of Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut to support
Northern air carriers. This will help ensure that essential goods and services can get to the
remote and fly-in communities
• $15 million in non-repayable support for businesses in the territories to help address the
impacts of COVID-19
• Will provide an additional $25 million to Nutrition North Canada to increase the subsidies so
families can afford much needed nutritious food and personal hygiene products
• Those in the North will also receive support through the Harvesters Support Grant, this will
help increase access to traditional foods and alleviating the costs associated with traditional
hunting and harvesting activitiesi
Support for Farmers:
• The Government invested $50million to help farmers, fish harvesters and all food processing
and production employers can put in place the necessary procedures to follow the mandatory
14 day isolation period required of all workers coming in from abroadii
Changes to the CERB Program:
1In order to help more Canadians the government has changed the eligibility rules for CERB to
include:
• Allow people to earn up to $1000/month while collecting CERB
• Extend CERB to seasonal workers who have exhausted their EI regular benefits, and are
unable to undertake their usual seasonal work as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak
• Extend CERB to workers who recently exhausted their EI regular benefits and are unable to
find a job or return to work because of COVID-19iii
Essential Workers Salary Top-Up
• The Government has said that they will work with the provinces and territories to develop
through a transfer a cost-share program for a temporary top-up to the salaries of workers
deemed essential in the fight against COVID-19, who make less than $2,500/month
• Details will be provided in the next few days as the Prime Minister is talking to the Premiers the
evening of April 16, 2020iv
Enhancing Supports for Small Businesses
• The Government is expanding the Canada Emergency Business Account (CEBA) to
businesses that paid between $20,000 and $1.5 million in total payroll in 2019. This new range
replaces the previous range of $50,000 to $1 million
Things the Federal Government is Still Working on:
• Artists have told the government that they still have issues with CERB. They have specifically
asked that copyright for their work before the crisis not make them ineligible for the CERB,
• The Prime Minister talked about launching new portal to have mental health services
• As noted above, the Prime Minister is going to be talking to Premier’s to find a way to top-up
pay for essential service workers.
• Patty Hajdu, Federal Minister of Health, has said that this is an opportunity for Canada to think
about how we are going to move forward and change how we treat those who care for others,
whether they do childcare or care for seniors. We said that we tend to devalue the labour of
the people who care for other people.
• The Federal government has also put out guidelines for Long Term Care Centres across the
country. These guidelines can be found here: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-
health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/prevent-control-covid-19-long-term-
care-homes.html
• Trudeau has also been asked several times at various COVID-19 updates if the federal
government will be looking at reducing the number of inmates in federal corrections centres.
Other jurisdictions have utilized this in order to be able to meet social distancing protocols and
to ensure that COVID-19 does not spread rapidly through staff and inmates. Trudeau has not
provided any comment on whether or not Canada will pursue these types of solutions for the
Federal correctional institutions.
Bank of Canada
• The Bank has left it’s key interest rate at 0.25%
• BoC has said that in their worst case scenario the economy will shrink by as much as 30%
annualized in the second quarter
• The BoC will also be buying up $50-billion of provincial bondsv
International Monetary Fund
2• The IMF is anticipating that due to COVID-19 this will be the worst economic downturn since
the Great Depression.
• They are projecting global growth to fall to -3% this year
• They are projecting a partial recovery in 2021 with growth estimated at 5.8%vi
Conference Board of Canada:
• On April 15, 2020 the CBoC released updated provincial outlooks based on the impact of
COVID-19. The following is a brief summary of what they have reported for Alberta.
• Alberta’s economy will contract by 5.8% this year, which will surpass 2009 as the worst annual
contraction on record
• WTI prices hovering around US $25-US $30 per barrel, as global economic activity is
estimated to cut global oil demand by 20%
• Western Canada Select fell to its lowest level on record in April, trading for less than US$5 per
barrel
• Oil and gas companies in the province have reduced their 2020 spending intentions by more
than $7 million since the crisis began
• The province must grapple with the loss of billions in royalty revenues on which the
government heavily relies
• The provincial budget that was released earlier in 2020 assumed that WTI would average
US$58 per barrel in 2020; however, the CBoC forecasts this to be under US$40 per barrel for
the ear
• Following the government’s own estimates, this deviation could result in a negative hit of more
than $6 biliion in provincial revenue
• The CBoC estimates that the unemployment rate will average 11.3% in 2020 compared to their
previous estimates of 7.7%vii
Government of Alberta
Economic
• The Government estimates that up until this week that almost $13 billion has been spent on
their approach to addressing COVID-19viii
• $5 million in funding for firefighters
• FireSmart will receive a funding boost of up to $20 million to support vegetation management
in the provinceix
• Last year the government spent $600 million fighting wildfiresx
• The Government will match dollar for dollar donations up to $2 million to Alberta based
charities and non-profit organizations that have COVID-19 fundraising campaignsxi
Energy:
• The Government of Alberta invested $1.5 billion in equity investment for 2020 with a $6 billion
loan guarantee to TC Energy Corporation to enable the completion of the Keystone Pipelinexii
• However, recently it was reported that a judge in Montana revoked a permit for Keystone due
to the failure to properly asses the impact on endangered speciesxiii
Health Care:
• The Alberta Medical Association has launched a lawsuit against the provincial government
citing “bad faith” negotiations. The action was filed in Edmonton Court of queen’s bench where
the AMA argued that the province arbitrarily imposed its will on physicians, and move it calls
“unprecendented in Canada and a violation of Charter of Rights and Freedoms”xiv
• The Government has created a Pandemic Response Planning Team
3• The Government has expanded access to COVID-19 laboratory tests. In addition to testing
those who may be more vulnerable, essentials workers, the government will now be testing
anyone who exhibits symptoms including cough, fever, runny nose, sore throat or shortness of
breath are not eligiblexv
• There is a clinical trial to test the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) can help prevent
hospitalization for people who are at the highest risk of developing severe symptoms of
COVID-19. This trial is being led by the University of Calgary and the University of Alberta
o With support from: the Alberta government, Alberta Health Services, AHS Strategic
Clinical Networks, Calgary Health Trust, Alberta Innovates, and the U of C / U of A
Health Services Clinical Research Fund
o $286,000 grant from the Government of Alberta xvi
• Effective April 15 continuing care workers will be required to wear masks at all times when
providing direct patient care or working in patient care areas
• Starting April 16 workers in long term care and designated supportive living sites will only be
allowed to work at one location-this must be implemented by April 23, 2020
• Alberta has been providing N95 and procedural masks, nitrile gloves, goggles, and ventilators
to Ontario, Quebec, and B.Cxvii
• $3 million grant to Caregivers Alberta to expand supports for caregivers. This funding will
expand support programs and resources for the close to 1 million Albertans who are
caregivers for family and friendsxviii
• PPE:
o Is being sourced through traditional means and through the Alberta Bits and Pieces
Program
o 1,500+ orders will be distributed by the Provincial Operations Centre in the coming
daysxix
o The Provincial Operations Centre is also working to connect PPE to non-AHS facilities
including but not limited to: optometrist offices, funeral homes, pharmacies, disability
services providers, and social service and civil society groupsxx
• In an effort to encourage everyone with symptoms to receive treatment and to limit the spread
of COVID-19 the government has encouraged those visiting Alberta from another country to
see a physician if they are experiencing symptoms even if they do not have health coverage or
the ability to pay. The government has created a billing code for physicians to ensure that
people will get treatmentxxi .
• Alberta sent N95 masks, procedural masks, gloves, goggles, and ventilators to Ontario,
Quebec, and B.C
o Ontario will receive: 250,000 N95 masks; 2.5 million procedural masks; 15 million
gloves; 87,000 goggles; 50 ventilators
o Quebec will receive 250,000 N95 masks; 2 million procedural masks; 15 million gloves
o B.C will receive: 250,000 N95 masks
o The government has said that they feel comfortable with their modeling and supplies to
be able to send these supplies to other provincesxxii
• Despite the donation of supplies to other provinces, there have been some Alberta physicians
who are paying premium prices for medical gear on the open market. In addition, health care
workers in Alberta are rationing and reusing masks in order to stretch suppliesxxiii
• The Alberta government launched the Bits and Pieces program for anyone who is interested in
supporting the COVID-19 response. People can submit either a product or servicexxiv .
• On Monday April 13, 2020 Premier Jason Kenney said that Albertans should have access to
COVID-19 tests, medicines, and vaccines approved by trusted regulators in other countries.
He reportedly said that he did not want to have to wait for Health Canada to catch up. He
mentioned the EU, Australia, or the United States as credible regulators.xxv
4• Devon General Hospital has stopped accepting emergency patients due to COVID-19. The
hospital has a number of people who are long term care residents who are at high risk of being
exposed to COVID-19. Those seeking emergency services must now go to the Leduc
Community Hospital, WestView Health Centre in Stony Plain, or the Misericordia Community
Hospital in Edmontonxxvi .
• The Provincial government along with the federal government and industry have worked
together to develop a plan to respond to COVID-19 in food processing plants. In response to
COVID-19 food processors must:
o Implement measures to prevent the spread of infection, including all recommended
mitigation and cleaning requirements and adjustments to their work schedules
o Continue to implement enhancements to ensure staff and products are safe as they
move products into the supply chainxxvii
Infrastructure:
• The province will invest $100 million to build five schools (one K-4, four K-9). The government
estimates that this will create 560 construction jobsxxviii .
• Based on the Alberta Government School Projects Page these projects were in the following
stages at the following dates
o Calgary Auburn Bay was in the Planning Stage as of November 5, 2019
o Cochrane school was in the Planning Stage as of November 5, 2019
o Legal School (Francophone) was in the Planning Stage as of November 5, 2019
o The two schools for Edmonton, Windermere-Keswich were in the Planning Stage as of
November 5, 2019
• These school projects were approved much earlier than this announcement is made, it is
helpful to know how many jobs this will create; however, none of these schools are in the
construction phase yet and this is just the government re-announcing funding that was already
approved months ago, this is not new fundingxxix .
Support for Vulnerable Albertans
• The government provided $5 million to support food banks and community organizations in
their food supply effortsxxx
Mental Health & Addiction Recovery:
• Investing $53 into mental health support to help Albertans cope with COVID-19. This is for
online, over the phone and in-person mental health and addiction recovery
o $21.4 million to improve access to phone and online support with existing helplines:
Addiction Helpline, Mental Health Helpline, Kids Help Phone, and Community and
Social Services Helpline
o $2.6 million to expand individual and group treatment to address family violence,
addition and mental health for Albertans
o $4.2 million to expand the addiction and mental health support through Primary Care
Networks
o $25 million for a new community grant program to enhance community health and
addiction recovery for the public, including Indigenous communities, seniors, families for
those experiencing difficulties from COVID-19
• This is one time funding in addition to the previously announced $140 million to create the
publicly funded addiction recovery spaces for 4000 Albertans each yearxxxi
Support for Families:
5• Military families are now included in the list of provincial workers can now access the reopened
childcare centresxxxii
• The province has allowed 190 care facilities to reopen in order to provide childcare to essential
workers; however, only 13 offer $25/day spots. There are also centres that have been provided
some funding but haven’t been allowed to reopen yet which means that there are some
unused spacesxxxiii
Labour:
• The Government invested $5 million to hire and train 200 firefighters to help address the
provincial wildfire suppression this seasonxxxiv . Most new seasonal staff will be on-the-ground
firefighters with wages between $22 and $28 per hour
• Workers in LTC and supportive living sites are only allowed to work at one site in an effort to
reduce the spread between locations. In addition, the government is considering financial
supports for health care aids and facility operators to minimize the impact of the changexxxv
What other provinces have done:
British Columbia:
1. Rent Support: The Government of B.C has opened applications for temporary rental
supplement. Eligible households with no dependents can receive $300/month and $500 for
those with dependents. Roomates can each applyxxxvi . The program applies for April, May,
June
2. Support for TFW: All TFWs who arrive in B.C for seasonal farm work will be required to self-
isolate in government managed accommodations for 14 daysxxxvii
3. Support for Children with Special Needs: The Ministry of Children and Family Development
established an Emergency Relief Support Fund for Children and Youth with special needs and
their families. This fund will provide a direct payment of $225/month to eligible families over the
next three monthsxxxviii
4. To support those who are experiencing homelessness or who are living in communal spaces
which could increase the spread of COVID-19 the BC government has secured 900 spaces to
provide accommodationsxxxix
5. The Government of B.C in partnership with BC Care Providers Association to launch
EquipCare. This will provide $10 million to enhance infection prevention and control, and to
improve quality and safety in long term care and assisted living homes throughout the
provincexl
Manitoba:
1. Brian Pallister from Manitoba is looking to cancel or cut funding for charities and non-profit
organizations in the midst of COVID-19. Press Progress has reported that Palister has told
government departments to identify non-essential servicesxli . These services include
organizations that deliver social programs or health care services.
Quebec:
• The Parti Quebecois has advocated that Quebec’s whistleblower protection laws be extended
to include workers in non-unionized long term care centres as well as private seniors
residences
• The health critic has said that if the Dorval residence (which is now under investigation by
three separate bodies) had been covered by the law, personnel would have reported what was
going on insidexlii . Thirty one residents of Dorval have reportedly passed away in the last
month
• Quebec has requested help from the federal government, specifically seeking medical
personnel for help as nursing homes are facing staff shortages and outbreaks of COVID-19.
The response may involve the Canadian Red Cross, military, or volunteersxliii .
6What Else should the various Levels of Governments be doing?
In addition to what was listed in Briefs #1-4 below are some other items that the federal and provincial
government should be considering or doing during the pandemic in order to ease the pressure from
Albertans and Canadians.
• The Government of Alberta should immediately halt any layoffs in the public sector and should
work with post-secondary institutions to halt any further job losses that could occur in that
sector.
• The Federal government should immediately be encouraging all provinces to halt any layoffs in
the public sector
• The Federal minister for employment, workforce, development, and disability inclusion has
advised provinces to not claw back the Canada Emergency Response Benefit. The
Government of Alberta should clarify whether or not they will be clawing back CERB from
people who receive other social assistance, and should also clarify whether or not they will
stop other forms of social assistance for those currently on social assistancexliv
• Support for municipal governments: the provincial government and the Federal government
should at the very least consider some form of financial support or logistical support for
municipalitiesxlv . Municipalities will face high costs due to COVID-19. For example, the
pandemic could cost the City of Edmonton $260 million if the crisis persists past December.
The cost to the city will be $95 million if the city were to full re-open by mid-June but that is
highly unlikelyxlvi .
• Rent: The government of Alberta needs to assure Albertans that the moratorium on evictions
will be maintained after May 1st. In addition, this moratorium should be extended to all types of
evictions. If we see Albertans losing their housing we will not be able to address the spread of
COVID-19
• The Alberta government should also implement a rent supplement for Albertans. This would
allow Albertans to try and put a bit of money away during this pandemic. While governments
have put out a lot of financial aid, all of it has been geared towards the “right now”, but people
will continue to feel financial pressure once the pandemic is over. The same jobs won’t be
available (for example some restaurants and stores have closed permanently), and public
sector jobs continue to be lost (like the layoffs that occurred at Olds College)
• Support for Students:
o The Federal government should find more avenues to support students given that many
of them won’t be able to apply for the CERB
o The Alberta government should investigate a payment plan either once per month or as
a one-time payment to parents who have children in the K-12 system. This would be a
payment to help parents with the transition to home schooling
o The Alberta Government should implement eliminating tuition fees for the next
academic year, and should strongly encourage universities to permanently bring in post-
residency fees for graduate students who are in the upper year of their degrees, and
they should eliminate fees for graduate students for the summer term (graduate
students are required to be registered for their degree while undergraduate students are
not).
o The Alberta government needs to restore the funding to Alberta’s post-secondary
institutions that has been reduced in the last two UCP budgets
• The Province along with the Federal government should be considering avenues to support
undocumented workers. The State of California launched a $125 million disaster relief for
undocumented immigrants. Undocumented immigrants make up 10% of California’s workforce,
and they are ineligible for EI or the pandemic support that has been announcedxlvii
7• The Government of Canada should investigate creating a Federal Transfer to support post-
secondary education in each province
i Government of Canada. (2020). https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2020/04/14/prime-minister-
announces-health-and-social-support-northern
ii
Government of Canada. (2020). https://www.canada.ca/en/agriculture-agri-
food/news/2020/04/keeping-canadians-and-workers-in-the-food-supply-chain-safe.html
iii
Government of Canada. (2020). https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2020/04/15/prime-
minister-announces-expanded-access-canada-emergency-response
iv
Government of Canada. (2020). Source: https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-
releases/2020/04/15/prime-minister-announces-expanded-access-canada-emergency-response
v
City News. Source: https://edmonton.citynews.ca/2020/04/15/bank-of-canada-maintains-key-
interest-rate-at-0-25/
vi
International Monetary Fund. (2020). https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/04/15/sp041520-
exceptional-times-exceptional-action
vii
Conference Board of Canada. (April 15, 2020). https://www.conferenceboard.ca/focus-
areas/canadian-economics/provincial-outlook/alberta
viii
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=700765B1E1FCA-9B81-
DB17-FC912F7880B93FA4
ix
Government of Alberta (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=70088C28614F7-F6F7-
53A6-BE98E0D906D6556A
x
Ibid
xi
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=700859B083F50-B511-
BC0A-BEA2039D9A50D697
xii
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/investing-in-keystone-xl-pipeline.aspx
xiii
The Guardian. Source: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/15/keystone-xl-
pipeline-montana-judge-environment
xiv
Calgary Herald. Source: https://calgaryherald.com/news/alberta-doctors-sue-province-in-bid-to-re-
start-contract-negotiations/?fbclid=IwAR0Wozcq7JIjjDn-TKlu6XsA6tm3mxp7gKddaZp957rCi-
Z4TcvOucKs-D8
xv
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=700859B083F50-B511-
BC0A-BEA2039D9A50D697
xvi
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=700798ED9BDBB-A1F4-
8BC9-CD08C285867CCD28
xvii
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=70077636DF719-F309-
E8BC-053913EECDE18DCA
xviii
Government of Alberta (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=70091C6954CC7-9E54-
B2BF-3FE14A23E6B1929D
xix
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=70092C9A6B991-C98C-
455D-25BD32050DA99A83
xx
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=7010100C5EDE9-042B-
B0D6-38219F57A8936D4F
8xxi
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=70060CC40AEBD-DEB6-
2759-F367DD666CB4DF5A
xxii
Government of Alberta (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=700712B3EF0B4-BD47-
9A6A-2D89FB5277F1E7CA
xxiii
Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/alberta/article-alberta-physicians-order-
ppe-on-open-market-as-province-donates-to-bc/?fbclid=IwAR34u-
0MH5yzso5GEHnQwXoHZybBm3GHGDpyhQIPxCaLjpOoAdhptqMJceU
xxiv
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/coronavirus-info-for-albertans.aspx
xxv
CBC News. (April 13, 2020). Source: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/kenney-covid-
19-test-coronavirus-health-canada-dr-theresa-tam-1.5531175
xxvi
Global News. (2020). https://globalnews.ca/news/6827606/devon-general-hospital-emergency-
department-shut-down-covid-19/?utm_source=%40GlobalEdmonton&utm_medium=Twitter
xxvii Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=701052D636D13-FC53-
A7E3-70A0A46F02A0E55F
xxviii
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=70087BE7C8800-F3C4-
57D2-D74B62DDA1D018CB
xxix
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://projects.alberta.ca/
xxx
Government of Alberta (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=70065F2072F72-D1D5-
8FD5-183C93091877A75B
xxxi
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=70099FD5A018B-07BD-
2B06-3BD3E6BD3108AF41
xxxii
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=70097CEC6D814-B62F-
2EDC-5CD2C42B460B0E53
xxxiii
CTV news. Source: https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/alberta-allows-190-child-care-
centres-to-reopen-but-only-a-few-offer-dollar25-day-rate/ar-
BB12BBed?ocid=sf2%22We&fbclid=IwAR2eOkA5lQl9-fCPm7eYMAqp8cp7bjpjOv-i0pOETPhF-
igrzRhqMMhRBUo
xxxiv
Government of Alberta (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=70088C28614F7-F6F7-
53A6-BE98E0D906D6556A
xxxv
Government of Alberta. (2020). https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=70068FE447400-E21E-
2C48-5AE9D5ADA3829FA2
xxxvi
Government of B.C (2020). https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020MAH0050-000669
xxxvii
Government of B.C (2020). https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020EMBC0020-000689
xxxviii
Government of B.C (2020). https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020CFD0043-000650
xxxix
Government of B.C (2020). https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020MAH0019-000644
xl
Government of B.C. Source: https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020HLTH0121-000628
xli
Press Progress. Source: https://pressprogress.ca/brian-pallisters-government-wants-to-defund-
manitoba-charities-and-non-profits-during-the-coronavirus-
pandemic/?fbclid=IwAR0j9roaEHVK309l84b1Kv09B7m6qPZMsJnXmPWg1h45hzNYPNgItiEAB6U
xlii
Source: https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/pq-wants-whistleblower-protection-extended-to-
long-term-care-centres/ar-
BB12JBbq?ocid=spartandhp&fbclid=IwAR3T3tRfr5AOFH_y5LMjF5VePHLM3r-
ywVnW2s7kyYTg4AG30CzQjexOcl8
xliii Global News. Source: https://globalnews.ca/news/6826598/quebec-army-assistance-coronavirus/
xliv
The Star. Source: https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/04/13/ottawa-to-the-provinces-dont-
claw-back-cerb-for-workers-on-social-assistance.html
xlv
Source: https://www.policynote.ca/local-
governments/?fbclid=IwAR16yNpqB2Y7hyHBY9SZv49zIDZOwuo7XAKeXvfJ6PgAx5CuW8dmPpnqQ
fc
9xlvi
CBC News. Source: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-city-council-covid-19-
1.5533479?fbclid=IwAR0Pwvo7eX3VcVyqOorrsXO2n8kfEl-LlbUQUlcGnr3bC2qQW_Etihf87ZA
xlvii
The Guardian. (2020). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/15/california-undocumented-
immigrants-disaster-relief-fund-coronavirus?CMP=share_btn_tw
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