CHINA COUNTRY FACT SHEET 2021 - Returning from Germany
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CHINA
COUNTRY FACT SHEET 2021
Photo: Unsplash 2018/ Yu Kato
PUBLISHER TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (IOM) GERMANY
Charlottenstraße 68
10117 Berlin
Germany 1. HE ALTH C ARE
T. +49 911 43 000
F. +49 911 43 00 260
2 . L ABOUR MARKET
iom-germany@iom.int
www.germany.iom.int
3. HOUSING
4. SOCIAL WELFARE
5. EDUC ATION
This project is funded by the German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF).
6 . CHILDREN
7. CONTACTS
The information contained in this Country Fact Sheet was researched with best intentions
and care. However, IOM Germany assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or 8 . AT A GL ANCE
omissions. Furthermore, IOM Germany cannot be held accountable for conclusions or decisions
drawn from the information provided in this Country Fact Sheet.
For further information on voluntary return and reintegration, please visit the information portal
www.ReturningfromGermany.de, or contact your local return and reintegration office.
1 HEALTH CARE 1 HEALTH CARE
General information on health care covers all residents in rural areas General information on COVID-19
where Individuals only pay a very Access for returnees
A relatively affordable publicly financed small amount, such as CNY 20, in It is a general practice that all passen-
Eligibility and requirements: All
health insurance system is in place to some areas. The reimbursement gers traveling to China are required to Chinese citizens are eligible to enroll in
reimburse partial medical costs (both rate is up to 75 per cent since 2013. undertake both PCR and anti-body the basic medical insurance program. If
in-patient and out-patient) spent in tests within 48 hours before boarding a the returnees are employed, they should
public hospitals for the enrolled popu- The public medical insurance system flight to China and upload both negative first consult about enrollment with
lation. Returnees should consult local intends to provide basic coverage and certificates onto for travel clearance by their employers (preferably prior to
social security offices for enrollment cannot reimburse all costs. It also has a the respective embassies. All passengers contract signing). If unemployed or self-
criteria and procedures, as it is subject minimum reimbursement line (only after should closely monitor announcements employed, they should approach local
to local administration. In general, three paying for a certain amount of medi- on respective Chinese embassies’ web- social security offices or community
kinds of programs are available depen- cal costs, further spending is qualified sites for any update to avoid undesired committees for enrollment options.
ding on the returnee’s status: for reimbursement) and a cap. In 2016, consequences. For useful reference, Registration procedure: Returnees may
• Basic Medical Insurance for Urban China started pushing for combining the returnees are recommended to search be asked to submit a written application
Employees: Covers all employees, medical insurance programs for urban for public accounts on WeChat with to the respective community or
including employees of enterprises, and rural residents in one to standar- the titles “XXX (current city of resi- villagers’ committee. The specifics are
dize the reimbursement policy and dence) BenDiBao (XXX本地宝).” These subject to guidance provided by the
institutes, and NGOs etc. However, local responsible bodies.
employees’ non-employed family procedures. As this is still in progress, accounts update local social affairs and
members are not covered under returnees are advised always to contact common procedures pertaining to daily Required documents: One may be
the scheme. Generally, employees local social security offices for the most proceedings in the city on a regular basis, asked to fill out the application form and
are required to enroll through their updated information on medical insu- thus providing useful guidance and tips provide supporting documentation such
employers, where the employer rance policy that is applicable to them. to residents. as ID cards, medical certificates etc.
pays 8 per cent of the monthly
salary and the employee pays 2 While all passengers who entering
per cent to finance the scheme Availability of medical facilities and China are tested at least twice during
and its benefits. The retired are doctors the mandatory quarantine, people can
not required to pay. The reimbur- Hospitals are widely established from easily search for hospitals with testing
sement rate under this scheme can small towns to big cities and can provide capacity (such as through the afore-
be higher than 90 per cent. treatment to most common diseases. mentioned “BenDiBao”) and make an
• Basic Medical Insurance for Urban appointment through the hospital’s of-
Residents: Covers all non-urban ficial WeChat account. Generally, the
employees, students, children and Admission to medical facilities results are available within 24 hours and
the unemployed. Local govern- can be reviewed online without having
ments make their own policies on Returnees should go to the appointed to print out physical copies.
the reasonable premium to contri- hospital which is under the medical in-
surance system. To obtain the list, one China has rolled out its national vacci-
bute based on the local economy nation plan in early 2021 with regular
situation. The reimbursement rate can either go to the local Social Security
Office or call/check on the website. The Chinese residents being eligible for in-
is up to 75 per cent since 2013. For jection (previously only to people with
citizens over 70 years the rate is medication market is relatively well de-
veloped in China. Generally, medicines certain professions). If returnees are
approximately 85 per cent. interested in getting injected, they shall
are available in the country.
• New Rural Cooperative Medical contact their local household committee
Care: Subsidized scheme by the or community authority for registration
central and local government that and related procedures. Photo: Unsplash 2021/ Sam Moqadam
2 LABOUR MARKET 2 LABOUR MARKET
General information on labour market • www.zhaopin.com to identify basic vocational skills. Local
• www.dajie.com communities sometimes can provide
The employed workforce in China • www.58.com opportunities of vocational training or
reached 0.774 billion people in 2019, and • www.ganji.com some low-skill jobs. They also provide
11.86 million new urban employments relevant employment information for
were added throughout 2020. The na- There are also dozens of job-hunting
apps available online, such as Lagouwang the residents.
tional per capital disposable income was
CNY 32,189 by 2020, showing a real or Qianchengwuyou.
increase of 1.2% percent compared to Access for returnees
2019. Eligibility and requirements: The unem-
Unemployment assistance
Standard minimum wage in big cities ployment insurance allows the workers
is around CNY 2000 per month. In There is only unemployment insurance to pay into the insurance while
available. For registration, it is necessa- working to retrieve benefits in case
smaller cities it ranges from CNY 1200 of unemployment. The assistance is
to 1700. However, the per capita dis- ry to visit the local Labour and Social
Security bureau. available for those who are unemployed
posable income of the rural population involuntarily, register for their
was at CNY 13,066 in 2018. The urban Required documents are: unemployed status and have paid in
unemployment rate was approximately • ID card the insurance for more than one year
3.62 per cent at the end of 2019. • certificate of termination and dis- together with their employer.
solution of employment relation
Registration procedure: Individuals
Finding employment issued by their work units shall consult with the local labour and
Generally, both workers and employers social security bureau for registration
Recruitment is generally organized on pay into the unemployment insurance procedures.
the local level. Employment agencies fund, originally at rates of 1 per cent and
can also provide assistance but might 2 per cent respectively. However, many Required documents: Generally, the
charge for their services. They are di- provincial and municipal governments required documents are ID card,
vided into two types: non-profit and have cut contribution rates. For example, certificate of termination and dissolution
for-profit employment agencies. These in Beijing, the current unemployment of employment relation to complete
agencies provide information on and their unemployment registration to
insurance contribution of the employee
policy consultation about amounts approximately to 0.2 per cent, retrieve the benefit.
Photo: Unsplash 2017/ Benjamin Patin
• the labour market to employers while the employer’s contribution is
and employees; around 1 per cent. Unemployment be-
• administration and maintaining the nefits are usually equal to the minimum
record of employment; wage for that area.
• unemployment registration, etc.
entrusted by the administrative de-
partment of the labour and social
security bureau; Further education and training
• vocational trainings and guidance to Graduates from junior or high school
the unemployed and the disabled. seeking employment and training can
undertake preparatory training. People
Employment information in different who find it difficult to find employment
cities can be easily obtained from the and rural labourers entering the city to
websites below: work (if approved) are then assessed
3 HOUSING 3 HOUSING
General information on housing level of government administration.
The application requires the following Access for returnees
China’s urban per capita housing space documents: Eligibility and requirements: There
is approximately 36.6 square meters. are shelters supervised by Ministry of
Rents levels differ depending on location • proof of family income status Civil Affairs which provide temporary
and whether the housing is in certain • explanation of family housing status assistance to homeless people around
provinces, cities or regions in China. In • ID cards and the residence docu- the city. Once approved, the displaced
Beijing for example, the average rent per ments of family members people can stay in the shelter no more
month is CNY 4,000 for a small, basi- • references requested by municipal than 10 days. There is no specific
cally equipped apartment in the central and county authorities. assistance for returnees or VOTs.
area. It is relatively easy to rent a house Economically Affordable Housing Others cannot be assisted: Homeless
in China. The rent in big cities is much people who have family or relatives
System: This refers to the houses in- to rely on; homeless refuse to explain
higher than in a small city/town. cluded in national plans wherein the his/her situation; homeless diagnosed
government arranges the real estate with illnesses or mental/infectious
enterprise or units to organize collecting diseases. Contact details of shelters
Finding accomodation funds for housebuilding. Then it sells the can be found on the official website of
Real estate agencies are located eve- houses to urban low-income families at the Ministry of Civil Affairs at www.
rywhere and are very efficient in finding a low-profit price. The following docu- mca.gov.cn Returnees can also contact
ments are necessary: the local police station and the local
a temporary accommodation. People policeman will either share the contact
will need to pay the commission for • local and urban permanent resi- details of shelters with them or send
the service (normally one month rent). dence permit or permission by the them there directly. Different kind of
The house information on the websites municipal or county authorities; NGOs registered can be found on
below is very comprehensive and help- • domestic income in accordance below website at http://cishan.chinanpo.
ful for finding accommodations. People with the income standards; gov.cn/biz/ma/csmh/a/csmhaindex.html
can deal with the landlord directly over • household registration; Returnees may be eligible for the Low
such platforms. But it is important to Rent Housing Program and Economically
• income certificate; Affordable Housing System.
be aware that there are illegal agencies • house and property titles.
which may bring property damage: Required documents: Please contact the
corresponding sections.
• www.58.com
• www.ganji.com Photo: Unsplash 2018/ ORIENTO
Social grants for housing
Low-rent housing program: Under the
low-rent housing scheme, the govern-
ment may provide a house as a form
of social security to families who find
themselves in housing difficulties. The
subsidy is funded by the central govern-
ment. In order to apply, the householder
can submit a written application to the
local residential community office or
the people’s government at the town
4 SOCIAL WELFARE 4 SOCIAL WELFARE
Social welfare system from place to place). To reach the na- national average eligibility threshold in 200 per person monthly. By September
tional retirement conditions, including rural areas was RMB 358 per person in 2018, approximately 46.2 million people
Welfare objectives are aimed at: normal retirement and early retire- a month, which was 39 per cent of rural were covered by the program country-
• senior citizens over 60 years of age ment due to illnesses or specific jobs, consumption expenditure. However, the wide. Local Dibao thresholds and
who are unable to work, have no a continuing payment of 15 years is threshold and allowance amount in diffe- enrollment procedures are subject to
source of income, no alimony or necessary.Individuals seeking to apply rent regions can vary significantly due to local administration and policies. Anyone
allowance or whose dependents for or withdrawals of the pension differences in local economic status and who intends to enroll in the program
have no capacity to support them; scheme must present a national iden- average income. Since 2015, both rural should approach local social security
• orphans whose parents are dead tity card and their personal account and urban Dibao households in Bejing offices for information.
and who have no other relatives pension insurance book at their local receive more than CNY 700 per person
capable of raising them; social security institutions. monthly, while the rural households in
• abandoned babies and children some provinces only receive about CNY
whose biological parents cannot be
found by the public security agen- Access for returnees
cies and may come under the care
of child welfare agencies. Registration procedure: Returnees
need to consult with the local social
security office on the exact registration
Pension system procedure that varies from city to city.
After the registration, the person has to
China’s basic medical insurance scheme pay into their account every month.
is composed of two Pension Plan (the
Rural Pension Plan & the Basic Pension Required documents:
Plan) which can be supplemented by • ID copy
commercial insurance. Only some • One-inch color photo (x2)
areas with financial capability have • Residence booklet copy
launched a Rural Pension Plan, which
is shared by the local government, col-
lective economy and individuals. The
Basic Pension Plan covers all employees Vulnerable groups
under the following criteria:
The Minimum Subsistance Allowance
• self-employed and freelancers can (dibao) is a program targeting households
directly approach the local social whose per capital income is below a de-
insurance agencies to approve fined minimum level. This may be due to
their participation in the pension family members´ inability to work as a
insurance scheme; result from disabilities or severe diseases.
• they are required to pay the cost The qualified households are entitled
of pension insurance from their to receive a minimum subsistence al-
own personal financial resources. lowance to cover some basic living costs.
Employers shall pay 20 per cent; whe- In 2017, the national average eligibility
reas the employees shall contribute threshold of dibao in urban areas was
80 per cent of the premium. Basically, RMB 541 per person monthly, equiva-
they can get their pension every month lent to 27 per cent of urban residents’
once retired. (Specific amount varies consumption expenditure; and the Photo: Unsplash 2018/ Nuno Alberto
5 EDUCATION 5 EDUCATION
General information on education
Access for returnees
In China there is a compulsory educa-
Registration procedure: The returnees
tion period of nine years. shall consult with the schools for specific
For the registration procedure, the fol- procedures.
lowing documents are needed:
Required documents: Generally, the
• Residence booklet and copy beneficiary shall bring the residence
• Property ownership certificate and booklet, the property ownership
copy certificate and corresponding copies.
Other documents are subject to the
Cost, loans, and stipends individual school’s requirements.
Tuition fees for urban and rural areas
during the 9-year compulsory education
period are exempt nationwide. Access
and requirements to stipends and/or
loans for covering tuition: National stu-
dent loans are mainly for students to
meet the cost of tuition fees and accom-
modation. Applicants have to submit a
loan application in person; complete
the student loan application forms (in
triplicate) and the parents’ employer
or the district/countryside people’s go-
vernment have to sign. National student
grants are awarded to support full-time
college students if their family has finan-
cial problems.
Approval and verification of foreign
diplomas
Overseas degree certificates that have
been obtained by studying formal cur-
ricula in higher educational institutions
in foreign countries are awarded by the
Sino-foreign Cooperation institute. For
information on the process of certifying
the overseas certificates, visit: http://
zwfw.cscse.edu.cn/
Photo: IOM 2013/ Angelo O. Jacinto
6 CHILDREN 6 CHILDREN
General situation of children and infants of policies and measures, such as the orphans to enjoy protection and cor- departments should provide orphans
First 1.000 Days Campaign on nutrition responding benefits in all social aspects. with basic allowance; orphans should
In 2015, China had the world’s second-lar- and health, and Nutrition Improvement
gest child population (aged 0–17 years), These measures include but not limited be given priority in allocating national
for Children in Poverty Areas, which to: civil affairs administrations should es- funding for schooling. With the ove-
with an estimated 271 million children, provides free nutrition supplementa-
including 147 million boys and 124 mil- tablish child welfare institutes to host rall supervision on the state level, local
tion packages to children aged 6–23 orphans without close relatives or legal implementations are highly subject to
lion girls. Child population accounts for months. One of the most prominent
20 per cent of the country’s total po- guardians; public security administrations respective administrations. Therefore,
efforts in child protection concerns in should facilitate orphans’ residence do- information regarding specific programs
pulation or 13 percent of the world’s immunization. China achieved universal
children. The Government of China cumentation processing; healthcare on the ground shall be sought from
childhood immunization in 1990, which administrations should provide guidance community committees or local social
has been paying increasing attention to means that all provinces and counties
child poverty and is working hard to to the clinics and healthcare facilities in security offices.
in the country reached 85 per cent co- child welfare institutes; social security
address the issue through relevant policy verage of the Bacilli Calmette-Guérin
measures. In 2014, the Government en- vaccine (BCG), oral polio vaccine (OPV),
dorsed the Child Development Plan in diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccine
National Poverty Areas (2014–2020) (DPT) and measles vaccine for 1-year-
to ensure services and interventions in old children. In November 2012, WHO
health and education for children in ‘po- affirmed China’s polio-free status. In
verty blocks’, covering the period from 2012, WHO declared that maternal and
birth to the compulsory education stage. newborn tetanus had been eliminated
From the perspective of monetary po- in China. There has been a dramatic
verty, the incidence of rural poverty in fall in hepatitis B infection rates among
China was 3.1 per cent in 2017, whe- young children since the addition of the
reas the poverty rate among children hepatitis B vaccine to the immunization
aged 0–17 in the same year was 3.9 programme in 2002. As a result of high
per cent. The incidence of child po- immunization coverage, the incidence of
verty being higher than that of adults and mortality from vaccine -preventable
indicates a greater impact of poverty on diseases has dropped.
children. Through the introduction of
relevant policies and measures as well as
financial investment, the accessibility of
public services was increased and cove- (Non-) governmental actors dealing
rage to include more vulnerable children with children’s well-being and rights
was expanded. Besides the Minimum There is no governmental agency desi-
Subsistence Allowance as mentioned gnated for processing child protection
above, the basic public services cover or welfare issues. It is deemed as a
many aspects including education, health collective responsibility shared by go-
and child protection. For example, since vernments, communities, schools and
the autumn semester of 2011, China has families. However, the State Council
been providing nutritional subsidies to has stressed the importance of child
students at the compulsory education protection, and particularly orphans.
stage in rural areas. China is also ac- According to the directions issued by
tively promoting 0–3 early childhood the State Council, local governments
development (ECD) through a series should make proper arrangements for Photo: Unsplash 2019/ Qusv Yang
7 CONTACTS 8 AT A GLANCE
International Organization for Ministry of Civil Affairs of P. R. All China Women Federation
Migration (IOM China) China Empowering women’s rights
UN Organisation for Migration Social services +86 1085326020 Measures to be undertaken Measures to be undertaken
N. 9-1-82 Tayuan Diplomatic 147, Beiheya Dajie, womenofchina@163.com before return immediately upon arrival
Compound 1 X indonglu, Dongcheng District, 100721 www.women.org.cn
Chaoyang District, Beijing Beijing
• Documents: Make sure you have • Travel documents: Make sure your
100600 (010) 58123114
the following documents before ID is still valid. Go to the local police
+86 1059799695 www.mca.gov.cn
departure: valid passport; degree station to get a new ID card, if the
liaisonofficechina@iom.int
certificate(s) and diploma awarded old one is expired or lost.
abroad (certified originals);
certificate of study abroad issued • Social welfare: Enroll into national
Ministry of Human Resources by the local Embassy; resident social insurance schemes. Visit
and Social Security of the certificate. local social security administrations
People’s Republic of China to learn about your options and
Social welfare • Travel information: Get information enroll into schemes including basic
No.3, Hepingli Dongjie, concerning the arrival at the airport medical insurance and others.
Dongcheng District, 100716 and the onward journey.
• Housing and labour: Contact
Beijing
• Vaccination: Keep your vaccination services assisting with the search
www.mohrss.gov.cn
record even though no vaccinations for jobs and housing.
are required to (re-)enter China.
Vaccinations record obtained • Education: Apply for child care,
abroad should be brought back for schools, or other educational
the reference of the local doctor. institutions.
• Support: Contact the IOM Office
in China for AVRR assistance (if
applicable).Photo: Unsplash 2020/ Chantal Lim Photo: Unsplash 2018/ Fran
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