Carbon Recycling Technologies - Roadmap for June 2019 (July 2021 Revision) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry In cooperation with the of ...
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Roadmap for
Carbon Recycling Technologies
June 2019 (July 2021 Revision)
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
In cooperation with the of Cabinet Office,
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology,
& Ministry of the EnvironmentCCUS/Carbon Recycling
With the concept of Carbon Recycling technology, we consider carbon dioxide as a source of carbon, and promote capturing and
recycling this material. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) will be recycled into concrete through mineralization, into chemicals through artificial
photosynthesis, and into fuels through methanation to reduce CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere.
Carbon Recycling technology advances research and development of CO₂ utilization promoting collaborations among industries,
academia, and governments around the world while also stimulates disruptive innovation.
Carbon Recycling is one of the key technologies for society, together with energy saving, renewable energy, and CCS.
1. Chemicals
• Oxygenated compounds (polycarbonate, urethane,
CCUS/Carbon etc.)
Recycling EOR • Biomass-derived chemicals
• Commodity chemicals (olefin, BTX, etc.)
Direct Utilization of 2. Fuels
• Liquid fuels (1) (synthetic fuels:e-fuel,SAF,etc.)
Capture Utilization CO₂ • Liquid fuels (2) (microalgae biofuels: SAF and diesel)
• Liquid fuels (3) (biofuels excluding fuels derived from
microalgae: MTG, ethanol, etc.)
(welding, dry ice, etc.) • Gas fuels (methane, propane, and dimethyl ether)
Carbon Recycling 3. Minerals
• Concrete, cement, carbonates, carbon, carbides,
Storage etc.
4. Others
• Negative emission technologies (BECCS, blue
carbon/marine biomass, enhanced weathering,
reforestation, etc.)
1Roadmap for Carbon Recycling Technologies
Volume of utilized CO₂
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Attempt to reduce costs of technologies that are
Pursue all potential technologies expected to spread from 2030 onwards. Pursue further cost reduction
for carbon recycling initiatives. Priority should be given to technologies for
Priority should be given to producing general-purpose commodity in High consumption expected from
technologies requiring no robust demand, among technologies expected to 2030
hydrogen and/or producing high- diffuse on the premise of cheap hydrogen supply Chemicals: Polycarbonate, etc.
value added products, which can from 2040 onwards. Liquid fuels: Bio jet fuels, etc.
be expected to be implemented Concrete Products: Road curb blocks,
from around 2030 onwards. Expected to spread from 2030 etc.
Chemicals Expected to start spreading from
Chemicals (polycarbonate, etc.) around 2040
Polycarbonate, etc.
Further CO₂ emission cuts Chemicals
Liquid Fuels Commodity (olefin, BTX, etc.)
Liquid Fuels
Liquid fuels (Bio jet fuels, etc.) Bio jet fuels, etc.
Gas, Liquid (methane, synthetic
Cost must be reduced to around Concrete Products fuels, etc.)
Road curb blocks, cement, etc Concrete Products
1/8 -1/16 of current levels.
Commodity
Concrete Products (Road curb blocks, etc.) *Technology requiring no *Expansion into commodity
hydrogen and/or high-value markets with robust demand
Cost must be reduced to 1/3
added products will be
– 1/5 of current levels. *Target for 2050
commercialized first.
Hydrogen JPY 20/Nm3 (cost at delivery site) *
CO₂ capture technology Reducing cost Less than ¼ of current cost
Current 2030 From 2040 onwards
2*1 Price researched by secretariat
Summary of Carbon Recycling Technologies and Products *2 Basic substances, chemicals (excluding some oxygenated compounds), and many technologies for fuels require large
amounts of inexpensive CO₂-free hydrogen. Biomass-derived fuels may require hydrogen for hydrogenation treatment, etc.
Substance After Price of the Existing
CO₂ Conversion Current Status*1 Challenges Equivalent Product*1 In 2030 From 2040 Onwards
Improvement of conversion
Basic Syngas/ Partially commercialized. Innovative
efficiency and reaction rate, Reduction in Further reduction in
process (light, electricity utilization) is at
improvement in durability of － process costs process costs
Substance Methanol, etc. R&D stage
catalyst, etc.
Partially commercialized (e.g.,
polycarbonates). Others are at R&D Reduce the amount of CO₂
emission for polycarbonate. Other Approx. JPY 300-500/kg
Oxygenated stage.
than polycarbonate, etc. (polycarbonate (domestic
Costs: similar to those of Further reduction in
Compounds [Price example] existing energy/products costs
commercialized (Improvement in sale price))
Price of the existing equivalent product conversion rate/selectivity, etc.)
(Polycarbonate)
Chemicals Biomass- Cost reduction/effective
Technical development stage (non- Costs: similar to those of Further reduction in
derived edible biomass)
pretreatment technique, － existing energy/products costs
Chemicals conversion technologies, etc.
Commodity Partially commercialized (e.g., Syngas, Improvement in conversion
JPY 100/kg Costs: similar to those
Chemicals etc. produced from coal) rate/selectivity, etc.
(ethylene (domestic sale － of existing
(olefin, BTX, etc.) price)) energy/products
Demonstration Stage Improvement productivity, cost Approx. JPY 100/L level Costs: similar to those of
Liquid Fuel [Price example] reduction, effective pretreatment (bio jet fuels existing energy/products
Further reduction in
(microalgae biofuel) costs
Bio jet Fuels: JPY 1600/L technique, etc. (domestic sale price)) (JPY 100-200/L)
Liquid Fuel Technical Development stage (e-fuel, JPY 50-80/L
(alcohol as raw material Synthetic fuels: Less
(CO₂-derived fuels SAF). Partially commercialized for edible Improvement in current than gasoline price
or biofuels; (imported price)
Fuels biomass-derived bioethanol. processes, system optimization, － costs: similar to those
excluding [Price example] etc. Approx. JPY 130/L of existing
microalgae-derived Synthetic fuels: about JPY300-700/L Industrial alcohol (domestic energy/products
ones) sale price)
Gas Fuels JPY 40-50/Nm3 Costs: similar to those
Technical Development/Demonstration System optimization, scale-up, Reduction in costs for
(methane, propane, Stage (Natural gas of existing
efficiency improvement, etc. CO₂–derived CH4
dimethyl ether) (imported price)) energy/products
Concrete, Partially commercialized. R&D for Other products,
cement, various technologies and techniques for JPY 30/kg Road curb block except road curb
Separation of CO₂-reactive and
block
Minerals carbonates, cost reduction are underway. CO₂-unreactive compounds, (Road curb block costs: similar to those of costs: similar to those
carbon, [Price example] comminution, etc. (domestic sale price)) existing energy/products of existing
carbides order of JPY 100/t (Road curb block) energy/products
Partially commercialized (chemical Approx. JPY 1000-2000
absorption). Other techniques are at /t-CO₂
CO₂ capture ≤JPY 1000/t-CO₂
Common research/ demonstration stage Reduction in the required energy, (chemical absorption,
(including etc. － solid absorption, physical
≤JPY 2000/t-CO₂
Technology [Price example] (DAC)
DAC) Approx. JPY 4000/t-CO₂ absorption, membrane
(Chemical absorption) separation)
Technologies have been roughly
Basic established (e.g., water electrolysis).
JPY 30/Nm3
JPY 20/Nm3
Hydrogen R&D for other techniques and cost
Cost reduction, etc.
(cost at delivery site)
Substance
reduction are also underway.
3Scope : Roadmap for Carbon Recycling Technologies
We expect carbon recycling technology, where we consider CO₂ as a resource, will begin as
relatively small volume activities. We expect this initiative will continue to expand into different
application areas as cost effectiveness improves. We set relatively short-term targets for 2030 and
mid- to long-term targets for 2040 onwards.
2030: Technologies aiming at achieving commercialization as soon as possible.
(1) Establish an environment that fosters easy utilization of CO₂ (reducing costs for capture and recycle
of CO₂)
(2) Processes whose basic technology is established can replace existing products by reducing costs
(products that do not require inexpensive hydrogen supply, as well as high-value added )
2040 onwards: Technologies aiming at achieving commercialization in the mid- to long-
term.
○ Early-stage technologies that have greater impacts by using a large amount of CO₂
(possibly enabled by inexpensive hydrogen)
2030 (short-term) 2040 onwards (mid-to long-term)
Technologies producing high-value added Expanded to products that have large
products and/or requiring no hydrogen will be demand:
commercialized first: • Chemicals (commodity: olefin, BTX, etc.)
Field
• Chemicals (polycarbonate, etc.) • Fuels (gas, liquid: methane, synthetic fuels,
• Liquid fuels (bio jet fuels, etc.) etc.)
• Concrete products (Road curb blocks, etc.) • Concrete products (commodity)
4Individual technologies
5CCUS/Carbon Recycling
Carbon Recycling: With the concept of Carbon Recycling technology, we consider carbon dioxide as a source of carbon, and promote
separating, capturing, and recycling of this material. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) will be recycled into concrete through mineralization, into
chemicals through artificial photosynthesis, and into fuels through methanation to reduce CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere.
EOR*1 *1 EOR: Enhanced Oil Recovery
Emissions etc. Storage
Direct utilization (Welding, dry ice）
Utilizing waste gas
as it is
Utilization Basic substances Thermal chemistry (catalysts, etc.)
Separating and
Capturing CO₂ from • CO/H₂ Syngas Photochemistry (photocatalysts, etc.)
Electrochemistry (electrochemical
waste gas • Methanol, etc. reduction, etc.)
Common Technology
Biological synthesis (microorganisms, etc.)
Capture Transportation Combination of the above
• Chemical or physical ab/adsorption,
membrane separation, etc. • Oxygenated compounds (polycarbonate, urethane, etc.)
• Direct Air Capture (DAC) Chemicals • Biomass-derived chemicals
• CO₂ transportation (vehicles, pipelines, • Commodity chemicals (olefin, BTX, etc.)
ships, etc.)
• Liquid fuels (1) (Synthetic fuels: e-fuel, SAF*2)
• Liquid fuels (2) (microalgae biofuels: SAF/diesel)
• Liquid fuels (3) (biofuels excluding fuels derived from
Common Substances
Carbon-free Hydrogen Production Fuel
microalgae: MTG*3, ethanol, etc.)
• Water electrolysis • Gas fuels (methane, propane, dimethyl ether)
• Fossil resource reforming＋CCS, etc.
Mineral • Concrete, cement, carbonates, carbon, carbides, etc.
Domestic surplus renewable energy
Various hydrogen carriers (such as liquid • Negative emissions technologies (BECCS, blue carbon/marine
hydrogen, MCH, NH₃,, etc.) Others
biomass, enhanced weathering, reforestation , etc.)
*2 SAF: Sustainable aviation fuel
*3 MTG: Methanol to Gasoline 6Common technology
CO₂ Capture Technology
Target for 2030 Target from
• Reduction in capital and operational costs and in required
energy
Development of new materials (absorbers, adsorbents,
2040 onwards
separation membrane) • For low-pressure gas (CO₂ separation from flue gas, blast
Reduction in production costs of functional materials furnace gas, etc. at several percent and under normal pressure)
Optimization of processes (in terms of heat/substance/power, JPY2,000 level/t-CO₂
CO₂ emission source/application
• For high-pressure gas (CO₂ separation from chemical • Achieve JPY 1,000/t-
• Establishing CO₂ capture and conversion systems by matching CO₂ or lower
process/fuel gas, etc. several percent and several MPa)
CO₂ supply and demand with co-production opportunities
• Establishing assessment baseline for energy consumption and
JPY1,000 level/t-CO₂ • Improve the durability
Required energy 0.5GJ/t-CO₂ and reliability of CO₂
cost
Physical absorption, membrane separation, physical separation and
• Transportation and storage
adsorption ,etc.
Transportation cost reduction (large-scale transportation, capture systems and
liquefaction technology) • Overall review of other processes (power generation and downsize these
Control and management of CO₂ supply and demand matching chemical synthesis systems with CO₂ separation and capture) systems
Closed IGCC/Chemical looping, etc.
JPY1,000 level/t-CO₂ • Optimize CO₂ capture
• Chemical absorption (temperature swing (current process)) Required energy 0.5GJ/t-CO₂ systems according to
Approx. JPY 4,000/t-CO₂ the emission source
Required energy: Approx.2.5GJ/t-CO₂
and application
• Physical absorption (pressure swing (demonstration stage)) • Realization of an energy-saving, low cost CO₂
capture system that is designed for each CO₂ • Full-fledged spread of
• Solid absorption (temperature swing) (R&D stage) CO₂ separation,
• Physical adsorption (pressure/temperature gaps, advantageous
emission source/usage
in smaller scales, selectivity/capacity/durability improvements,
• Realization of 10,000 hour continuous capture, and
development of new materials) operation (to demonstrate the robustness and transportation
• Membrane separation (pressure difference) reliability) systems
• Others: cryogenic separation technique, Direct Air Capture, etc. • Develop CO₂
• Establish assessment protocols to accelerate material networks (covering
development capture/transportation
• Oxygen-enriched combustion, closed IGCC
Development of low cost oxygen supply technology /utilization
• Chemical Looping combustion • Establish energy-saving, low-cost CO₂ transportation and storage infrastructure, hubs &
Development of low-cost and durable oxygen carriers infrastructure matching CO₂ emission sources and usages clusters, etc.)
Liquefaction (cooling, compression), storage (containers, tank),
transportation (vehicles, pipelines, ships, etc.)
• Development of low-cost CO₂ separation and capture technology
• Development of technology for transporting liquefied CO₂ by
ships
7Common technology
DAC (Direct Air Capture)
• Development of air contactor technology for contact between
absorbers/adsorbents/membranes and air
• Development of distributed (small-scale) systems
Development of large-scale (highly efficient) systems
Target for 2030 Target from 2040
onwards
• Reduction of equipment/operation costs and energy
consumption
Development of new materials (absorbers, adsorbents and
separation membranes) (improve selectivity, capacity and
capture costs in the 2030s market • Achieve capture costs
Example targets less than JPY 2,000/t-
• Development of technologies to raise capture efficiency and JPY 10,000/t-CO₂: ICEF (Innovation for Cool
cut energy consumption to improve CO₂ separation and
CO₂
capture
Earth Forum) roadmap • Improve DAC system
• JPY 30,000-60,000/t-CO₂ JPY 10,000/t-CO₂: Published as corporate durability and reliability
* In the absence of large-scale demonstration tests, costs vary target for 2025 or 2030 • Full-fledged spread of
significantly depending on the system and technologies as DAC system
well as on scales • Confirm the effectiveness from the lifecycle
• DAC technology should be to utilization renewable energy
and other non-fossil power sources, considering storage and
assessment (LCA) through pilot projects
utilization of captured CO₂.
• Selection of DAC locations (suitable climate for CO₂ capture,
proximity to energy sources and CO₂ utilization demands)
• Establishing assessment baseline for energy consumption
and cost
• Moonshot Research & Development Program
Chemical absorption, physical absorption, solid absorption,
physical adsorption, and membrane separation methods
8Common technology
Explanations of CO₂ separation/capture and DAC technologies
Capture technologies Principle Application areas
Chemical absorption • Chemical reaction between CO₂ and liquid. thermal power plants, cement manufacture,
iron and steel production, petroleum refining,
chemical production, and fossil fuel extraction
Physical absorption • Dissolution of CO₂ into liquid. thermal power plants (high gas pressure),
• Efficiency depends on the solubility of CO₂ in the absorbent. petroleum refining, chemical production and
fossil fuel extraction
Solid absorption • Absorption into solid absorbents. thermal power plants, cement manufacture,
• Absorbents include porous materials impregnated with amines petroleum refining, and chemical production
(for low temperature separation) or other solid absorbents for high
temperature separation.
Physical adsorption • Adsorption onto a porous solid such as zeolite and metal-organic thermal power plants, cement manufacture,
complex (e.g., MOFs). iron and steel production, petroleum refining
• Realized by increase and decrease of pressure (pressure swing) and chemical production
or temperature (temperature swing).
Membrane • Separation of CO₂ by using permeation through zeolite, carbon, thermal power plants (high gas pressure),
separation organic, or other membranes which have selective permeability petroleum refining, chemical production and
for different gas species. fossil fuel extraction
DAC (Direct Air • Technology for direct capture of dilute CO₂ from the atmosphere Capture CO₂ at very low concentration (400
Capture) using the abovementioned separation and capture technology. ppm) in the atmosphere
• The DAC technology is an advanced version of the CO₂
separation and capture technology. Further cuts in costs and
energy consumption are required for commercialization.
9Basic substances
Methane Chemistry, etc. (Until inexpensive hydrogen can be supplied, methane (CH₄) or waste
plastics will be used instead of CO₂.)
[CH₄→Syngas (1)] Target for 2030 Target from 2040
• Established as a commercial process
• Partial oxidation/ATR, dry reforming: There is a room for
Onwards
improvement, such as making the reaction temperature
lower, searching suitable catalysts, improving durability, • CH₄→Syngas Reaction temperature: 600°C
etc. or lower
(Catalyst: life of approx. 8000hr)
[CH₄→Others]
• Development a hydrogen separation
• Separation under high temperature conditions (hydrogen
and benzene, etc.)
membrane • Raw materials are replaced
• Direct synthesis of methanol (2) and of ethylene (3) are that is usable even at 600°C with CO₂ (Slides 11 and 12)
still at R& D stage. and the costs are similar to
• Methane thermal cracking where CO₂-free hydrogen can those for existing
be obtained is still at R&D stage (catalyst development, • Costs are similar to those for existing energy/products
carbon removal/utilization technology) energy/products
[Waste plastic or rubber depolymerization – olefin]
• Develop technologies for waste plastic pretreatment • Further reduction
(removing impure substances) • In LCA, the amount of emissions must be
• Develop catalysts (to improve conversion rate/selectivity) equal to or lower than the CO₂ emission
intensity from
the current process
• Heat management, equipment costs, development of
low-cost oxygenation (such as the utilization of oxygen P.10
concurrently produced during electrolysis) (3)
Natural Gas (2)
CH₄ Methanol
P.10 Chemicals
Waste CH₃OH
(1) P.13
plastics, etc. Syngas P.12
Fuels
Ethanol
CO,H₂
C₂H₅OH
CO₂, H₂
P.11
P.13
10Basic substances
Technologies to produce syngas containing Carbon Mono-oxide and Hydrogen
Thermal Chemistry (catalysts, etc.)
• Further improvement in current processes (reverse-shift reaction)
Target for 2030 Target from 2040
• Capture and reuse of the CO₂ produced as a byproduct in reaction
system
Onwards
• Improvement in steam reforming processes (processes, catalysts and
separation), thermal cracking of methane, thermal cracking of CO₂ • Reduction in process cost
utilizing solar heat
• Further reduction in process cost
• Catalyst Development • Further improvement of
Hydrogen synthesis (photocatalysts) → Reverse shift reaction conversion efficiency
Direct synthesis of CO
Improvement in conversion efficiency and separation of gas • CO₂ processing speed 6t/yr/m2
generated (Achievement of current density 500mA/cm2
• System design of a plant whose commercialization is viable
• Examination and comparison with the current CO production process
electrolytic efficiency50%) (Electrochemistry) • CO₂ processing speed 11 t/yr/m2
Note 1)
(methane-derived) (Achievement of current density
1000mA/cm2 at ordinary
temperature/normal pressure,
Electrochemistry (electrochemical reduction, etc.) • Further improvement in durability and
Electrolytic reduction
electrolytic efficiency 50%)
Reduction in costs (Electrochemistry) Note 1)
• Development of a catalyst electrode that is suitable for high current
density (improve reaction rate) (Others)
• Development of integration technology for catalyst electrodes (improve • Development of renewable energy
(Others)
the current density per unit volume)
combined systems • Synthesis that utilizes thermal
• Production of syngas through co-electrolysis (respond to load change,
equipment scale) • Development of hybrid systems (Photo ＋ chemistry/photochemistry/
Electricity, etc.) electrochemistry/organisms is the
• System design of a plant whose commercialization is viable • Sector coupling: Introducing the accommodation best mix of various
• Examination and comparison with the current CO production process of basic substances and Carbon Recycling projects
(methane-derived) reactions/technologies.
through inter-industry cooperation, including
• Securing massive, stable, CO₂-free electricity supply at reasonable industrial complex operation
prices
Synthesis utilizing organisms (such as microorganisms)
Note 1) Estimate under the following conditions: 100MW plant, availability factor:16.3%, and JPY 2/kWh.
• Implement various types of R&D Source of the available factor: Materials owned by ANRE (Agency for Natural Resources and Energy)
Note 2) Supplying inexpensive CO₂ free Hydrogen is important 11Basic substances
Technologies to produce Methanol, etc.
Thermal Chemistry (catalysts, etc.)
[CO₂ → Methanol]
• Reaction at low temperature (improvement in conversion
Target for 2030 Target from 2040
rate/selectivity)
• Separation/removal of the water arising from the reaction
Onwards
• Direct utilization of low quality exhaust gas (at a research stage)
Measures against deterioration/improvements of durability of
• Reduction in process cost
catalysts
• Examination and comparison with the current practical process • Development of renewable energy combined
(reaction through syngas)
systems
• Utilization of CO₂ in existing methanol production equipment
• Development of hybrid systems (Photo ＋
Electricity, etc.)
[Syngas → Methanol (or DME)]
• Considering large-scale methanol supply • Further reduction in
• Improvement of yields in methanol production chain process cost
• Methanol and DME production control technology • Apply the technology to existing production
systems/secure affinity
Photochemistry (photocatalysts, etc.) • The expected costs are
roughly equal to those
Synthesis utilizing organisms (such as microorganisms) • Demonstrate the technology for methanol to incurred for the product
be used in an actual environment
Implement various types of R&D • Expand mixed utilization of existing fuels and synthesized from natural
methanol as well as the mixed ratio gas-derived methanol
• Direct synthesis of formic acid/methanol(by utilizing the protons
in water)
• Improvement in reaction rate and efficiency • Establish a reaction control technology for
large-scale processes
• Securing massive, stable, CO₂-free electricity supply at • Develop production technologies responding
reasonable prices (in the case of utilizing electricity) to CO₂ and H₂ supply and demand
fluctuations
• Demonstration of integrated bioethanol production from syngas
(derived from waste incineration facilities) using
microorganisms (The technology to be established by 2023:
Goal 500～1,000kL/y scale demonstration to be implemented)
* some processes require no further hydrogen
Supplying inexpensive CO₂ free Hydrogen is important 12Chemicals
Technologies to produce basic chemicals (olefins, BTX, etc.)
[MTO (Methanol to Olefins)] Target for 2030 Target from 2040
[ETO (Ethanol to Olefins)]
• Develop catalysts (to improve conversion Onwards
rate/selectivity)
E.g.:Controlling a generation rate for plastic
materials (C2 ethylene, C3 propylene, C4 [MTO, ETO, syngas → olefins]
butene, etc.) and rubber materials (C4 • Establish C2-C5 selective synthesis
butadiene, C5 isoprene) technology
• Countermeasures against catalyst poisoning • Further improvement of yield and control of
(controlling carbon precipitation)
selectivity
• Establish mass production and cost reduction
[MTA-BTX] (R&D projects exist)
• Developing catalysts (improvement in conversion technologies for catalysts • The costs are similar to
rate/selectivity) • Establish olefin distillation and separation
those for existing
E.g.:Controlling generation ratio of benzene, processes
toluene, xylene, etc. [MTA-BTX] energy/products
• Mass production technology for catalysts • Further improvement of yield, control of
(influences of materials, shapes, sizes, etc.) selectivity and improvement of durability
• Lengthening service lives of catalysts • Establish processes for commercial plants • In LCA, the amount of
• Poisoning countermeasures for improving
catalysts lifetime
emissions must be equal to
[CO₂→olefins] or lower than half of
• Further improvement of energy conversion the CO₂ emission intensity
[Syngas → olefins, BTX]
• Develop catalysts (to improve conversion efficiency and generation speed
from the current process
rate/selectivity)
E.g.:Controlling a generation rate for plastic
materials (C2 ethylene, C3 propylene, C4 • In LCA, the amount of emissions must be
butene, etc.) and BTX (C6 benzene, C7 equal to or lower than the CO₂ emission
toluene and C8 xylene) intensity from the current process
• Suppression of the generation of CO₂, methane
and heavy oil
[CO₂ → olefins]
• Develop electrochemical reaction technology
• Develop electrode catalysts, electrolytes and
reactor vessels Supplying inexpensive CO₂ free Hydrogen is important
13Chemicals
Technologies to produce functional chemicals (oxygenated compounds)
Target for 2030 Target from 2040
[Polycarbonate, polyurethane]
• Direct synthesis from CO₂ to further reduce
Onwards
CO₂ emissions
• Develop synthesis processes that do not use
highly poisonous materials such as
phosgene and ethylene oxide
• The costs are similar to those for
• Establishment of mass production and cost
reduction technologies existing energy/products • Further reduction in costs
Basic research level, under low TRL Process
• In LCA, the amount of emissions must
(acrylic acid synthesis, etc.) • In LCA, the amount of
• Catalyst development (improvement in be equal to or lower than the CO₂
emission intensity from the current emissions must be equal
conversion rate/selectivity)
• Realization of low LCA for reaction partners process to or lower than half of
(such as utilizing biomass/waste plastics, the CO₂ emission
etc.) intensity from the current
• Establish processes for commercial process
plants
• Considering another CO₂ storage technique
based on chemicals (such as oxalic acid,
etc.)
• Consider processes to use microbes for
fixing CO₂ to organic acid or oils and lipids
Oxygenated compounds include (in alphabetical order):
Acetic acid, acetic acid ester, acrylic acid, ethanol, ethylene glycol, oxalic acid,
polyamide , polyurethane, polycarbonate, polyester, salicylic acid, urethane, etc.
14Chemicals
Technologies to produce biomass-derived chemicals
Target for 2030 Target from 2040
(Cellulose-type biomass)
• Low cost, effective pretreatment technique (separation of Onwards
cellulose, lignin, etc.)
• Establish the related techniques such as dehydration/drying,
• The costs are similar to those for • Large-scale production
removal of impurities, etc.
existing energy/products (geographically-distributed chemicals
• Production process of high-value added chemicals from non-
production that utilizes papermaking
edible biomass
infrastructure/agriculture and
• Screening and culture techniques for new microorganisms
• In LCA, as compared to forestry/wastes, etc.)
resources
• Utilization of biotechnology (Genome editing/synthesis), alternative petrochemical
products (such as oxygenated
establishment of separation/purification/reaction process
compounds, etc.), the amount of • Further reduction in costs
techniques
• Fermentation technology and catalyst technology that are not emissions must be equal to or
susceptible to impurities lower than half of the CO₂
• In LCA, as compared to alternative
• Development of effective materials conversion technologies for emission intensity from the petrochemical products (such as
biomass materials current process olefin, etc.), the amount of emissions
• High functionality in biomass-derived chemicals (adding marine
must be equal to or lower than half
biodegradable functions, etc.) of the CO₂ emission intensity from
• Diversification and high the current process
functionality of biomass-derived
• Establishing integrated production processes (securing chemicals (Controlling marine • Introduction into global markets
production scale, stability in quality, etc.)
biodegradable functions, etc.) (Biodegradable plastics : JPY 850
• Expanding the scope of target products including derivatives
• Hydrogen is necessary in billion (Global market share of
(oxygenated compounds→olefin, etc.)
hydrogenation treatment Japan: 25%))
• Expanding the scope of application of biomass-derived
chemicals and verify their economic performance
• Establishing an effective collection system for biomass materials
• Standardization of biomass-derived chemicals/intermediates
• Utilize edible biomass (mainly, ethanol and amino acid) • Utilize non-edible biomass/microalgae
Image of
• Utilize oils and fats
expansion • Bio power generation (ultimately, BECCS, BECCU)
• Bio and waste power generation
• Synthesize high-value added chemicals (functional chemicals) • Diversification of biomass chemicals/fuels
* Such technological development is also common to that in fuel sector (bioethanol, etc.)
* Cultivation and capturing biomass technologies include marine use as well (fuel sector as well) 15Fuels
Technologies to produce liquid fuel (1) *Synthetic fuels (e-fuel, SAF)
Target for 2030 Target from 2040
onwards
• Challenges towards the introduction of
synthetic fuels include the reduction of costs • Establish highly efficient, large-scale production
and the establishment of production technology by 2030
technologies (synthetic fuel production costs • To this end, intensify technological development
with current technologies are estimated at and demonstration regarding synthetic fuels until
2030. The following are specific targets:
• The hydrogen cost accounts for a major part
efficiency of the existing synthetic fuels • Diffuse synthetic fuels
of synthetic fuels production costs. Need to
production technology (reverse conversion and cut their costs in
tackle technological development and reaction + Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis the 2030s for
demonstrations for improving production process), and design development and independent
efficiency without waiting until a hydrogen cost demonstration of equipment to realize large-scale commercialization
decline. production (based on
(2)Development of innovative production
environmental values)
technologies (CO₂ electrolysis, co-electrolysis,
by 2040
• Need to establish an international assessment direct synthesis (Direct FT)
of synthetic fuels as decarbonized fuels and
develop a framework for offsetting CO₂
• Achieve a liquid fuels yield of 80% with a pilot- • Realize synthetic fuels
generated during their consumption with CO₂
scale (assumed at 500 BPD) plant costs below gasoline
used for their overseas production.
• Upgrade electrolysis syngas production prices in 2050
technology, improve production performance with
next-generation FT catalysts, conduct
• Developing innovative technology to integrally demonstration operation tests for optimization,
produce synthetic fuels from CO₂ emitted by scale up pilot plant capacity (semi-plant
power and other plants and hydrogen from demonstration), and proceed to the
renewable energy. commercialization stage
16Fuels
Technologies to produce liquid fuel (2) *Microalgae biofuel (SAF, diesel)
Target for 2030 Target from 2040
onwards
• Bio jet Fuels: costs: similar to those for existing
(Microalgae→Bio jet fuels/Biodiesel) energy/products, JPY 100-200/L (Currently,
• Improve productivity (culture system/ gene JPY1600/L)
recombination)
• Low cost, effective pretreatment technique
• 75 L-oil/day・ha (Currently, 35 L-oil/day∙ha)
• Establish the related techniques such as
dehydration/drying, oil extraction, removal of • Further reductions in
impurities, etc. • With regard to bio jet fuels, in LCA, as compared costs
• Develop the technology for utilizing oils/fats to existing jet fuels, the amount of emissions
residues must be equal to or lower than half of the CO₂
followed by demonstration level) • Must contribute to 50%
• Large-scale technological demonstration • Compliance with fuel standards
CO₂ reduction relative
• Pursuit of cost reduction • Scale up to the demonstration level and to that for 2005 in
establish the supply chain aviation sectors
• Expand mixed utilization of the liquid fuel and
• Expanding the scope of application and verify an existing fuel as well as the mixed ratio
economic performance • Since hydrogen is used in relatively small
amounts for oil reforming, the presence of CO₂
• Establishing an effective collection system for
free hydrogen increases the GHG reduction
raw materials impact
*Such technological development is also common to that in the chemicals sector (FYI) If a bio jet fuels with a greenhouse gas emission
(High value added products, such as cosmetics and supplements derived from microalgae are partially commercialized) reduction rate of 50% continues to be introduced
at 100 thousand kL/yr, a CO₂ reduction of 123
thousand t/yr will be achieved. 17Fuels
Technologies to produce liquid fuel (3) *Biofuels (excluding fuels derived from
microalgae ) (MTG, ethanol, diesel, jet, DMC, OME, etc.)
Target for 2030 Target from 2040
onwards
• In LCA, the amount of emissions must
• Improvement in FT Synthesis (current process) be equal to or lower than the CO₂
(Improvement in conversion rate/selectivity ) emission intensity from the current
• Improvement in other synthetic reaction (current process • The costs are similar to those
process)
for existing energy/products
• System’s optimization • Wondering what impact a CO₂-derived
(Renewable energy introduction fuel may have on the regulations/ • In LCA, the amount of
device/equipment on which naphtha- emissions must be equal to or
• Demonstration of integrated bioethanol production /crude oil-derived fuels had no effect lower than half of the CO₂
from syngas (derived from waste incineration • Demonstrate the technology in an emission intensity from the
facilities) using microorganisms (The technology to actual environment current process
be established by 2023: Goal 500-1,000kL/y scale • Expand mixed utilization of the liquid
demonstration to be implemented) fuel and existing fuels as well as the
* some processes require no further hydrogen
mixed ratio
* Costs for biofuels and target for CO₂ emissions, the same as biomass derived chemicals and microalgae biofuels attempt to reduce the cost equivalent to
those existing energy/products in 2030 as well as in LCA the amount of emissions must be lower than half of the CO₂ emissions intensity from the current
process.
Supplying inexpensive CO₂ free Hydrogen is important 18Fuels
Technologies to produce gas fuels (methane, propane, dimethyl ether)
Target for 2030 Target from 2040
onwards
Existing Techniques (Sabatier Reaction)
• Long lasting of catalysts
• Heat management (utilizing the generation of heat)
• Activity management
• Considering scale-up
• Reduction in costs for CO₂ derived CH₄
R&D of Innovative Technology (co-electrolysis, etc.)
[Power to Methane]
• The costs are similar
• In LCA, the amount of emissions must to those for existing
• Production of electrolytic methane and propane through co-
electrolysis (utilization as city gas, etc.) be equal to or lower than the CO₂
energy/products
• Integrate the synthesis/power generation of electrolytic methane emission intensity from the current
that utilizes CO₂ process
• Improvement of energy conversion efficiency
• Demonstrate synthetic natural gas • In LCA, the amount
• System’s optimization (introducing renewable energy) injection into gas introduction pipes at a of emissions must be
• Upsizing/cost reduction commercial scale (several tens of equal to or lower
• Equipment cost thousands Nm3/h） than half of the CO₂
• A framework should be developed to offset CO₂ generated during • Develop sales channel/use application emission intensity
methane consumption with CO₂ used during for methane • Expand mixed utilization of the gas fuel
production.
from the current
and an existing fuel as well as the mixed
process
ratio
• Improve the energy conversion
• Commercial scale (125Nm3/h) demonstration that utilizes CO₂ efficiency further
contained in exhaust gas from a cleaning plant
• Development of basic technology towards practical-scale (60
thousand Nm3/h) demonstration of introducing city gas that utilizes
CO₂ emission from coal fired thermal power plants
• Cutting-edge research to utilize co-electrolysis for synthesizing
methane and propane more efficiently
Supplying inexpensive CO₂ free Hydrogen is important 19Minerals
Technologies to produce concrete, cement, carbonates, carbon, carbides, etc.
Target for 2030 Target from
• Separation of effective components (Ca or Mg compounds) from industrial
byproducts (e.g., iron and steel slag, waste concrete, coal ash, etc.) and/or mine
2040 onwards
tailings, produced water (e.g., brine), etc. (including the treatment of byproducts
• Road curb blocks: costs are similar to those for existing
arising from the separation processes)
energy/products
• Improving the energy efficiency of pretreatments, such as the pulverization and
separation of effective components to enhance reactivity with CO₂ (dry
processes)
• 200 kWh/t-CO₂ (regardless of a raw material and reaction
• Energy-saving in wet processes (inexpensive treatment for waste-water
process)
• Products other
containing heavy metals, etc.) than road curb
• Development of inexpensive aggregates, admixtures, etc.; optimization of blocks : The costs
composition; composite manufacturing technology using these materials
• CO₂ mineralization must be applied to ~10% of iron & are similar to
• Reducing energy consumption for carbon and carbide generation, separating
steel slag and coal ash those for existing
and refining carbon and carbides
• Scale-up energy/products
• Large-scale demonstration
• Reduction of costs
to levels for
• Pursuit of cost reduction
• 500 kWh/t-CO₂ (e.g., utilizing iron and steel slag, dry processes) consistent with
• Survey on appropriate sites within/outside the country
• Promotion of demands by providing some incentive (such commodities
as procurement for a public works project, etc.) (electrodes,
• Establish a supply system from CO₂ emission sources to mineralization process
(optimized to net CO₂ fixation and economic performance) activated charcoal)
• Expand the scope of application and verify economic performance (development
• Expand raw materials (Coal ash, biomass mixed
and demonstration of the technologies designed to utilize carbonates – verify the
combustion ash, waste concrete, etc. → Iron and steel
scope of application to concrete products, develop high-value added articles • CO₂
slag, mine tailings, produced water, brine, lye water, etc.)
such as luminous materials, etc.)
• Long-term evaluate of performance as a civil-engineering/
mineralization
must be applied to
building material as well as organize standards/guidelines
• Development of effective carbonation processes to ~50% of iron &
enhance CO₂ reaction quantity and speed
• Expanding the range of applications for concrete products
steel slag and coal
• Development of carbonation technology using calcium and magnesium ash
that effectively use CO₂
contained in waste concrete and other industrial byproducts, waste brine etc.
• High value-added products (carbon fiber, nanocarbon,
• Development of technology to expand the range of applications to cover
etc.)
concrete aggregates, soil improvement agents, glass materials, etc.
• Development of cement manufacturing processes
• Development of technologies for CO₂ reduction and carbonization
capturing carbon dioxide
＊Iron slag, steel slag, and coal ash are already used as materials for concrete, but
not in the form of carbonates
20Important points for Carbon Recycling Technologies
In order to effectively advance R&D in Carbon Recycling technologies to address
climate change and the security of natural resources, the following points need
to be considered;
Inexpensive CO₂ free Hydrogen is important for many technologies
• Under the hydrogen and fuel cells strategy roadmap in ‘Hydrogen Basic Strategy’, the target
cost for on-site delivery in 2050 is JPY 20/Nm3
• While the problem of hydrogen supply remains, 1) R&D for biomass and other technologies
not dependent on hydrogen should continue, 2) CH₄ (methane) should be used in place of
hydrogen until the establishment of cheap hydrogen.
Using zero emission power supply is important for Carbon Recycling
Conversion of a stable substance, CO₂, into other useful substances will require a large
amount of energy.
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) perspective is critical to evaluate Carbon Recycling
technologies. These analysis methods should be standardized.
Reducing the costs for capturing CO₂ will have a positive feedback on Carbon
Recycling.
21(Reference) Initiatives to promote Carbon Recycling technology development
Japan devised the “Carbon Recycling 3C Initiative” at the 2019 International Conference
on Carbon Recycling to accelerate Carbon Recycling technology development and
commercialization through international cooperation. The 3C’s are described below.
1. Caravan (mutual exchange)
Enhance bilateral and multilateral relationships by sharing information at any possible
opportunities such as international conferences* and workshops.
*International Conference on Carbon Recycling, World Future Energy Summit, etc.
2. Center of Research (R&D and demonstration base)
Promote the outcomes of Carbon Recycling at R&D sites of Osakikamijima and Tomakomai,
and the cooperate with other R&D sites.
3. Collaboration (international joint research)
Japan-Australia MOC* (Signed on September 25, 2019)
Establishment of regular meetings, sharing of research achievements, consideration of potential joint
projects, etc.
Japan-U.S. MOC (Signed on October 13, 2020)
Sharing of technological information, mutual dispatch of experts, exchange of test samples, etc.
Japan-UAE MOC (Signed on January 14, 2021)
Sharing of information and research achievements, meetings for information exchange, exploration of
potential for cooperation, etc.
*Memorandum of Cooperation
22Japan-U.S. Climate Partnership (April 16, 2021)
Japan and the United States, at their summit meeting on April 16 committed to
enhancing cooperation on climate ambition, decarbonization and clean energy, and will
lead on climate action in the international community.
Enhancing bilateral cooperation in Carbon Recycling and other priority areas
Japan-U.S. Climate Partnership (excerpts)
Japan and the United States commit to addressing climate change and working
together towards the realization of green growth by enhancing cooperation on
innovation, including in such areas as renewable energy, energy storage (such as
batteries and long-duration energy storage technologies), smart grid, energy efficiency,
hydrogen, Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage/Carbon Recycling, industrial
decarbonization, and advanced nuclear power.
This cooperation will also promote the development, deployment, and utilization of
climate friendly and adaptive infrastructure through collaboration in areas including
renewable energy, grid optimization, demand response and energy efficiency.
23Reference
24Glossary
Basic substances (methane chemistry, etc.)
Methane chemistry…A technique to reform natural gas-derived methane into
single-carbon compounds, such as syngas (mixed gas of
carbon monoxide and hydrogen) or methanol, and by
using this as a material, perform interconversion with
single-carbon compounds or synthesis of multi-carbon
compounds.
ATR…Auto Thermal Reaction
Basic substances (methanol, etc.)
DME…Dimethyl Ether
Chemicals (commodity chemicals: olefins, BTX, etc.)
MTO…Methanol to Olefins
MTA…Methanol to Aromatics
BTX…Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes
Fuel
MTG: Methanol to Gasoline
25Reaction Formulae
CO₂ → CO (reverse shift reaction)
CO₂ + H₂ → CO + H₂O ΔH= +41.2 kJ/mol (endothermic reaction)
600–700℃
CO₂ → Methanol
CO₂ + 3H₂ → CH₃OH + H₂O ΔH= -49.4 kJ/mol (exothermic reaction)
200–300℃
Syngas → Methanol
CO + 2H₂ → CH₃OH ΔH= -90.6 kJ/mol (exothermic reaction)
CO₂ → Ethanol
CO₂ +3/2H₂O → 1/2C₂H₅OH + 3/2O₂ ΔH= +683.4 kJ/mol (endothermic reaction)
CO₂ + 3H₂ →1/2 CH₃CH₂OH (liquid) + 3/2H₂O ΔH =-174.1 kJ/mol (exothermic
reaction)
CO₂ → Methane (methanation; Sabatier reaction)
CO₂ + 4H₂ → CH₄ + 2H₂O ΔH= -164.9 kJ/mol (exothermic reaction)
250–550℃
Methane + CO₂ → Syngas (dry reforming)
CH₄ +CO₂ → 2CO + 2H₂ ΔH= +247 kJ/mol (endothermic reaction)
800℃–
Methane → Syngas (steam reforming)
CH₄ + H₂O → CO + 3H₂ ΔH= +206 kJ/mol (endothermic reaction)
750–900℃
Methane → Syngas (partial oxidation)
CH₄ + 1/2O₂ → CO + 2H₂ ΔH= -35 kJ/mol (exothermic reaction)
800℃–, without a catalyst 1300–1500℃
Thermal cracking of methane
CH₄ → C + 2H₂ ΔH= +75 kJ/mol (endothermic reaction)
700–1000℃
FT synthesis
CO + 2H₂ → (1/n)(CH₂)n + H₂O ΔH= -167 kJ/mol-CO (exothermic reaction)
26Flowchart for CO₂ Utilization (for chemicals/fuels/carbonates)
Methanation
Methane CH₄ Natural Gas
Adding CO₂
H₂O,O₂
Syngas CO＋H₂ Fuels (diesel, etc.)
reduction
FT Synthesis
CO₂ H₂
Gasoline
MTG
MTA
BTX
DME (Gas Fuel)
Methanol CH₃OH Ethylene/propylene Various Chemicals
MTO/MTP
Ethylene Propylene
Ethanol C₂H₅OH Butadiene, etc.
DMC (Liquid Fuel)
Polycarbonate, etc.
Polymerizaion Reaction
Carbonates
(Utilized as concrete materials, etc.)
27Flowchart: CO₂ Utilization (for Bio-derived fuels/chemicals)
CO₂ Gasification FT Synthesis
Hydroprocessing
Syngas CO＋H₂ FT Synthetic Oil H₂
Fermentation/Chemical H₂
Dehydration/polymerization/
Conversion
hydroprocessing (ATJ)
Cellulose-type Alcohols Hydrocarbon Fuels
Biomass, etc.
Bioethanol
Fermentation
C6 Sugar
Saccharification w/catalyst Polymer Hydrocracking H₂
Hemi-cellulose Intermediates
C5 Sugar
Cellulose Fermentation w/catalyst
Organic Acid
Component Cellulose Nano Fiber
Separation Nano- (CNF)
fiberization
Chemicals/Polymers
Lignin Aromatic Monomer
/Composite materials*
LMW Lignins
Lignification
Catalyst Monomers of Fats
and Oils
Vegetable oil,
waste cooking oil, etc. Fats and Oils Hydroprocessing
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester H₂
Microalgae Hydrocracking
Hydrocarbon (Crude Oil)
*Reduction reaction or hydrocracking during the process to produce "chemicals, polymer products or composite materials", may require hydrogen. 28You can also read
