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E a r t h Re m o t e S e n s i n g
for Securit y
E n e r gy a n d
the Environment
Summer 2009
Vol. 24 No. 3
Voluntary
Carbon
Markets
3D ROI Transparency U.N. Use of EO
Driven
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Summer 2009
contents
> >c o l u m n s
9 Publisher’s Letter
LBx Journal Launches !
By Myrna James Yoo
10 Secure World
Foundation Forum
Capacity Building
and the U.N.
26
By Ray Williamson, PhD, Editor
14 Next-Gen Mapping
The Effect of
Transparency
on Business
By Natasha Léger
and Craig Bachmann
16 Earth Scope
Thermal Infrared
Applications
By Tim Foresman, PhD
> >f e a t u r e s
18 GeoWeb101 Workshop
Conference
in Vancouver
20 Voluntary Carbon
Markets
Management of
Kyoto-Compliance
By Anna Burzykowska, ESA
26 Water Modeling
Mapping & Management
By Rod Franklin, Reporter
22
10
2
30 Education
Certification and
Licensure
9 4
9
10
By Karen Nozik, Reporter
21 8 11 8
35
12 26 49
X, Y and Z
25
6
12 3
11 226
5 32
9
12 36 5
36 75
9 3
3D Ties to ROI
25 11
55 2 11
8 117 By Rod Franklin, Reporter
10 26
5
3
26 14 12
2 7 26
43 10 Non-U.S. / CAN: 15
54
20 30 35
i m a g i n g n o t es / / s u m m e r 2 0 0 9 / / w w w . i m a g i n g n o t es . c o m
5
South Florida
from the Air
S u m m e r 2 0 0 9 / V o l . 24 / N o . 3
O ur M ission
Imaging Notes is the premier publication for commercial, government and academic
remote sensing professionals around the world. It provides objective exclusive in-depth
cover image reporting that demonstrates how remote sensing technologies and spatial information
illuminate the urgent interrelated issues of the environment, energy and security.
Imaging Notes has a partnership Imaging Notes is affiliated with the
with Secure World Foundation Alliance for Earth Observations, a
(www.secureworldfoundation.org). program of The Institute for Global
Environmental Strategies
(www.strategies.org).
Pu b lis h e r / M a n a ging e ditor Editori a l Advisor y Bo a rd
Myrna Ja m es Yo o
Ma rk E . Bre n d e r, G e o Ey e
m y r n a @ i m a g i n g n ot e s .c o m
Na n cy Co l l e to n
Editor I n st i t u t e f o r G l o b a l
Ray A . Wi l l ia m so n , Ph D E n v i ro n m e nt a l S t r at e g i e s
r a y @ i m a g i n g n ot e s .c o m
Ti m o thy W. Fo res ma n , Ph D
Co p y Editor I nt e r n at i o n a l C e nt re f o r R e m ot e
Be t te M i l l eso n S e n s i n g Ed u c at i o n
Adv e rtising D ir e c tor Wi l l ia m B. Ga i l , Ph D
M i c ro s o f t V i r t u a l E a r t h
This color infra-red Co l l e e n Go rm l ey
An n e Ha l e M ig la rese
orthoimage of the Royal Palm Hammock Cr e ativ e D ir e c tor
Booz A llen Hamilton
quadrangle is located a few miles west of the J ü rge n Ma n tzke
Enfineitz LLC Kevi n Po m fre t , Esq .
Everglades National Park, in Collier County on the C a nt o r A r k e m a , P.C.
jurgen@enfineit z.com
Gulf coast of Florida. The image was collected at w w w.e n f i n e i t z .c o m
a 1-meter pixel resolution in December 2004,
D e p ut y Art D ir e c tor
using a Leica ADS40 airborne digital imaging An d rew Ste rna rd
sensor, as part of the statewide mapping program
Editori a l Contri b utions
for Florida covering approximately 54,000 square
Imaging Notes welcomes contributions for feature articles. We publish articles on the remote
miles. This image is provided courtesy of the sensing industry, including applications, technology, and business. Please see Contributor’s
South Florida Water Management District and the Guidelines on www.imagingnotes.com, and email proposals to editor@imagingnotes.com.
USGS. It was acquired and processed by Fugro S u b s c ri p tions
EarthData. To subscribe or renew, please go to www.imagingnotes.com, and click on ‘subscribe.’
This program was sponsored by an alli- If you are a current subscriber, renew by locating your account
ance of the state’s water management districts number on your address label to enter the database and update your subscription.
and the USGS. At the time, it was one of the If you cannot go online, you may write to the address below.
nation’s first large-scale acquisition efforts that I m a g i n g N o tes ( I S S N 0 8 9 6-7 0 9 1 ) C o p y r i g ht © 2 0 0 9
Blueline Publishing LLC
took advantage of the ADS40 sensor’s ability
P. O . B o x 1 1 5 6 9 , D e n v e r, C O 8 0 2 1 1
to generate both natural color and false color
3 0 3 -4 7 7- 52 7 2
renditions simultaneously. To accommodate the
All rights reserved. No material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means
full range of data products requested, a total without written permission from the publisher. While every precaution is taken to ensure
16,800 individual map tiles were produced. A accuracy, the publisher and the Alliance for Earth Observations cannot accept responsibility
total of more than 3 terabytes of image data were for the accuracy of information or for any opinions or views presented in Imaging Notes.
delivered to the USGS and the five water manage- Although trademark and copyright symbols are not used in this publication, they are honored.
ment districts. Imaging Notes is printed on 20% recycled (10% post-consumer waste) paper.
The water modeling article on page 26 All inks used contain a percentage of soy base. Our printer meets or
includes this project. exceeds all federal Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) Standards.
i m a g i n g n o t es / / s u m m e r 2 0 0 9 / / w w w . i m a g i n g n o t es . c o m
6
Maximize the Value of Your Imagery
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Image extension, we found designers, large catalogs of rasters and imagery to make imagery available to
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time. It was twice as fast, in
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Cindi Salas
GIS Manager
CenterPoint Energy
For more information, visit www.esri.com/image
or call 1-888-373-1353.
For ESRI locations worldwide, visit
www.esri.com/distributors.
Copyright © 2008 ESRI. All rights reserved. The ESRI globe logo, ESRI, ArcGIS, ESRI—The GIS Company, www.esri.com, and @esri.com are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of ESRI in the
United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products mentioned herein may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective trademark owners.
LBx Journal Launches!
Location in the Language of Business
Publisher’s Letter
Dear Remote Sensing Professionals,
The Imaging Notes team is thrilled to provide you with a complimentary copy
of our launch issue of our spin-off publication, LBx Journal: Location in the Language of
Business. Enjoy this copy, and pass it along to someone who is the ideal reader: Busi-
ness leaders who are exploring the untapped business potential of location intelligence,
and geospatial professionals who are seeking that new business customer.
LBx is a multi-media resource about
location intelligence for the business
user. We launched in print at Where 2.0
(an O’Reilly Conference on all things Renew Imaging
Notes now! It is
digital mapping) and online at the ESRI
User Conference! Our website is rich
and interactive, with many new opportuni-
ties to share your business needs and
still free of charge;
wants, from posting marketing materials
and white papers to actually connecting
do not lose your
with customers via our LBx Network and subscription. If you
do not renew annually, you
Virtual RFP process. Subscribe and join
our community at www.lbxjournal.com.
In this issue of Imaging Notes, our
Next-Gen Mapping column asks ques-
will not get the magazine.
tions about transparency and its effect
on business. This article will also be
interesting to the LBx Journal reader, with
its commercial applications. Rod Franklin’s report on justifying an making it less expensive, both gatherings
Meanwhile, Imaging Notes is still investment in 3D from an ROI perspec- promise serious intellectual stimulation
committed to the geospatial and remote tive is intriguing. We also provide an and high-level contacts.
sensing professionals. We will continue to update on water modeling and mapping, Please renew Imaging Notes now.
provide all original content for each issue—a an increasingly important issue as less Take two minutes, go to www.imaging-
feat that most major newspapers cannot fresh water is available globally. Finally, notes.com/subscribe, and have your
perform these days. We do not reprint any Karen Nozik does an in-depth report on address label ready to get into your
material from any other source; every story education, reporting that universities are existing record. This is still free of charge;
is written for Imaging Notes exclusively. working hard to keep up with changing do not lose your subscription. If you do
Two of those original articles in this technologies, and that the workforce not renew annually, you will not get the
issue come from the perspective of the needs people who can think spatially, and magazine. Tell your colleagues!
United Nations. One is about voluntary who can really understand what can be LBx Journal is a separate paid
carbon markets versus those that are Kyoto- done with all that data! subscription at www.lbxjournal.com,
compliant, by Anna Burzykowska of the Join us at GeoWeb in Vancouver, which includes membership to the
YGT European Space Agency. The other is and at the Symposium on Digital Earth in interactive website, as well as print.
the Secure World Foundation Forum, where Beijing. With so many geospatial tech- As always, thanks for reading.
editor Ray Williamson shares that various nologies and applications moving to the
U.N. Committees use Earth observations in Web, from cloud computing to the Sensor —Myrna James Yoo
more ways than you might expect. Web, to SaaS (software as a service) publisher@imagingnotes.com
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9
Remote Sensing Capacity
Building and the United Nations
secure world foundation forum
This June, I spent nearly two weeks at the meeting of especially by the frequent mention of
the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Earth observations and the benefits they
(COPUOS), which meets in Vienna, Austria annually. In that meeting and the associ- provide. According to statements offered
ated Scientific and Technical (S&T) Subcommittee and Legal Subcommittee meetings at these meetings, many member States
held earlier in February and March, respectively, delegates from 69 States met to share make enormous use of Earth observa-
information, work out cooperative programs, and study legal problems that arise in the tions data to support different aspects
exploration and use of outer space. of human and environmental security
In 1967, COPUOS, which was set up by the U.N. General Assembly 50 years ago, needs. Others, however, spend more time
worked out the international treaty that provides the legal underpinnings of all space focused on the need to build capacity for
activity, the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration employing the data effectively.
and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, otherwise What might surprise many readers
known as the Outer Space Treaty (OST). This is the treaty that makes remote sensing is the fact that the United Nations itself
of Earth’s environment and human activity on the planet truly useful. employs the data gathered by different
The first two articles of the treaty contain the following key statements: countries to support public needs, from
tracking the spread of vector-borne
ºº Article I: Outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall be disease to responding to natural disasters.
free for exploration and use by all States without discrimination of any kind, on a According to the United Nations, about
basis of equality and in accordance with international law, and there shall be free 24 U.N. entities make routine use of space
access to all areas of celestial bodies. applications, mostly employing information
ºº Article II: Outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not derived from Earth observations data.
subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or Investigating these uses in detail takes
occupation, or by any other means. one into a dizzying array of acronyms, all
beginning with the letters U.N.
Although States still cannot agree on
precisely where air space ends and outer U. N . H i g h C o m m i s s i o n
space begins, all are nevertheless bound for Refugees (UNHCR)
by the treaty, which entered into force at the The United Nations’ broad use of
time of its inception in 1967, and no State Earth observations follows from the broad
can successfully claim jurisdiction over parts scope of the United Nations’ mandate,
of orbits that pass over its territory. This which covers most human and environ-
provision helped keep the peace during the mental needs, with a special emphasis on
depths of the Cold War by allowing U.S. the needs of citizens within developing
and Soviet satellites to pass unhindered States. For example, this year the offices
over each other’s territories, providing of the UNHCR began a pilot project on
verification of the number and placement of the use of aerial and satellite imagery for
ballistic missiles in each country. This same studying human migration, which is most
provision, of course, makes possible the often seen in internal displacements such
operation of the many different types of Earth as has taken place recently in Pakistan
Ray A. Williamson, PhD, is editor of
observing satellites that countries and private as serious fighting began between the
Imaging Notes and Executive Director of the
Secure World Foundation, an organization companies operate today. Pakistan Army and the Taliban insurgents
devoted to the promotion of cooperative This year, during both the S&T in the Swat Valley of Pakistan.
approaches to space security (http://www.
Subcommittee meeting in February and The UNHCR study will compare
SecureWorldFoundation.org).
the plenary meeting in June, I was struck current and past satellite images, mapping
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10Publisher’s Letter
U. N . F o o d a n d A g r i cu lt u r a l
O r g a n i z at i o n ( FAO )
In addition to these efforts, the
U.N. Food and Agricultural Organi-
zation (FAO) makes extensive use
of NOAA’s National Polar-orbiting
Operational Environmental Satellite
(NPOES) imagery to warn farmers
in Sub-Saharan Africa of impending
drought or rainy seasons.
Major Need of
C a pa c i t y B u i l d i n g
In making effective use of Earth
observations data, developing coun-
tries face the severe difficulties of a
lack of training in the effective use
of satellite data and of appropriate
computer hardware to operate the
necessary analytical software—in
other words, they need training in
capacity building. Hence, in the past
1 two decades, the United Nations
has created or assisted in the devel-
opment of a number of U.N.-affiliated
S SF ig u r e 1 UNHCR has used satellite imagery to help organizations to provide training. For
U.N. building in Vienna, Austria. Photo credit:
map refugee populations in the sprawling example, the U.N. Office of Outer Space
Agnieszka Lukaszczyk.
cities of Cairo, Damascus and Nairobi. Affairs (UNOOSA), which also serves as
changes in land use and determining the secretariat for COPUOS, holds a series
patterns of natural resource extraction. The U. N . O p e r at i o n a l S at e l l i t e of training seminars and conferences each
organization will also map refugee camps A p p l i c at i o n s P r o g r a m m e ( U N OSAT ) year in developing countries.
in order to facilitate delivery of humanitarian Another element of the United Nations is Finally, the United Nations was
aid to the inhabitants. Mass population the U.N. Institute for Training and Research instrumental in setting up training centers
dislocations can exact a considerable toll (UNITAR) Operational Satellite Applications for space science and applications in
on the environment. Such studies can be Programme (UNOSAT). Since its inception, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. These
enormously useful in helping UNHCR to UNOSAT has developed more than 900 affiliated training centers offer a variety
develop appropriate methodologies for operational maps and associated analyses of courses in order to strengthen the
finding appropriate sites for refugee camps, to assist human security and humanitarian space capabilities of their regions. Africa
in addition to aiding the delivery of food, assistance. UNITAR provides applications hosts two regional education centers,
water, and services to refugees. training related to peacekeeping and preven- the African Regional Center for Space
Refugees in urban settings pose tive diplomacy and also supports training for Science and Technology Education, one
a particular challenge to aid agencies local authorities in disaster prevention and in French in Rabat, Morocco, and one in
because of the density of habitation. vulnerability reduction. English in Lagos, Nigeria. Between them,
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11T TF ig u r e 2
A COPUOS session meeting at the U.N. being
led by current Chairman of the Committee,
Ambassador Ciro Arévalo of Colombia. Photo
credit: Ray Williamson.
secure world foundation forum
2
these two centers serve respectively for Space Research. All of these centers (originally called Earth Resources
the Francophone north and the largely provide, among other courses, significant Technology Satellite, or ERTS) in 1972.
English-speaking south of Africa. training opportunities in the processing Although at the time some U.N. officials
The single Asian Center for Space and interpretation of Earth observations could see the promise of the technology
Science and Technology Education in data, centered on the regions they serve. for development and for managing Earth’s
Asia and the Pacific is located in the The organizations that I have resources, I suspect that few imagined
campus of the Indian Institute of Remote highlighted provide only a partial view that Earth observations technologies
Sensing, Dehradun. In Latin America, the of the extensive use of satellite Earth would evolve into these U.N. workhorses.
Regional Centre for Space Science and observations data and information that the Nevertheless, there is still a deep need to
Technology Education in Latin America United Nations as a whole applies to its build the capacity for making effective use
and the Caribbean boasts two locations: work on behalf of the developing world. of the data, and the United Nations has
one in Puebla, Mexico, on the campus Nevertheless, this list illustrates just how taken that need to heart.
of the National Institute of Astrophysics, embedded these capabilities are in the For further information please consult
Optics and Electronics, and another in U.N. system. It also illustrates just how the many reports that can be found
Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, far we have come since NASA launched at: www.oosa.unvienna.org/oosa/en/
in the facilities of the National Institute its first electro-optical satellite, Landsat-1 COPUOS/copuos.html.
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12Save the Date for GEOINT 2009!
CONFIRMED KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
GEOINT Returns to San Antonio The Honorable Dennis C. Blair
for the Sixth Annual Symposium! Director of National Intelligence
GEOINT 2009 promises to bring together an
exciting line-up of speakers building on the
The Honorable James R. Clapper Jr.
dialogue from the past five years’ highly acclaimed Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence,
events. Attendees will have the unique opportunity Office of the Secretary of Defense
to hear advice from leading experts, share best
practices and uncover the latest developments
from government, military and industry leaders
Vice Adm. Robert B. Murrett, U.S. Navy
through an exhibit hall of more Director, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
than 100,000 square feet.
on
Registrati
g
& Housin !
ly 15
Opens Ju Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula, U.S. Air Force
Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence,
Surveillance and Reconnaissance
Where Our National Security Begins… www.geoint2009.comThe Age of Transparency
The Effect on Business
Next-gen Mapping
A transparent world is a frictionless world of information. involves finding, selecting, and acquiring
In this world, almost any piece of information can be connected instantaneously information from publicly available sources
and made visible to the public by various people, ranging from those who are simply and analyzing it to produce actionable
curious and bored to those who have a clear mission. Satellite imagery and global intelligence. Military, government and
transparency relative to government accountability and international security have been private investigators were once respon-
discussed for years, including the role of satellite imagery in news reporting. sible for “intelligence.” It is now in the
In addition, satellite imagery in the context of competitive intelligence for businesses hands of anyone with the ability to do a
has been raised by the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals on occasion mashup. Radical Cartography, renovated
in the past but has not garnered much attention recently. Our editor Ray Williamson cartography, neogeography, outlaw
and others have talked about imagery activists since the advent of commercial satellite cartography, corporate cartography,
imagery. Google Earth and other virtual globes have democratized the use of satellite political cartography, and so on, can be
imagery to extend its use to multiple groups, from kids looking for the closest Star- more than disruptive—they can be used to
bucks and tracking their friends to activist groups exposing corporate misconduct and persuade, enlighten, or expose practices
environmental degradation. Satellite imagery continues to be viewed as the ultimate that used to be managed behind corporate
reconnaissance tool, because it is unrestricted (for the most part) by jurisdiction and communication firewalls.
national boundaries. There are no shortages of examples of
the use of imagery and mashup to advance
T r a n s pa r e nc y i s a r e l at i v e t e r m : environmental and sustainability initiatives.
ºº It can mean availability of information, meaning that a company or government But what about the advance of business?
agency has invested in acquiring a piece of information, for example, the toxic Businesses are just beginning to explore the
elements in drinking water. power of location intelligence for improved
performance and decision making. But
ºº It can mean accessibility, meaning that a company or individual can purchase what has not been discussed is the impact
information available from another source, or a taxpayer can request information of unmanaged transparency of information
in the government domain through a Freedom of Information Act request. on operations, management, marketing,
financials and regulatory compliance.
ºº It can mean visibility, meaning that the information is widely distributed and easily
understandable, for example through a news broadcast, or interactive map avail- T r a n s pa r e nc y i n B u s i n e s s
able on Google Earth. A map of data points can convey more visual information What if a mashup of publicly available
than a 20-page detailed report. market data, economic data, transporta-
tion routes and imagery provides more
ºº It can mean the ability to take action, meaning to file a petition, engage in a insight on the health of a company than
protest, or compile a viral Internet campaign. the diligently managed 10Ks, 10Qs, 8Ks
and financial analyst reports produced
What tools enable all four of these elements? The ubiquitous availability of satellite
imagery, combined with radical cartography, social networks and multimedia platforms
Craig Bachmann & Natasha LÉger
is creating a new source of open intelligence that is not managed by the original
are partners in ITF Advisors, LLC, an
creators of the data. independent consulting firm with a focus
on next-generation strategy and on
translating the increasingly complex new
O p e n S o u r c e In t e l l i g e nc e
media business environment’s impact
Traditionally, “intelligence gathering” has been the domain of the military, intelligence on business models, markets and users.
agencies, and private investigators. The intelligence community has coined the term open Natasha is also editor of the new spin-off
publication, LBx Journal.
source intelligence (OSINT) to mean a form of intelligence collection management that
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14by armies of accountants, lawyers, and of moments in history. Today’s interactive ties regulations, the financial markets
financial analysts? The financial scandals maps are no longer mere snapshots, and have never been transparent. In fact, profit
of the early 2000s, such as Enron, tomorrow’s maps, which will encompass often times results from “mystery.” What
Worldcom and Healthsouth, and today’s realtime data feeds from an extensive happens in a transparent world?
financial crisis demonstrate that those SensorWeb, will be realtime audits “The Age of Transparency” is still
carefully produced reports designed to of corporate, government and human unfolding, but clearly imagery and GIS
ensure transparency activity. Can marketing and communica- have been enlisted as tools to present
(at least by the tions budgets compete with this realtime points of view faster, better, and cheaper
storytelling? than ever before. Don’t be surprised at
The ubiquitous availability of satellite What should be the the mashup as an increasingly powerful
corporate response to corporate and government monitoring
imagery, combined with radical material generated by tool. We anticipate a variety of corporate
cartography, social networks and “Radical Cartography” responses to yet another digital media
and its ilk? Two of the onslaught (for example peer-to-peer file
multimedia platforms is creating a unplanned offshoots sharing, blogs, YouTube). This transpar-
new source of open intelligence of ubiquitous satellite ency offers an opportunity for companies
imagery and web avail- to leverage this new age of transparency,
that is not managed by the original ability are decentral- and to respond more maturely than the
creators of the data. ized activism and open music industry did to Napster. (For those
source intelligence, of you who may not recall, Napster was
Securities Act of 1934) and an efficient supported by imagery. Anyone can now the peer-to-peer file sharing program that
financial market could not be trusted. Will be their own journalist, private investi- led to illegal transferring of music files.
new corporate positions emerge, such as gator, intelligence analyst, and media The music industry’s response was to
the now famililar “Twitter correspondent” platform. With imagery freely available sue mostly teenagers and students. After
and “blogmaster,” for companies to and accessible, and when bundled with close to five years of this litigious strategy,
respond to unmanaged transparency? multi-platform media, companies have a the music industry decided in December
Traditional maps have been storytellers real issue to address. Despite the securi- 2008 to stop such lawsuits.)
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15Thermal Infrared Applications
for Hot Markets
Earth Scope
Green jobs are just kicking off in this
nation, with Vice President Joe Biden holding the standard as
the most visible of the administration spokespersons. Van Jones, the
green collar guru, has been recruited into the White House,
demonstrating further support for this societal transition to all things
green and sustainable. The ship of state is large, however, and even
with the stimulus, our national agenda is turning ever so slowly
towards energy conservation and greener lifestyles. More money has
been spent on ads by the energy companies touting their green
credentials than has actually be spent on green investments, but the
sentiment is there in the marketing/PR departments and that in itself
is a harbinger for change.
Perhaps a revisit to the classic I Ching text offering meta-
phorical guidance through life’s seasons of change is appropriate
for us now. Energy issues are reaching all Americans, as tracked 1
X XF ig u r e 1
Airborne Thermal IR of homes, depicting energy loss differences with 25-cm ground resolution at
1000-meter altitude (courtesy of Jenoptik).
X XF ig u r e 2
Hand-held thermal IR sensor image depicting energy loss areas, especially glazing surfaces in
homes (image courtesy of FLIR Systems, Inc.).
2
X XF ig u r e 3
Hand-held thermal IR sensor for energy audits and building inspections (image courtesy of FLIR
Systems, Inc.).
by media headlines. As of this writing, with consensus that coal will come out a the parade of carbon calculators and
Congress is wrestling with the American winner for the foreseeable future. Energy garnering the market share by forging ties
Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009, efficiency, however, is being codified with NLC and the U.S. Green Building
which addresses a litany of issues from for building ordinances and is adding Council. In my state of Maryland, the
creation of a ‘cap-and-trade’ system to momentum to current programs by states governor has established a special task
electric and hybrid cars to energy effi- and municipalities to measure and monitor force to perform energy audits for all state
ciency in homes and buildings. The fossil the carbon footprints of their jurisdictions. buildings, with the goal of quantifying
fuel companies are lobbying a tug-of-war Carbon calculators are becoming the state energy efficiency. Government
with environmental and consumer groups, mandated throughout country and were a managers throughout the nation are
hot topic at the National League of Cities becoming occupied by the new trends
(NLC) “Green Cities” conference held for carbon accountability and are eagerly
Tim Foresman is president of the in Portland, Oregon, in April 2009. The repositioning priorities to address the
International Center for Remote Sensing International Council for Local Environ- deluge of weatherization funds stimulated
Education and can be reached at
foresman@earthparty.org. mental Initiatives (ICLEI, www.iclei.org), from our nation’s Capitol. All of these
with over 500 city members, is leading actions and policies should be viewed
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16as good news for the remote sensing The boost in small and large firms 3
community, due to the intrinsic need to hawking their services is evidence that
apply technology into this fray. energy audits of homes are increasing. On
Thermal infrared (IR) remote sensing a house-to-house basis, hand-held thermal
technology represents both low hanging IR offers a great way to assess energy heat
fruit and a potential market stimulator losses in a building (Figures 2 and 3). Hand-
for Imaging Notes readership. It is still held thermal IR sensors provide answers to
early in the game, with many elements of the hidden clues regarding glazing losses,
legal instruments still remaining to make insulation gaps, empty wall cavities, and
this topic interesting, but clearly, thermal seam or joint leaks. This information is critical
IR holds great promise and utility in the for the weatherization retrofit construction
energy conservation arena. First, we can work that can most effectively address reme-
think of applying thermal IR data collec- diation of heat loss and thereby lower the
tion over-flights for whole communities building owner’s utility bill. Because there is
or cities as a precursor to establishing a direct link between professionally executed
a baseline for the energy efficiency of weatherization and lowering of energy bills
homes and buildings. (estimates range from $500 to $1000
It would seem logical that, if states, per year for the average home along the
counties, and cities are going to expend mid-Atlantic region), the impetus to market
millions of dollars for calculating carbon, a thermal IR to a larger but disaggregated
baseline quantification would be prudent. customer base should be improving.
(Note: Current carbon calculators are Is our industry paying attention to the
spreadsheet-based approximations energy conservation trend? At the March
lacking any scientific calibration.) Large 2009 ASPRS meeting in Baltimore, a
amounts of money will be distributed survey of the industry demonstrated only
based on targeting goals for energy anecdotal evidence of interest in thermal
reduction, and baselines are requisite to IR sensors. No company represented there
this process. Thermal IR has been well offered the services to the commercial
demonstrated for its capacity to quantify market. Thermal IR sensors have held fast
temperature differences (one degree to the market needs of the Department of
Kelvin) for surface objects (Figure 1) . Defense and have not ventured out to the
Delineating the relative differences energy security of our nation. Perhaps, with
for energy loss in buildings and homes the advent of the American Clean Energy
is straightforward and can be overlain and Security Act of 2009, the remote
for georeference with municipal GIS sensing industry will shift gears and make
databases. County and city administrators forays into the rapidly expanding market
can work with utility providers to link the for home and community energy audits
energy loss data with customer billings and into the longer term requirements for
to create a robust energy conservation monitoring our nation’s buildings for ever-
profile for their jurisdictions. While privacy increasing energy efficiencies. We might
issues may be raised, the only winners start by introducing our technological
will likely be plaintiffs’ lawyers, due to the prowess to the leading architectural and
forensic history in remote sensing. engineering firms and mayor’s offices.
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17GeoWeb101
Workshop
A Digital Nervous System for the Planet
be discussed in a new workshop at
the GeoWeb2009 conference titled
GeoWeb101. The three quoted vision-
aries above will teach the workshop.
Here’s a brief overview of what you can
expect in the workshop.
Evolution of the GeoWeb:
The GeoWeb’s evolution has tracked
The GeoWeb 2009 Conference in that of the Web, moving from Web 1.0 to
2.0, and 3.0. However, the GeoWeb has
Vancouver offers a new GeoWeb101 work- not been awarded such clear distinctions.
shop by these visionaries. Following are Instead, the evolution of the GeoWeb has
been described as essentially moving from
their definitions of the GeoWeb: the ability to form simple queries, such as
“show me the location of a restaurant on
The Geospatial Web is not just a bunch of mash-ups or even the hundreds of a map,” to complex temporal modeling
SDI's that have been successfully deployed. The Geospatial Web is about the scenarios such as “show me the effects of
complete integration and use of location at all levels of the Internet and the Web. weather on rice production over the last
This integration will often be invisible to the user. But at the end of the day, the year, or over the next ten years.”
ubiquitous permeation of location into the infrastructure of the Internet and the
Web is being built on standards. What is meant by geo?
—Dr. Carl Reed, CTO, Open Geospatial Consortium Traditionally, geo has been narrowly
defined to mean GIS data, imagery, GPS
The GeoWeb is more than virtual globes. Today, and for the near term, it is the set data—grids, points, lines and poly-
of local systems sometimes called Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) that provide gons. However, any measurement that
access to information for decision making and support collaboration among orga- pertains to the physical world should
nizations. In the future, the GeoWeb will represent the integration of all business fall under the term of geodata. Real-time
processes that relate to the world around us. It will serve as the foundation for traffic feeds, weather data, sensor feeds
decision making in government, in industry and in our private lives. It will present from buildings and utilities, business
us, in a multitude of ways, the state of the world. intelligence data about performance of
—Ron Lake, CEO, Galdos Systems companies, economic and demographic
data, are all examples of data that reflect
The GeoWeb is an interconnectedness of information and services that extends day-to-day activities in the world, and
the connectedness we already experience on the Web with a set of applications that have not been traditionally defined
and protocols to exploit information at an unprecedented level. as geographic data.
—Michael P. Gerleck, Director of Engineering, LizardTech
What are the most important
aspects of the GeoWeb from a
Three different perspectives from leading technology perspective?
visionaries on the definition of the GeoWeb all bring one common foundation
concept—the GeoWeb is the platform for the aggregation and integration for ºº Data discovery and discovery of
geospatial information and services related to life on the planet. Ron Lake has also dynamic services is still a chal-
referred to the GeoWeb as the “digital nervous system” for the planet. With rising lenge. For example, Google has
data input levels, including real-time information from sensors around the world, a web crawler that works well for
this appears to be an apt image of the role of the GeoWeb. static content. But what about
Now that we have some views of what the GeoWeb means, what about its history, dynamic services? For instance,
what are the important components, and why does it matter? These questions will find archives of imagery of
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18Seattle between 2000 and 2005.
Maturing of the GeoWeb will require the development
There could be multiple owners of an information infrastructure that integrates
of that data; therefore, find me all
the possible organizations that
business processes, and that is driven from a business
can serve me this data. Then find requirements perspective.
me a service that will aggregate
the data from these sources
and provide me with the highest different underlying formats at all. and city design. How can these
quality images. How is that How is this solved? Standards! problems be solved? Standards!
solved? Standards! Even where organizations
Regarding geographic use the same data formats and Standards in the above examples
data, Google Earth provides a vendor technology, informa- include not just interface or encoding stan-
baseline of imagery, but where tion sharing is not trivial. Each dards but also institutional agreements,
does that data come from? How organization looks at the world process standards, and rights of use.
automatically does it get to differently and hence uses
Google Earth? When a munici- different schemas (data models). Why does the GeoWeb matter?
pality adds a new road, is there Standards and the infrastructure The GeoWeb allows extraction of a
a means for that to be automati- based on these standards must deeper level of information and knowledge
cally reflected in the base data enable data to be shared in spite than ever before. As a result, geospatial
of Google Maps or Microsoft of such model differences. becomes a value multiplier from a busi-
Virtual Earth (now Bing)? ness and public policy perspective. The
ºº Business process integration ability to gain unprecedented insight into
ºº Interoperability is required to of geospatial content is critical. the day-to-day activities we conduct, from
deliver seamless services and Many GeoWeb technologies are business to government, and from emer-
content to the user so that the solutions looking for problems to gency response, to social interactions, to
user doesn’t need to worry about solve and many national mapping travel will raise the level of information for
multiple formats. For example, programs focus on the aggrega- everyone and create a platform for innova-
find the best imagery of Seattle tion of data that is not particularly tion of new products and services.
and find floodplain data, and then useful to solving specific business Although taking advantage of
display a map of the areas at risk and public policy problems. the GeoWeb does not require formal
for 100-year floods. If NGA has Maturing of the GeoWeb will geospatial training or expertise,
the best aerial imagery and FEMA require the development of an understanding the technology chal-
has the best floodplain database, information infrastructure that lenges and the history, social, busi-
and both are in well-known and integrates business processes, ness, and government issues is critical
standardized formats, then it and that is driven from a business to its continued growth and maturity.
is much easier to implement requirements perspective. The GeoWeb 101 workshop is a must
the service combining the two Therefore understanding for those new to the GeoWeb geospa-
datasets and furthermore the user the lifecycle and workflow of tial experience, as well as for those
doesn’t even have data in the enterprise context is who are technically geo-savvy but
to be aware of the critical. For example, the building looking to better understand the busi-
permitting process requires a ness, governmental, and policy issues
Geospatial becomes developer to submit plans for involved in expanding the GeoWeb. For
the building for the purpose of everything you ever wanted to know
a value multiplier from a getting approval. Those plans are about the GeoWeb—from its history,
business and public currently not integrated with law definition, and business issues to appli-
enforcement, urban planning, and cations, architecture, and standards—
policy perspective. utility providers, for example for don’t miss the GeoWeb 101 workshop
the purposes of crime analysis on Monday, July 27, 2009.
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191
Voluntary
Carbon
Markets
from Space
The Practical Management
of Kyoto-compliance
Within the glossary of terms, bodies and working
groups associated with the United Nations Frame-
work Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
negotiations is a well-known reference to satel-
lite Earth Observations. The UNFCCC Subsid-
iary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice
(SBSTA) annually endorses the goal of cooperation
in “systematic observation” of the climate system
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20to identify causes and effects of global tial tools to help shape carbon markets The Role of the
change. The Global Climate Observing has been clearly reflected within the Voluntary Carbon Market
System (GCOS) secretariat of the World framework of the UNFCCC process. The international finance sector has
Meteorological Organization (WMO) The International Panel on Climate established certified carbon emissions
and other specialized agencies and Change (IPCC) Guidelines for Agri- reductions—carbon credits—as interna-
organizations participating in WMO’s culture, Forestry and Other Land Uses tionally traded commodities. As such,
Climate Agenda are in charge of (AFOLU) of 2003 is the most important carbon transactions take place in the
on-going research and implementation and widely recognized material devel- “Kyoto-compliance” and “voluntary”
of “Essential Climate Variables” needed oped to assist in the implementation carbon markets. Currently most of the
for climate monitoring and prediction, of carbon sequestration and carbon LULUCF-related credits are outside the
many taken from Earth observations. conservation projects. The specific Kyoto Protocol, mostly because land
The role of Earth Observations in the methodologies based on those guide- use and forestry are barred from the
process is no less important to practical lines are developed under the UNFCCC EU Emissions Trading System. There-
management of statutory and emerging mechanism compliant to Kyoto Protocol fore, the credits and offsets from the
voluntary “carbon markets.” This is through the Clean Development Mech- LULUCF projects are traded primarily
because effective mapping and moni- anism (CDM) and Joint Implementa- in the voluntary market, which initially
toring of carbon stored in land-based tion (JI)), and within the voluntary emerged as an idea for “corporate and
ecosystems is key to any mechanism carbon markets outside Kyoto Protocol, social responsibility” for climate change
that compensates countries for reducing especially through the strategy usually mitigation actions, but slowly turned into
their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions referred to as “Reducing Emissions an alternative to Kyoto regulations.
through land use and forestry. from Deforestation and Forests Degra- The voluntary carbon market repre-
The UNFCCC negotiation block dation” or REDD. sents only 2.9% of the total volume of the
called LULUCF (land use, land use Despite developing dedicated instru- carbon market and 0.6% of its value ($700
change and forestry), which treats ments, procedures and methods, the million USD in 2008); however, despite the
forests and other types of vegetation volume of transactions in this area is relatively small volume, the array of activi-
as global carbon stocks, provides for relatively small. The parties to the Kyoto ties producing carbon credits is quite exten-
a wide array of activities that could Protocol limited their certified CO2 emis- sive. The emissions reductions based on the
mitigate carbon emissions. Because the sions reductions to projects pertaining avoided deforestation and forests degrada-
international finance sector has estab- to afforestation and reforestation (A/R) tion (REDD) has been, for example, firmly
lished certified carbon emissions reduc- only, thus excluding carbon sequestra- established there. Soil carbon sequestration
tions as a traded commodity, those tion in soils, non-forest biomass and has been included in the biggest U.S.-based
activities can also generate carbon agricultural land use, or carbon conser- international voluntary emission trading
credits to be further exchanged in the vation through avoided deforestation. system, the Chicago Climate Exchange
international carbon market. Moreover, the Kyoto-compliance carbon
As much as one quarter of the CO2 market for LULUCF is marginal—under W WF ig u r e 1
mitigation potential may lie in affor- the Protocol it does not exceed 1% of the This radar Envisat acquisition highlights
estation and reforestation, preventing total carbon credits traded within the Indonesia’s Kalimantan region in the southern
part of tropical Borneo in Southeast Asia.
deforestation and forest degradation, market.
Borneo, the world’s third largest island, was
cropland management, grazing land The change for the LULUCF nego- once covered in dense rainforests. However,
management, revegetation, grasslands tiation block is, however, forthcoming, in the 1980-1990s, these forests were cleared
and agroforestry. Therefore, it is widely and it is expected from three directions. for their timber at an alarming rate. Soon after,
expected that future arrangements on First, a variety of the land-based carbon the global demand for palm oil increased and
what was left of Borneo’s forests started being
climate change will maximize the role credits are welcomed in the voluntary
cleared for palm plantations (visible as square
of LULUCF in the climate agenda by carbon market. Second, the learning- green patches). This image was acquired on
providing “large, stable, predictable by-doing experience from design, moni- April 23, 2009, by Envisat’s Advanced Synthetic
and long-term financial flows” to the toring and verification of the forestry Aperture Radar (ASAR) instrument. Credit: ESA
carbon market stakeholders; hence, a CDM/JI projects is growing. Third, Envisat www.esa.int.
“large, stable, predictable and long- innovative carbon financing can really
term” marketplace for geo-referenced make a difference to the least-developed Anna Burzykowska, LL.M.
data is also forthcoming. countries in achieving their abatement YGT European Space Agency
The necessity to use the remote potential, especially if it will help them Washington D.C.
www.esa.int
sensing techniques and other geospa- reform the CDM/JI system.
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21(CCX), and the California Action Reserve— Building up the voluntary carbon tive remote sensing applications), these
the regional carbon offset market in the market capacity has other important are the voluntary markets that will yield
Western United States—comprises project advantages. The Kyoto system is very important results for the inclusion or
types from agriculture to forestry. In 2004, conservative in terms of LULUCF. It exclusion of new methodologies and
as much as one-third of the voluntary regards, for example, the REDD strategy protocols for LULUCF projects imple-
market transactions were in the land-based as yet insufficiently developed to become mentation.
sector, mainly within forestry. The volume extensively financed by market mecha- The most recent 2009 assessment
of transactions fell in 2007 and 2008 to nisms. There are good reasons for this of the CDM, the World Bank’s annual
16% and 11% respectively, but the market skepticism: the land-based CO2 mitigation report on state and trends of carbon
grew in size (it doubled in 2008) and the (sequestration) strategy has to deal with markets, has explicitly mentioned that
amount of certified emissions reductions, the problem of leakage (or displacement the know-how from the U.S. voluntary
as well as the number of registered projects, of emissions to another location to avoid domestic emission reduction schemes—
has increased. regulation) and non-permanence of emis- especially under the California Climate
This trend will be further reinforced sions reductions, as well as with fears of Action Reserve (C-CAR) or the Volun-
after the land use carbon credits are “flooding the market with cheap carbon tary Carbon Standard (VCS)—is seen as
accepted under the future U.S. emis- credits,” which would distract atten- a guideline for addressing the problems of
sions trading scheme, the cap-and-trade tion from regulating fossil fuel and other the permanence of emissions reductions
system. The American Clean Energy heavy industry sectors. Therefore, many in soils and biomass, and of simplifying
and Security Act (formerly called the LULUCF activities are simply not eligible the methodology for Kyoto-compliance
Waxman-Markey proposal) passed in the for CDM financing under Kyoto. There is transactions in the forestry sector.
U.S. House of Representatives on June also little incentive to do the cumbersome
research and preparations that are required Learning-by-doing Experience
for Kyoto-compliant CDM projects, which The most recent UNFCCC SBSTA
are generally regarded as expensive, too meeting in Bonn, June 1-12, 2009, noted
complicated and highly rigorous. that the experience from real-life forestry
Voluntary market transactions, on projects is paramount for the REDD
the other hand, are much more inclusive strategy to be included as an outcome of
when it comes to the types of supported 2009 UNFCCC talks in Copenhagen.
activities, as well as much more flexible Significant progress in using remote
with regard to project design and imple- sensing methods has been possible thanks
mentation (although the carbon credits to the lessons learned from the REDD
may be sometimes of a lesser value, projects run by, among others, the World
depending on the type of activity). There- Bank BioCarbon Fund, GOFC-GOLD,
fore the voluntary carbon market grew Tropical Forest Group and national forest
not only as a place where the majority research organizations, to name a few. The
of interest in land-based carbon credits World Bank’s BioCarbon Fund (BCF), for
accumulated, but it consequently is also instance, submitted to SBSTA a review of
2 expected to contribute to the reduction the methodology developed for the project
of the complexity of the CDM methods. in Madagascar dedicated to estimating
More so, the voluntary market has conse- and monitoring GHG emissions from
quently become the best space for testing mosaic deforestation. The Institute of
26, 2009 and pending Senate's approval, new products, services and methodologies Applied Ecology in its report to UNFCCC
calls for carbon offsets from afforestation, in project design, monitoring and verifica- indicated improvements in using Earth
reforestation and other biological seques- tion. The CCX, for example, has recently observation technologies in forestry
tration, including emissions reductions approved its first forestry carbon offset projects implemented in Peru, Congo,
from forestry conservation in developing plan using innovative remote sensing Madagascar, Indonesia, and Papua, New
countries. As a result, it is likely that those monitoring techniques: aerial LIDAR and Guinea, but pointed to poor historical data
voluntary markets will eventually pave the CIR remote sensing imagery. In effect, if for many tropical countries (of which India
way to carbon sequestration/conservation the market potential of LULUCF is going and Brazil are prominent exceptions) and
in soils and forests as a part of the inter- to be shaped by an increasing confidence to problems with time series consistency
national carbon market in the post-Kyoto in emissions reductions (largely achieved between the data from different satellites
regime to be negotiated in Copenhagen. by new science, technology and innova- and sensors over time.
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22The lessons learned within the Kyoto
market, on the other hand, are at least
twofold. The CDM/JI projects assess-
ment by the UNDP (U.N. Development
Programme) revealed that the costs of
forestry projects monitoring and verifica-
tion can be very high, in some cases up
to 25% of project cost. This is because
the accuracy levels are very high and the
approach toward potential deficiencies in
data is conservative.
In terms of CDM/JI projects planning,
by August 2008 over 90% of the approved
afforestation/reforestation projects were
based on the historical land use data for
estimation of land eligibility and the emis-
sions reduction baseline. As a result, the
Global Environment Facility (GEF) – the
financial mechanism of the UNFCCC
governed by the World Bank – indicated
the need for wider accessibility of scien-
tific research and GIS for the CDM/JI
decisions planning.
The 2008 release of the historical 3
Landsat imagery has been a major
breakthrough in addressing those needs;
nevertheless the basic information on
land categorization for potential carbon W WF ig u r e 2
stocks is still lacking in developing coun- Satellite image showing deforestation in Northwest Brazil (Rondonia) is an example of a multi-temporal
product extract based on the combination of two ERS acquisitions (April 1996) showing radar backscatter
tries, especially in Africa, because the
(green) and radar backscatter changes over time (blue) over a region of active deforestation. Deforestation
evidence of historical land use is often not patterns are clearly visible from the structure and texture of the backscatter image layer in the Southeast
available to them or is difficult to obtain, portion of the image extract. This product extract has been designed and processed by Gamma Remote
especially over tropical regions with a Sensing (CH). Credit: ESA/Gamma Remote Sensing.
heavy cloud cover. It is expected that
only the upcoming FAO Forest Resource S SF ig u r e 3
Assessment (FRA 2010) will provide the One of Russia’s largest reservoirs, the Tsimlyansk, is highlighted in this Envisat image acquired on September
first consistent global time-series of satel- 27, 2008, over southern Russia. The reservoir is located at the great bend of the Don River near the town of
lite data using imagery from MODIS (at Tsimlyansk in the province of Rostov. Many agricultural crops can be seen growing along the river, including
wheat, rice, cotton, alfalfa, grapes and other fruits and vegetables. The darker brown areas around the
250-m resolution) and Landsat satellites
reservoir indicate where crops have already been harvested. Earth observation satellites are used in
from 1975, 1990, 2000 and 2005. agricultural monitoring for mapping and classifying land use, crop type, crop health, change detection,
irrigated landscape mapping and crop area mapping. Credit: ESA.
Innovative Carbon Markets
Financing in Developing and potential. To overcome that difficulty, The vehicles for those transactions are
Least-developed Countries in 2007 the World Bank and its Carbon carbon funds managed by the World Bank,
The UNFCCC has repeatedly raised Finance Unit (CFU) introduced innova- such as Prototype Carbon Fund, Nether-
the concern that between one-half and tive financing mechanisms, which in the lands JI and Netherlands CDM Facilities,
one-third of carbon abatement spending short term are aimed to buffer the low Community Development Carbon Fund,
between 2000 and 2050 must occur in confidence in carbon transactions with BioCarbon Fund, Italian Carbon Fund,
developing countries, but the immaturity those countries, help them to overcome Spanish Carbon Fund, Danish Carbon
of their carbon markets—the poor supply barriers for CDM project development Fund, the Umbrella Carbon Facility,
of offset credits under the CDM—poses and implementation, and enable transfer Carbon Fund for Europe, the Forest
a problem in achieving their mitigation of technologies and know-how. Carbon Partnership Facility, and the
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