BNF webinar: Why is everybody talking about gut microbiota? - 13.00-14.00 (BST) Thursday 28 th June 2018
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BNF webinar: Why is
everybody talking about
gut microbiota?
Thursday 28th June 2018
13.00-14.00 (BST)
The British Nutrition Foundation (BNF), a registered charity, delivers impartial,
authoritative and evidence based information on food and nutrition. Its core purpose is to
make nutrition science accessible to all, working with an extensive network of contacts
across academia, education and the food chain, and through BNF work programmes
focussing on education in schools and nutrition science communication. The key role of
BNF’s Council and Trustees is to ensure that the Foundation delivers its charitable aims, is
impartial, transparent and acts with integrity. BNF’s Articles of Association require a
majority of Council’s members to be leading academics from the nutrition science
community, supported by leaders in education, communication and the food chain.
BNF’s funding comes from a variety of sources including EU projects; contracts with
national government departments and agencies; conferences, publications and training;
membership subscriptions; donations and project grants from food producers and
manufacturers, retailers and food service companies; funding from grant providing bodies,
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products or engage in food advertising campaigns. More details about BNF’s work,
funding and governance can be found at www.nutrition.org.uk/aboutbnf.
We would like to thank our Sustaining Member Companies for their continued support
which enables us to offer an ongoing programme of events and training. BNF is also
grateful to Tate & Lyle for providing an educational grant towards the success of this
webinar. However, the programme has been directed by the Foundation alone, which is
committed to producing independent, evidence-based science.
At BNF webinars, each participating speaker/organisation is responsible for the accuracy
of the information provided and is requested to declare any relevant interests.
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2
Programme
Gut microbiota and health: A diverse and complex association
Prof Glenn Gibson, University of Reading
A gut feeling – the relationship between our gut microbiota and our brain
Prof Ted Dinan, University College Cork
Marvel or myth – could gut microbiota be responsible for obesity and
metabolic disease?
Prof Ian Rowland, University of Reading
Diet and gut microbiota: implications for public health
Sara Stanner, British Nutrition Foundation
Speakers
Prof Glenn Gibson
Professor of Food Microbiology, Head of Food Microbial Sciences
University of Reading
Gut microbiota and health: A diverse and complex association
Prof Gibson is Professor of Food Microbiology at
the University of Reading. He is also visiting
Professor at Imperial College, London (Institute for
Global Health Innovation), and has honorary
positions at research institutes in New Zealand and
China. He currently researches the bacteriology of
humans in terms of acute and chronic gut disease.
Specific projects on pro/prebiotics, gas production,
gut microbiota development with age,
gastroenteritis, obesity and colonic homeostasis are
being carried out. Human trials are a major facet of
the research, with initial principles being tested in
gut models.
Glenn has written 8 books and >450 research papers, and supervised 70 PhD
students. He has 128 research contracts (h index= 88)
Declaration of interest: None declared
3
Prof Ted Dinan
Professor of Psychiatry
University College Cork
A gut feeling – the relationship between our gut microbiota and our brain
Ted Dinan is Professor of Psychiatry and a
Principal Investigator in the APC Microbiome
Institute at University College Cork. He was
previously Chair of Clinical Neurosciences
and Professor of Psychological Medicine at
St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London. Prior to
that, he was a Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry
at Trinity College Dublin. He has worked in
research laboratories on both sides of the
Atlantic and has a PhD in Pharmacology from
the University of London. He is a Fellow of
the Royal Colleges of Physicians and
Psychiatrists and a Fellow of the American
College of Physicians. His main research interest is in the role of the gut
microbiota in stress related disorders. He has also worked extensively on the
regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In 1995 he was awarded the
Melvin Ramsey Prize for research into the biology of stress. His current research is
funded by Science Foundation Ireland, the Health Research Board and European
Union FP7. He has published over 400 papers and numerous books on
pharmacology and neurobiology. He is on the Editorial Boards of several journals.
Take home message
Gut microbes influence brain function and behaviour.
The brain-gut-microbiota axis plays an important role in regulating stress
responses and resilience.
Psychobiotics have potential in managing stress-related conditions and may
improve cognition.
Personalised diets may improve microbiota composition.
Declaration of interest:
Prof Dinan’s studies were funded by Science Foundation Ireland through a Centre grant
and by the European Union through an FP7 grant.
His group has also collaborated with the following companies: Mead Johnson, Cremo,
Suntory, DuPont, 4D Pharma.
4
Prof Ian Rowland
Emeritus Professor of Human Nutrition
University of Reading
Marvel or myth – could gut microbiota be responsible for obesity and
metabolic disease?
Ian graduated with a BSc (Hons, First Class)
and PhD in microbiology from University
College London. Prior to joining the University
of Reading in 2007 as the Hugh Sinclair
Professor of Human Nutrition, he was head of
nutrition at the University of Ulster and Director
of the Northern Ireland Centre for Food and
Health. Currently, he is Editor in Chief of the
European Journal of Nutrition. His main
research area is the interaction of diet, gut
microbiota and health with a particular focus
on the metabolism of phytochemicals and
impact on health. In 2005 he was awarded an
honorary doctorate from the University of
Ghent in Belgium for his work on nutrition and cancer. He has published over 400
papers and is on the Thompson-Reuters List of Most Highly Cited Researchers
2016.
Take home message
Gut microbiota has an impact on the immune system, digestive function and
metabolism.
Differences in microbiota composition have been associated with a number
of diseases and disorders including obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic
syndrome.
Further research is needed to establish whether the associations are causal
and to identify the main organisms involved.
Declaration of interest:
Editor in Chief: European Journal of Nutrition
Editorial Boards: Nutrition and Cancer, Molecular and Food Nutrition, Current Opinion in
Biotechnology
Scientific Advisory boards: McCormick Science Institute, European Natural Soybean
Association, Alpro Foundation, Herbalife Nutrition Institute
Consultancy: Comvita NZ, Global Stevia Institute
ILSI Europe: Chair Expert working group ‘Role of microbiota on nutritional & functional
benefits of nutrients & non-nutrients
5
Sara Stanner
Science Director
British Nutrition Foundation
Diet and gut microbiota: implications for public health
Sara joined the BNF having completed an MSc in Public
Health Nutrition from the London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine. Prior to this she worked at the Centre
of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk at University College
London Medical School where her activities included the
coordination of a project in St Petersburg to investigate
the relationship between intrauterine malnutrition and
adult cardiovascular disease. Sara is Science Director at
the BNF, where her main role is to ensure the accuracy
and quality of the scientific output of the science team.
She is one of the editors of Nutrition Bulletin and has been
involved in editing several of the BNF’s recent Task Force
reports (including Cardiovascular Disease, Healthy Ageing
and Nutrition and Development).
Take home message
Research into the effects of dietary factors on the gut microbiome is at a
relatively early stage but has promising therapeutic potential.
Acute diet modification (for example changing to a plant based diet from an
animal based diet), can promptly cause a change in the gut microbiome, but
such changes may not be not sufficiently large or enduring to be conducive
to better health. We also need a clearer understanding of what constitutes a
healthy population of gut microbes.
Evidence to date suggests that a varied diet that is high in fibre containing
foods such as wholegrains, fruit & veg and pulses, can support a healthy gut
microbiota. This is represented by the Eatwell Guide in the UK and other
models depicting healthy eating guidelines around the world.
However variation in gut microbiota between individuals, which is likely to
influence the potential benefit of dietary manipulation, may necessitate
personalised dietary advice in the future.
Declaration of interest:
Employed by BNF. Details regarding BNF funding can be found at www.nutrition.org.uk
The following abbreviations are used in Sara Stanner’s presentation:
CVD: Cardiovascular Disease; FOS: Fructooligosaccharides; GOS:
Galactooligosaccharide; IBD: Inflammatory Bowel Disease; IBS: Inflammatory
Bowel Syndrome; ISAPP: International Scientific Association for Probiotics and
Prebiotics; PUFA: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; RS: Resistant Starch; SCFA:
Short Chain Fatty Acids
6Webinar Delegates
BNF would like to welcome all our registrants in the UK and Europe, and further afield
including our delegates from the US and Canada, Africa, Asia, South America and
Australia.
We have had over 1000 registrations for this event.
Delegate profile
Why is everybody talking about gut
microbiota?
1%1% Public Health
4%
6% Education
28% Health professionals (e.g GPs,
6%
nurses, dentists, psychologists)
Wellbeing & fitness
7% General public
Nutritionist (corporate)
Food industry (e.g. ingredients,
CRP, regulatory)
12% Academia/research
Student (undergrad/postgrad)
23% Nutritionist/dietitian (health)
12%
7Abstracts of interest
Rowland I, Gibson G, Heinken A et al. (2018) Gut microbiota functions: metabolism
of nutrients and other food components. Eur J Nutr. 57(1):1-24.
The diverse microbial community that inhabits the human gut has an extensive metabolic
repertoire that is distinct from, but complements the activity of mammalian enzymes in the
liver and gut mucosa and includes functions essential for host digestion. As such, the gut
microbiota is a key factor in shaping the biochemical profile of the diet and, therefore, its
impact on host health and disease. The important role that the gut microbiota appears to
play in human metabolism and health has stimulated research into the identification of
specific microorganisms involved in different processes, and the elucidation of metabolic
pathways, particularly those associated with metabolism of dietary components and some
host-generated substances. In the first part of the review, we discuss the main gut
microorganisms, particularly bacteria, and microbial pathways associated with the
metabolism of dietary carbohydrates (to short chain fatty acids and gases), proteins, plant
polyphenols, bile acids, and vitamins. The second part of the review focuses on the
methodologies, existing and novel, that can be employed to explore gut microbial
pathways of metabolism. These include mathematical models, omics techniques, isolated
microbes, and enzyme assays.
Castaner O, Goday A, Park YM et al. (2018) The Gut Microbiome Profile in
Obesity: A Systematic Review. Int J Endocrinol. 4095789
Gut microbiome has been identified in the past decade as an important factor involved in
obesity, but the magnitude of its contribution to obesity and its related comorbidities is still
uncertain. Among the vast quantity of factors attributed to obesity, environmental, dietary,
lifestyle, genetic, and others, the microbiome has aroused curiosity, and the scientific
community has published many original articles. Most of the studies related to microbiome
and obesity have been reported based on the associations between microbiota and
obesity, and the in-depth study of the mechanisms related has been studied mainly in
rodents and exceptionally in humans. Due to the quantity and diverse information
published, the need of reviews is mandatory to recapitulate the relevant achievements. In
this systematic review, we provide an overview of the current evidence on the association
between intestinal microbiota and obesity. Additionally, we analyze the effects of an
extreme weight loss intervention such as bariatric surgery on gut microbiota. The review is
divided into 2 sections: first, the association of obesity and related metabolic disorders with
different gut microbiome profiles, including metagenomics studies, and second, changes
on gut microbiome after an extreme weight loss intervention such as bariatric surgery.
Cussotto S, Sandhu KV, Dinan TG et al. (2018) The Neuroendocrinology of the
Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: A Behavioural Perspective. Front Neuroendocrinol.pii:
S0091-3022(18)30039-6.
8The human gut harbours trillions of symbiotic bacteria that play a key role in programming
different aspects of host physiology in health and disease. These intestinal microbes are
also key components of the gut-brain axis, the bidirectional communication pathway
between the gut and the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, the CNS is closely
interconnected with the endocrine system to regulate many physiological processes. An
expanding body of evidence is supporting the notion that gut microbiota modifications
and/or manipulations may also play a crucial role in the manifestation of specific
behavioural responses regulated by neuroendocrine pathways. In this review, we will
focus on how the intestinal microorganisms interact with elements of the host
neuroendocrine system to modify behaviours relevant to stress, eating behaviour, sexual
behaviour, social behaviour, cognition and addiction.
Torres-Fuentes C, Schellekens H, Dinan TG et al. (2017) The microbiota-gut-brain
axis in obesity. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2(10):747-756
Changes in microbial diversity and composition are increasingly associated with several
disease states including obesity and behavioural disorders. Obesity-associated microbiota
alter host energy harvesting, insulin resistance, inflammation, and fat deposition.
Additionally, intestinal microbiota can regulate metabolism, adiposity, homoeostasis, and
energy balance as well as central appetite and food reward signalling, which together have
crucial roles in obesity. Moreover, some strains of bacteria and their metabolites might
target the brain directly via vagal stimulation or indirectly through immune-neuroendocrine
mechanisms. Therefore, the gut microbiota is becoming a target for new anti-obesity
therapies. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the intricate gut-microbiota-host
relationship and the potential of gut-microbiota-targeted strategies, such as dietary
interventions and faecal microbiota transplantation, as promising metabolic therapies that
help patients to maintain a healthy weight throughout life.
Rasnik K. Singh, Hsin-Wen Chang, Di Yan et al. (2017) Influence of diet on the gut
microbiome and implications for human health. J Transl Med. 15: 73.
Recent studies have suggested that the intestinal microbiome plays an important role in
modulating risk of several chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease,
obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. At the same time, it is now
understood that diet plays a significant role in shaping the microbiome, with experiments
showing that dietary alterations can induce large, temporary microbial shifts within 24 h.
Given this association, there may be significant therapeutic utility in altering microbial
composition through diet. This review systematically evaluates current data regarding the
effects of several common dietary components on intestinal microbiota. We show that
consumption of particular types of food produces predictable shifts in existing host
bacterial genera. Furthermore, the identity of these bacteria affects host immune and
metabolic parameters, with broad implications for human health. Familiarity with these
associations will be of tremendous use to the practitioner as well as the patient.
9Wilson K & Situ C (2017) Systematic Review on Effects of Diet on Gut Microbiota
in Relation to Metabolic Syndromes. J Clin Nutr Metab 1:2.
The microbiota is a complex ecosystem of microbes, the bulk of which reside mainly in the
colon, and has been shown to be significantly influenced by the diet. The biological
functions of the microbiota have been strongly linked to health and disease, including the
development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this paper was to review current
literature on the effects of the diet on gut microbiota in relation to the development of MetS
through the following objectives: (i) to determine how the diet influences the composition
and functions of the microbiota; (ii) evaluate evidence of how this is linked with
development obesity and biomarkers of MetS; (iii) investigate the significance of diet-
microbiota interactions in relation to obesity and MetS. Multiple databases were used to
find and collate relevant literatures. The main findings highlight that a plant-based diet, rich
in indigestible carbohydrate was strongly associated with a richer, more diverse microbiota
profile compared to a high-energy, high-fat Western diet. Studies in mice have indicated
that weight gain can be induced via inoculation of an obese-type microbiota without
changes in dietary intake. Additionally, polyphenols appear to interact with the microbiota,
producing metabolites which have shown to possess more health potential than their
precursors. Unabsorbed polyphenols also seem to beneficially modulate the microbiota,
resulting in positive health outcomes. More in vivo human studies are necessary to
conclude the significance of the microbiota and mechanisms of action in the development
of MetS. With this knowledge, there may be potential to manipulate the gut microbiota
toward the generation of desired health outcomes as an alternative to pharmaceuticals.
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