Corporates investing in crypto - Considerations regarding allocations to digital assets - Deloitte
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The terrain of digital assets is a new frontier of possibilities, so it requires that each corporate department, and its external party, rethink the application of the rules and policies of its core competency.
Table of contents Introduction 4 The high-level view from treasury 6 Accounting and tax: Potential opportunities for alignment, challenges of divergence 7 Controls 11 Conclusion: The need for cross-organization collaboration 13 Get in touch 14
Corporates investing in crypto | Considerations regarding allocations to digital assets Introduction In 2020, more operating companies began allocating cash to digital assets and cryptocurrencies. This is a new dynamic and a departure from more conventional investing by funds and others in this space. One telling example is MicroStrategy Inc., which announced, last December, that it had made more than $1B in total Bitcoin purchases in 2020, a move that it characterized as an investment that would “provide the opportunity for better returns and preserve the value of our capital over time compared to holding cash.”1 Some companies have followed suit, and others may now be wondering how to invest in Bitcoin and other digital assets. There are a variety of reasons for adding digital assets to a company’s balance sheet, whether it’s seeking asymmetric risk return observed over previous years or as a natural hedge against fluctuating fiat currencies; whether it’s part of a corporate strategy to embrace modern, open technologies; or as a complement to an operational strategy that includes accepting digital assets as payments. This paper focuses largely on Bitcoin rights on a protocol, or they may provide Before proceeding, we want to make investments, considering recent a level of access for participation in one point absolutely clear: There is increased investments in Bitcoin, a decentralized application. These no playbook or foolproof approach and its common reference as a store may provide some commercial or for these kinds of bold moves. There of value. It should be noted that economic benefit to the holder. Prior is only painstaking effort, disciplined there are numerous types of digital to investing in any digital asset, it is analysis, fresh thinking and rethinking, assets, each having their own unique important to understand the specific dedicated collaboration across characteristics. Ethereum is also viewed terms, conditions, and characteristics competencies, and, above all, rigorous as a store of value, with the added use of the investment since those will affect execution. What follows, then, is not a of enabling transactions on Ethereum- accounting, tax, risk, controls, and legal step-by-step prescription, but instead based decentralized applications. These considerations, among others. a high-level guided tour of the wide contrast with central bank digital terrain companies should cover when currencies (CBDCs) and stablecoins, What follows here, then, is some they are considering investing in Bitcoin. which are digital representations of guidance on what undergirds any Additionally, note that what is stated fiat currency. Their value is derived corporate decision to invest in digital here cannot necessarily be extrapolated from an actual currency in circulation, assets like Bitcoin. In addition, we set to all digital assets, given that they have and they are issued by a central out the ongoing actions that teams many different characteristics. bank. Equity and derivative tokens across a company should undertake are digital assets whose value may to monitor and go forward with a represent actual corporate stock or a long-term investment. In other words, legal right to another asset or financial our goal is to answer the question instrument. Some digital assets have “How would you do that?” rather than additional attributes, such as voting “Why do it?” 1. https://www.microstrategy.com/en/company/company-videos/microstrategy-announces-over-1b-in-total-bitcoin-purchases-in-2020. 4
Corporates investing in crypto | Considerations regarding allocations to digital assets The high-level view from treasury The main purpose of the treasury Risk is a constantly moving target, function is risk management and the and adjustments frequently need Liquidity is not necessarily preservation of capital. When deciding to be made within an agreed-upon a major issue, especially if the and executing on an investment in band of risk tolerance. company is adopting a digital assets, governance is key to all • With digital assets, treasury needs longer-term investment mindset. activities. More than creating a policy, to consider not just the investment Nevertheless, there needs to be governance begins with understanding side, but also how these assets may appropriate provision for extra the types of investment the company figure into daily operations such as cash on hand. And assuming is making and where this alternative payments, debt management, raising investments are layered in investment vehicle—digital assets funds, IPOs, etc. progressively over time, liquidity like Bitcoin—fits within the broader is likely to be less of an issue. investment strategy. Leaders also • How can treasury be more need to be comfortable with the strategic in using these assets to advance efficiencies in payroll, Yet, in the event of the need to characteristics and nature of the vehicle. liquidate assets, the company (More on this below in the discussion vendor payment, trade, customer interactions, and cross-border needs to know if the facility to on controls.) Given that it’s a financial do so is available without a investment, it’s imperative that the transactions with subsidiaries and others? (More on this last premium penalty or if the treasurer, CRO, CEO, CTO, and board of transaction can be executed directors all have a clear assessment point when we discuss accounting and tax implications, as well as without a depreciation of the and understanding of the asset’s risk assets’ value. profile, the company’s tolerance for controls, below.) risk, and how these two may align or diverge. Ultimately, governance is all Of course, the first and final refrain about monitoring and assuring that the for treasury must always be that the conditions and requirements set by the governance of digital assets is a living organization are maintained. and adaptive process. It constantly follows and must adjust to market Tolerance for risk, depending on the and risk realities. stake and type of digital asset, may well have to be modified and periodically “Global macroeconomic, monetary, and digital adjusted. Risk tolerance takes several forms and requires decisions on issues evolutions have converged, requiring all forward- such as the following: thinking corporations to consider alternative assets on • What percentage of the cash on their balance sheet. The ecosystem and the regulatory hand, after accounting for operating environment for digital assets, especially Bitcoin, have costs, will be assigned to alternative investments in digital assets? matured to the point that this strategy is becoming • What range of risk is the company approachable and mainstream.” comfortable with? Governing risk is rarely a matter of “set it and forget it.” Phong Le, President and CFO, MicroStrategy, Inc. 6
Corporates investing in crypto | Considerations regarding allocations to digital assets Accounting and tax: Potential opportunities for alignment, challenges of divergence Accounting for digital assets if, the price goes up or a previously under US Generally Accepted written-down asset subsequently Accounting Principles (US GAAP) recovers. As a consequence, for US GAAP does not offer specific accounting purposes, it is virtually guidance for the treatment of digital impossible to book any ROI on digital assets, and, to date, the Financial assets held as investments. Clearly Accounting Standards Board (FASB) then, the rules and framework for has decided not to add a project on digital assets present certain important accounting for cryptocurrencies.2 For constraints: It is not possible for the those reasons, a company’s accounting company’s accounting function to reflect function must draw on various pertinent the economics of how it may value its sections of US GAAP to facilitate digital assets. accounting for digital assets. First, the accounting will be determined by what Absent the ability to mark up the value the company is accounting for. What is of a company’s digital asset holdings, it investing in? Practice has settled on if the company believes fair value to accounting for certain digital assets, be more reflective of the economics like Bitcoin, as an “indefinite-lived of its investment, it has the flexibility MicroStrategy’s 70,469 Bitcoins intangible asset.”3 That means it does to provide disclosures that it believes held as of December 31, 2020 not meet the accounting definition of are meaningful to its investors. For were acquired for $1.125B and cash or a cash equivalent, financial example, the company can provide reflected in its financial instrument, or inventory. Needless to investors with information about the statements at $1.054B. If the say, the accounting principles prevailing value of one digital asset (say, a Bitcoin), price of a Bitcoin on an exchange today were largely established at a by flagging the price of one Bitcoin at was $29,000 at December 31, time when digital assets were not yet a given time on a given exchange. But 2020, MicroStrategy may view its even contemplated. then again, unlike equities, Bitcoins are 70,469 Bitcoins economically to typically traded on multiple exchanges, be worth $2.044B, rather than Now here’s the accounting challenge and around the clock, seven days a the $1.054B on its balance sheet. with digital assets being reflected as week. Hence, any snapshot of the price intangible assets: According to US GAAP, can only provide rough guidance. But Perhaps investors understand acquired digital assets (intangibles) with the knowledge of the number MicroStrategy’s accounting should be accounted for at cost, of coins or other digital assets held, treatment by looking at the subject to subsequent impairment, as investors can arrive at an approximate company’s disclosures and appropriate. That means that when the determination of the valuation of the (based on its stock price asset is impaired, the company must company’s digital asset holdings. Note performance) appear to be write down the value on its books. The that companies should be mindful of valuing a company’s digital converse is not true. The value of the non-GAAP measures when preparing assets based on the current asset cannot be written up when, and these disclosures. price rather than the book value. 2. The FASB decided at its October 21, 2020, meeting not to add a project on digital currencies to its agenda. 3. That assumes that the company is not required to apply specialized industry guidance, such as the guidance in ASC 946 Financial Services – Investment Companies. 7
Corporates investing in crypto | Considerations regarding allocations to digital assets SEC reporting because of their treatment as intangible As we’ve seen, absent standard-setting assets, that presentation may not be Regarding partnerships: The on specific accounting for digital assets, appropriate or allowed. accounting and tax treatments for the accounting function draws on digital assets may change if a various rules and frameworks under Tax treatment and challenges from company invests in these the US GAAP rubric of intangible assets. an investment perspective alternative vehicles using a fund Similarly, the related disclosures need The rules governing tax treatment of versus holding the assets outright. to be drawn from various sections digital assets do not depend on US within US GAAP to align with the GAAP accounting rules and frameworks. accounting, resulting in a patchwork of One key difference: In accounting, digital and time each unit was acquired or disclosures. For example, the disclosure assets can only be marked down when wallet created, basis cost and fair market requirements within ASC 350, Intangibles impaired (impairment accounting) value of each unit at the time it was – Goodwill and Other, apply to the and not marked up when their value acquired or wallet created; and finally digital assets held as an investment. increases; but in tax, such a move only the fair market value of each unit when it And additional disclosures under ASC results from an election that may be was sold or exchanged. 820, Fair Value Measurement, would available to dealers or traders whereby be required for the nonrecurring fair the tax function can mark up or down Absent the use of the specific ID value measurement used to determine to fair value. For tax purposes, gain or method and wallet structures, there impairment of those digital assets. To loss is normally recognized only when a are very limited ways to distinguish the the extent the company sells digital digital asset is sold or exchanged. different assets. Hence, taxpayers are assets or uses them in its business likely bound to use a FIFO approach. transactions, additional disclosures In the United States, there are two tax In other words, absent the specific ID would be required. accounting methods or treatments that information (time, date, cost basis at can help account for gains and losses: time of purchase) and an adequately These disclosures, drawn from various specific identification (ID) and first in, first segregated and identified asset, each areas of US GAAP, should articulate the out (FIFO). The specific ID method can be time a company disposes of a digital accounting to an investor and explain used to determine the cost basis of each asset, the presumption is that the why the digital assets, and related digital asset the company is selling or company is disposing of the oldest asset transactions, are presented the way exchanging. That means that every time or coin(s) it holds. While complex and they are in the financial statements. the company disposes of such an asset, sometimes messy, tracking the cost A reader should be able to understand it is specifically identifying the exact units basis versus the current market price is the company’s investment in digital it is selling or exchanging. So how does important for both tax and accounting. assets. That includes where it is one specifically identify a digital asset like presented on the financial statements Bitcoin that is deemed to be a fungible and the overall investment strategy. asset? By segregating tranches into When considering the presentation in distinct wallets. It’s common for investors the financial statement, there are plenty to develop wallet structures to house of potential pitfalls, and mere logic does different tranches of their digital assets not suffice. For example, one may be with different cost bases and holding tempted to conclude that write-downs periods. Hence, when it comes time to on a digital asset are akin to a loss on sell, a given wallet or tranche is readily an investment and hence should be distinguishable from another, and the classified as nonoperating income. But relevant information is at hand—date 8
Corporates investing in crypto | Considerations regarding allocations to digital assets 9
Corporates investing in crypto | Considerations regarding allocations to digital assets From a tax standpoint, digital assets umbrella of a barter transaction. That’s across borders—say, to a foreign held for investment purposes are the case every time digital assets are subsidiary in Europe—it encounters normally deemed a capital asset. In used in a business transaction. This complexities in other jurisdictions. corporate solution, capital losses can has a related impact on accounting as only be used to offset capital gains. So well, and the process can become very The transfer process may well involve while a company may mark down to fair complex on both fronts. a number of steps: converting fiat to value for accounting purposes, tax does a cryptocurrency, transferring the not follow that methodology (except in Accounting for digital assets used cryptocurrency, then reconverting the certain limited circumstances relating for business transactions cryptocurrency to fiat. The benefit, to an election to mark to market as a When companies use digital assets that of course, is that such a process dealer or trader in digital assets). Rather, are accounted for as intangibles for avoids bank transfer fees. Yet the act it’s a matter of layering in a deferred business transactions, such as paying of transferring funds may well have tax asset (DTA), which may require a vendors, these transactions will require triggered an unrealized gain or loss. And valuation allowance if there are no other a different accounting treatment, which since the subsidiary may not be subject sources of capital gains. is more complex. That is a consequence to the same tax and accounting rules as of the intangible asset now being used the US parent company, there may be So how does this play out in a set of as a tangible one—i.e., a financial implications in the following areas: financial statements? Members of a versus nonfinancial asset. The resulting company’s tax function must live and financial reporting oftentimes doesn’t • Gain recognition rules abide by the rules and framework of align or “make sense.” Many have • Cost basis tracking methods US GAAP first, and then layer on the tax expressed concerns that the financial treatment in terms of deferred taxes. reporting may be misleading, rather • Indirect taxes, such as VAT than useful, to investors. That said, • Withholding taxes that may apply Tax treatment and challenges from more and more mainstream financial upon transfer a business transactions perspective services and fintech companies are now Let’s move now from the investment offering customers the possibility of The bottom line is this: The tax and angle to consider the use of digital holding or exchanging Bitcoin. accounting rules surrounding digital assets in business transactions, such assets are still evolving. This evolution as fund transfers, paying vendors, Cross-border transactions is occurring simultaneously around the and as an accepted form of payment So far, we’ve applied a US-centric view to world, but with inconsistent conclusions from customers. When used for such digital assets from both an accounting being reached across jurisdictions. transactions, digital assets should be and tax perspective. Outside of the segregated into separate wallets to United States, the treatment of digital maintain a clear distinction between assets varies substantially. Accounting digital assets used in the operation of under International Financial Reporting Wallets are typically structured the business (ordinary assets) and digital Standards (IFRS) may similarly view according to the different cost assets held for investment (capital digital assets, like Bitcoin, as intangible bases at which the digital assets assets). Naturally, if digital assets are assets. However, the intangible asset were acquired. Differentials can being used in place of fiat, such actions guidance under IFRS differs from be set by a range of dollar will generate a gain/loss recognition US GAAP. When a company uses digital denominated cost basis (say, at event for tax purposes under the assets like Bitcoin to transfer funds $100 or $1,000), or a new wallet can be created every time a new tranche is purchased. 10
Corporates investing in crypto | Considerations regarding allocations to digital assets Controls It should be obvious from our discussion that risk and controls are at the very assistance of third-party technical help in supporting new digital assets? foundation of any investment project in and evaluation. • What occurs if private keys and digital assets. Let’s quickly review the passwords are lost or stolen? main areas that should be on the radar. Custody Custody raises a number of important A great way to start addressing these Risks unique to each digital asset questions. Will the company custody the potential issues would be to obtain and The risks underlying digital assets, asset itself, or will it rely on third-party review the SOC 1 and/or SOC 2 reports including cryptocurrencies, vary vendors? Self-custody may provide easy of any potential exchange or custodian. considerably. Consequently, companies access to the assets, but it also presents need to conduct rigorous due additional risk in terms of accidental Authorization risks diligence about how the given asset loss, who conducts transactions, and Authorizing and executing transactions or coin operates and related market how transactions are monitored and and transfers (such as the cross-border vulnerabilities, as well as terms and recorded. Given the inherent complexity transfers to subsidiaries discussed conditions. From a technical perspective, and risk associated with self-custody, above) may well create a host of risks. companies need to understand the more and more companies are resorting That’s why it is vital for companies to blockchain supporting each asset and to third-party custodians. Then, it’s segregate duties in such a way that how the associated governance system a matter of evaluating the strengths there is a clear chain of command and works, as this may have a direct bearing and weaknesses of different custody documentation regarding who has on the resilience of the coin system. processes and procedures. access to the keys of the accounts and This will also help to identify the types what transaction each person can or of events for which companies should If the company chooses to rely on an cannot undertake. That effort includes be monitoring. exchange or custodian to store its the timely monitoring of transactions digital assets, careful consideration of that are committed to the blockchain For example, the computer code that a large number of potential risk issues and ensuring, independently—there enables the Bitcoin network to process and questions is in order. Some of are third-party tailored custodial transactions is fundamentally different these include: solutions that employ, among other from the Ethereum code base. Further, devices, automatic alerts—that those as many blockchains enable extensibility • How does the third-party exchange transactions were, in fact, authorized. in the form of smart contracts (e.g., or custodian secure private Given that there is no FDIC insurance ERC-20 tokens), mechanisms that allow key material? for digital asset holdings, it’s important for the taking of unilateral actions that a company ensure that its holdings • Can the company trust the accuracy are segregated from other participants can have a negative impact on the of account statements furnished by holder of the assets. Other instances rather than being part of a commingled the third-party vendor? account in an omnibus fashion; and that where assets can be lost include proof-of-stake blockchains, where • What plans are in place in the event of the custodian carry adequate insurance. assets can be “slashed” for violating a liquidation of the custodial services? That becomes very important if an network rules. That will result in a exchange or custodian suddenly goes • How does the exchange handle reduction of the amount of assets held offline for a time or ultimately fails. market anomalies, such as in a given address. A full appreciation flash crashes? of the technical and business risks associated with each digital asset, and • What is the vendor’s hard-fork policy their dimensions, may warrant the 11
Corporates investing in crypto | Considerations regarding allocations to digital assets Regulatory compliance It’s critical that the company be able “What has pleasantly surprised us in the process is to ascertain that the exchange or custodian in question is abiding by how encouraging and welcoming the digital asset all appropriate laws and regulations. community has been. Longtime Bitcoin enthusiasts, Items on the regulatory radar for exchanges and custodians include, macroeconomists, and luminaries; blockchain and among others, compliance with all technology fans; financial institutions, exchanges, and anti-money laundering and know-your- customer regulations, measures related custodians; accounting, tax, and legal experts; and retail to counterterrorism, and rules set by and institutional investors and shareholders have all the Office of Foreign Assets Control. emerged at scale to support and champion our efforts. As with accounting and tax, the rules and regulations vary by jurisdiction. The combination of these groups’ support, as well as Hence, to ensure compliance, it our own internal vision, strategy, and teamwork have would be wise to seek advice from informed legal counsel. led to our initial successes.” Phong Le, President and CFO, MicroStrategy, Inc. 12
Corporates investing in crypto | Considerations regarding allocations to digital assets Conclusion: The need for cross-organization collaboration Any sizable investment in digital that each corporate department, facing operating companies interested assets presents more than just and its external party, rethink the in investing in such assets are complex technical issues related to treasury, application of the rules and policies of and in flux. But they are navigable with accounting, reporting, tax, and controls. its core competency. Few of the norms the right level of commitment from all It also involves a significant cultural associated with legacy investments in departments and external parties. And realignment—internal and external— securities, fiat currency, or treasuries with appropriate attention to issues of among the many different groups may apply. Once each group gains a process, procedures, and risk all along and departments, including, but not level of comfort with the application the decision spectrum, digital assets limited to, the board of directors, of the rules to digital assets, they can offer innovative, bold, and dynamic the audit committee, risk, corporate then need to actively listen to one alternatives to traditional investments. reporting, finance, tax, internal audit, another, gain an understanding of the operations, controls, technology, and sensitivities, evaluate any operational investor relations. Since many of these or technical dependencies, and finally Our thanks go to Phong Le, departments interact with external rethink how they collaborate and tackle President and CFO of parties, such as the external auditor, challenges together. MicroStrategy Inc. and to Jeremy tax and legal counsel, etc., it is vital that Blank, Deloitte lead client service there be a corresponding realignment Many more operating companies are partner serving MicroStrategy Inc., in thinking when dealing with these beginning to evaluate the potential for their support in writing this external groups. benefits of investing in digital assets paper. The authors bear sole like Bitcoin. And as their cumulative responsibility for the content and What does that realignment entail? experience grows and sparks further views expressed here. Typically, the various functions and interest, the more likely strategic departments of a company establish investments in digital assets are to procedures and assumptions for become more routine realities. That collaborating across and outside said, companies must have the right risk the organization based on normal- measures in place, as well as the right course, well-understood transactions. risk tolerance levels, for it to be The terrain of digital assets is a new worthwhile pursuing this type of frontier of possibilities, so it requires investment. For certain, the realities 13
Corporates investing in crypto | Considerations regarding allocations to digital assets Get in touch Tim Davis Rob Massey Risk & Financial Advisory Global & US Tax Global Center of Excellence for Blockchain and Digital Blockchain Assurance leader Assets leader Deloitte & Touche LLP Deloitte Tax LLP timdavis@deloitte.com rmassey@deloitte.com Amy Park Carina Ruiz Singh US Audit & Assurance Blockchain Risk & Financial & Digital Assets specialist Advisory partner Deloitte & Touche LLP Deloitte & Touche LLP amyjpark@deloitte.com caruiz@deloitte.com Ella Bergmann Seth Connors Audit & Assurance Risk & Financial Advisory senior manager senior manager Deloitte & Touche LLP Deloitte & Touche LLP ebergmann@deloitte.com sconnors@deloitte.com 14
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