Best Practice Manual for the Investigation of Fires and Explosions - ENFSI-BPM-FEI-01
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Best Practice Manual for the
Investigation of Fires and
Explosions
ENFSI-BPM-FEI-01
Version 04 - February 2021ENFSI’s position on Best Practice Manuals ENFSI wishes to promote the improvement of mutual trust by encouraging forensic harmonisation through the development and use of Best Practice Manuals. Furthermore, ENFSI encourages sharing Best Practice Manuals with the whole Forensic Science Community which also includes non ENFSI Members. Visit www.enfsi.eu/documents/bylaws for more information. It includes the ENFSI policy document Policy on Creation of Best Practice Manuals within ENFSI (code: QCC-BPM-001). Official language The text may be translated into other languages as required. The English language version remains the definitive version. Copyright The copyright of this text is held by ENFSI. The text may not be copied for resale. Further information For further information about this publication, contact the ENFSI Secretariat. Please check the website of ENFSI (www.enfsi.eu) for update information.
ENFSI-BPM-FEI-01 (vs.04)
Best Practice Manual for the investigation of fire scenes
TABLE OF CONTENT
1 AIMS ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
2 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................................ 4
3 DEFINITIONS AND TERMS .................................................................................................................................. 4
4 RESOURCES ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.1 PERSONNEL .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.1.1 Competence requirements ........................................................................................................................... 4
4.2 EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
4.3 REFERENCE MATERIALS ........................................................................................................................................... 6
4.4 FACILITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS............................................................................................................. 6
4.5 MATERIALS AND REAGENTS ..................................................................................................................................... 6
5 METHODS .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
6 VALIDATION AND ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT ................................................................ 6
6.1 VALIDATION.......................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.2 ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT ........................................................................................................ 7
6.3 PEER REVIEW........................................................................................................................................................ 7
7 QUALITY ASSURANCE ........................................................................................................................................ 7
8 HANDLING ITEMS .............................................................................................................................................. 7
8.1 AT THE SCENE ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
8.2 SAMPLING, PRESERVATION, PACKAGING, LABELLING AND DOCUMENTATION. ..................................................................... 7
8.3 TRANSPORTATION.................................................................................................................................................. 8
8.4 IN THE LABORATORY .............................................................................................................................................. 8
9 INITIAL ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 8
10 PRIORITISATION AND SEQUENCE OF EXAMINATIONS ......................................................................................... 8
11 RECONSTRUCTION OF EVENTS ........................................................................................................................... 8
12 EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION ................................................................................................................... 9
13 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS................................................................................................................................ 9
14 HEALTH AND SAFETY ........................................................................................................................................ 10
15 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................... 10
16 AMENDMENTS AGAINST PREVIOUS VERSION .................................................................................................. 10
17 TABLE OF APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................................... 10
APPENDIX A0 – BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................... 11
APPENDIX A1 – FIRE INVESTIGATIONS FOR FIRST RESPONDER .................................................................................... 12
APPENDIX A2 – FIRE INVESTIGATIONS FOR FIRE INVESTIGATORS AND SPECIALISTS ................................................... 25
APPENDIX A3 – EXPLOSION INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................................................................ 54
APPENDIX B1 – INVESTIGATING FIRE FATALITIES......................................................................................................... 5468
Acknowledgements
Niamh Nic Daeid (Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Scotland,
UK), Richard Vallance (Scottish Police Authority Forensic Services, Scotland, UK), Dominique
DeHaro (Institut National de Police Scientifique, LPS Toulouse, France), Roger Charles (College
of Policing, UK) Alison Mansfield (Forensic Explosives Laboratory, dstl, UK), Katharine Konaris
(Cyprus), Lucina Hackman (Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee,
Scotland, UK), Irene Breum Muller (Department of Forensic Medicins, Faculty of Health
Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark), Chanda Lowther-Harris (Metropolitan Police
Service, UK) and the members of ENFSI fire and Explosion Investigation working group are all
gratefully thanked for their invaluable contributions to the preparation of this guidance document.
Owner of the BPM is the Fire and Explosion Investigating Working Group.
Responsible for revision 2021 and of original document:
Eva Ljungkvist, NKC Danish National Police ebl006@politi.dk
Page: 3 /70 BPM for the Investigation of Fires and ExplosionsENFSI-BPM-FEI-01 (vs.04) 1 AIMS The aims of the manual are to provide a framework for procedures, quality principles, and training processes and approaches for the examination of fire scenes. This BPM can be used by member laboratories of ENFSI and other forensic science laboratories to establish and maintain working practices in the field of forensic examination of fire scenes that will deliver reliable results, maximize the quality of the information obtained and produce robust evidence. The use of consistent methodology and the production of more comparable results will facilitate interchange of data between laboratories. The term BPM is used to reflect the scientifically accepted best practices at the time of creating. The term BPM does not imply that the practices laid out in this manual are the only good practices used in the forensic field. In this series of ENFSI Practice Manuals the term BPM has been maintained for reasons of continuity and recognition. 2 SCOPE This BPM is an overarching document relating to the investigation of fire scenes, which is underpinned by a set of subject specific appendices. This BPM is aimed at experts in the field and assumes prior knowledge in the discipline. It is not a standard operating procedure. The BPM addresses the requirements of judicial systems in general terms only. This document does not address laboratory examination of items, individual competence of practitioners (including training requirements), specific jurisdictional requirements, or country specific legal requirements. 3 DEFINITIONS AND TERMS For the purposes of this Best Practice Manual (BPM), the relevant terms and definitions given in ENFSI documents, the ILAC G19 “Modules in Forensic Science Process”, and in standards such as ISO 9000, ISO 17000 and 17020 apply. Other relevant and specific definitions are presented in each of the appendices. There shall be a bi-annual review of the BPM. The steering committee of the FEIWG is responsible for the review. 4 RESOURCES Management of the resources required for a fire scene investigation must take into consideration the appropriate and applicable areas of quality standards. It must also be recognised that many aspects of fire scene investigation will not be specifically addressed in such standards. 4.1 Personnel Fire scene investigators have a wide range of experience, training and background knowledge which can be obtained through a variety of routes (academic, continuous professional development, vocational training, operational experience etc.). Fire scenes are defined as scenes involving fire damage and/or scenes involving gas phase explosions. The classifications of fire investigators have been defined in general terms and are presented in Appendices A1 and A2. 4.1.1 Competence requirements Fire scene investigators must be competent and trained to their relevant national standards. Table 1 indicates knowledge and skills recommended for fire scene investigators. Page: 4 /70 BPM for the Investigation of Fires and Explosions
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Table 1: Knowledge and skill set
1. Understanding the importance and relevance of health and safety at scenes and that this may vary depending
on the scene.
2. Understanding the importance of a structured, systematic methodological approach to fire scene investigation
and excavation including the recording (e.g. written, photographic, video) of the scene investigation.
3. Awareness of aspects of fire science and fire engineering which may have a relevance to fire investigation (e.g.
fire dynamics, structural performance, passive and active fire protection systems, fire tests, and human behaviour in
fire).
4. Understanding the mechanisms of heat transfer.
5. Understanding the differing types and mechanisms of ignition.
6. Understanding the physical and chemical properties of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and materials as they
relate to their thermal decomposition including pyrolysis and combustion and how such fuels and materials will react
when exposed to heat and to firefighting activities.
7. Understanding the mechanisms and influencing factors of fire growth and development in a wide range of
circumstances.
8. Understanding the interpretation of post fire indicators (including their limitations) and the use of such indicators
in the determination of the area(s) of origin of a fire.
9. Understanding the potential involvement of electricity as a cause of fire and awareness of the post fire indicators
of electrical involvement.
10. Awareness of the importance of the examination of fuses and electrical appliances and the appropriate means
of securing electrical appliances post fire.
11. Awareness of diffuse phase explosions and gas explosions including the pattern of damage.
12. Understanding the factors, which may contribute to fire fatalities including aspects such as toxicity of products
of pyrolysis and combustion.
13. Understanding the procedures relating to the recovery of items (including human fatalities) from fire scenes
including the importance of continuity and integrity of evidence and chain of custody.
14. Understanding the requirements for contamination control, appropriate packaging materials and the importance
of control and comparison samples in the collection of fire debris suspected to contain ignitable liquids.
15. Understanding of the general characteristics that suggest the production of either chemical substances or
homemade explosives (Appendix C1 and C2).
16. Understanding of the fire investigators role and responsibilities in relation to interviewing witnesses taking into
consideration national legal requirements.
17. Understanding that fire scene investigation is a destructive examination process that makes the original
observations impossible for re-examination.
18. Keep accurate and original records of casework. Prepare reports and/or statements appropriate for the national
criminal justice systems. Give testimony and communicate their involvement in the case, their findings and
conclusions, in a transparent, traceable and appropriate manner within their field of expertise.
19. Understanding of the local working practices in relation to multi agency responses to fire and explosion scene
investigation.
20. Awareness of the wider specialisms as they relate to fire scene investigation (e.g. forensic chemist, forensic
biologist, forensic anthropologist, technical specialists including electrical specialists, engineers etc.) and the
requirements of such specialists within the investigative framework.
21. Understanding the requirements of local criminal justice systems and in particular the rules of evidence and the
obligations of being a witness with fire investigation expertise for the courts.
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4.2 Equipment
A variety of equipment is used during a fire scene investigation some of which is detailed in the
appendices to this BPM (Appendix A1 and A2). When using equipment in fire scene
investigation consideration should be given to the following points:
Equipment should be calibrated and maintained according to the operating manuals and
periodic calibration and calibration checks must be recorded in a log book associated with
the piece of equipment. All tools and non- disposable personal protective equipment and
clothing must be cleaned and free from contaminants or replaced between use at different
scene locations or situations where potential cross contamination would be an issue.
Equipment and tools must be regularly inspected and replaced if damaged to an extent that
cleaning procedures are ineffective. Cleaned utensils and tools should be sampled prior to use
and the samples retained for further testing if required. Equipment must be stored in such a
way as to ensure minimal risk of biological or chemical contamination prior to use.
Cleaning and sampling records of non- disposable equipment must be kept where reasonably
practicable. Where contamination may have occurred, this must be documented in the
examiner’s scene notes.
4.3 Reference materials
Not Applicable
4.4 Facilities and environmental conditions
Not Applicable
4.5 Materials and Reagents
In circumstances where the fire scene investigator is competent to carry out presumptive testing,
then only validated materials and reagents (for example for the presumptive testing for blood, or
the swabbing of suspected blood) may be used.
5 METHODS
A comprehensive methodology for the investigation of fire scenes is presented in Appendices
A1 and A2. Further appendices present the methodology for the investigation of specific types of
fire scenes.
6 VALIDATION AND ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT
6.1 Validation
The validation of the fire scene investigation process is heavily dependent on the (1)
investigating organisation, (2) the skills and competency of its staff and (3) the techniques and
equipment used. The investigating organisation must provide the appropriate resources to
facilitate the fire investigation process to be undertaken. The fire scene investigator must be
appropriately qualified and competent. Their training must be documented, assessed and they
must undertake both continuous professional development and maintain and demonstrate their
skills and competency.
• The equipment used in fire scene investigation must be validated by testing repeatability,
reproducibility, selectivity, sensitivity and robustness (including robustness at the scene
using control samples where appropriate) either through reference to the professional
literature or manufacturers specifications or by in- house methods.
• The investigative techniques (for example the recognition and interpreting of burn
patterns) used in fire scene investigation can be validated using known ground truth data,
literature and testing.
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• Implementation-based validation studies can demonstrate that the method, validated by
other parties, is mastered by the team or the researcher and that the adapted method
produces reliable results.
6.2 Estimation of uncertainty of measurement
The fire investigation process is dependent on the knowledge and skill set of the fire investigator
as detailed in Section 4.1.
The identification and specification of the main sources of uncertainty relating to the decision
making and hypothesis testing associated must be stated. The determination of origin, cause
and, if required, subsequent fire development in a fire scene investigation must be recorded in
the investigators documentation and presented in the final report.
Uncertainties in the entire fire scene investigation process arise from a number of sources which
include (but may not be limited to):
• Competence of the investigator and their specific expertise and experience.
• The amount and quality of information received.
• Assumptions made during the investigation process.
• Specific environmental conditions.
• Destruction of evidence due to the fire.
• Firefighting activities.
6.3 Peer Review
Review of reports is mandatory in some jurisdictions. It is strongly recommended that reports
be critically reviewed to check that the presentation of the report is fit for purpose and to ensure
that the information available at the time of the investigation and derived from the scene
investigation has been interpreted appropriately. Such reviews must be recorded. It is
advantageous if the review process begins with a discussion of possible fire cause propositions
on the basis of photos before the report is done.
7 QUALITY ASSURANCE
There are no proficiency tests currently available for fire scene investigation. Fire investigators
are advised that they should take part in a relevant collaborative exercise/test for fire scene
examination periodically so that their competence can be demonstrated and assessed.
This can be an internal or an external test. See for more information for example QCC-PT-001
“Guidance on the conduct of proficiency tests and collaborative exercises within ENFSI”. This
guideline provides information for the ENFSI Expert Working Groups (EWGs) on how to organise
effective proficiency tests (PTs) and collaborative exercises (CEs) for their members.
8 HANDLING ITEMS
8.1 At the scene
Appendices A1 and A2 provide a comprehensive methodology for the recovery of items from fire
scenes including the avoidance of contamination. Further appendices provide additional
information relating to specific types of fire scenes.
8.2 Sampling, preservation, packaging, labelling and documentation.
Appendices A1 and A2 provide a comprehensive methodology for the recovery and traceability
of items from fire scenes including the avoidance of contamination. Further appendices provide
additional information relating to specific types of fire scenes.
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8.3 Transportation
The transfer of recovered items must be carried out according to local operating procedures and
legislated responsibilities used by the investigating authority or the fire investigator.
During this process the fire investigator must ensure that they witness the handover of recovered
items to another person or organisation and ensure that there is a written record within their
notes or items list. Items must be transported and stored in a manner which prevents
contamination, degradation or damage while maintaining the security and integrity of the
exhibits.
8.4 In the Laboratory
Not applicable
9 INITIAL ASSESSMENT
Within a given case, an initial scene assessment strategy must be established with all
investigators involved in the process. This must be based on the information provided to them
at the time and continually reviewed in light of new circumstances and information. The scene
investigation strategy must also take into account other information and evidence relevant to the
specific case. This is expanded upon within the appendices.
10 PRIORITISATION AND SEQUENCE OF EXAMINATIONS
Prioritisation and the sequence of scene investigation must normally be agreed between the fire
investigator and investigating authority and in accordance with local agreements (for example a
memorandum of understanding or other formal agreement between agencies). Prioritisation and
the sequence of scene investigation must be documented so that decisions are recorded and
reviewed and must involve an assessment of (but is not limited to) the following:
• Initial information received.
• Initial observations of the external/internal examination of the scene.
• Potential value of the examination and/or recovery of specific items within a scene to the
overall investigation.
• Order of requirements of other specialists if they are required (for example, forensic
chemist, forensic biologist, forensic pathologist, forensic anthropologist, technical
specialists including electrical specialists, engineers etc.)
• Time constraints (which may lead to loss of potential evidential materials such as
volatile compounds).
• Health and safety implications.
• Environmental conditions.
This is expanded upon within the appendices.
11 RECONSTRUCTION OF EVENTS
Carrying out a forensic reconstruction is a methodology which can deliver additional value to
already known investigating results of examined traces (evidence) in forensic investigations
and/or can give insight on how traces are donated or created (activity orientated).
The preceding sentence can be interpreted broadly and depends on the nature of the forensic
investigation carried out. By means of a reconstruction, for example, the degree of probability of
how and where an activity occurred can be strengthened or weakened. The results of a
reconstruction can therefore influence the interpretation and the strength (value) of conclusions
obtained from evidence.
Page: 8 /70 BPM for the Investigation of Fires and ExplosionsENFSI-BPM-FEI-01 (vs.04) The kind of the reconstruction can give direction about the necessary level of details and amount of information one could record. Subjects for registrations could be: the involved investigators, the detailed set-up of the reconstruction, technical aspects, registration of all matters which may have influence on the results, registration of the reconstruction (photograph’s, video) etc. The well documented reconstruction allows, if needed, a professional review afterwards. Reconstruction of events can be particularly relevant in fire scene investigation and can be undertaken in a number of different ways. The assumptions and limitations of reconstructions should be noted. Physical reconstruction is a process where items are replaced (as far as possible) in their original positions prior to the fire. This can assist in the fire investigator’s interpretation of the area of origin, cause and subsequent fire development. Ad-hoc testing (e.g. a test burn for flammability of a material) can be carried out either at the scene or at a later stage in the investigation and must be fully recorded including any assumptions made and the value and limitations of the test. Use of computer modelling must be approached with caution and all assumptions, limitations and uncertainties associated with the models clearly recorded. Full scale fire reconstructions can be carried out in controlled conditions after the initial fire scene investigation and must use validated equipment e.g. thermocouples and other monitoring devices. Further information is available in appendix A2. 12 EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION A range of hypotheses must be considered during the evaluation and interpretation of all of the information received and gathered relating to a specific scene investigation process. This is expanded upon within the appendices. At least two causes of fire must be evaluated as competing propositions (hypothesis). Each proposition must be explored systematically using the information and physical evidence that is interpreted and evaluated by the fire investigators and an overall opinion formed of the most likely origin and cause of the fire. In some jurisdictions (but not all) this may be expressed as a likelihood ratio. Further information is available in the ENFSI Guideline for Evaluative Reporting in Forensic Science. 13 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS The overriding duty of those providing expert testimony is to the court and other legal enquiries. As such, evidence should be provided with honesty, integrity, objectivity and impartiality. Evidence can be provided to the court either orally or in writing. The manner in which evidence is presented will differ depending on different legal jurisdictions. Fire investigators must comply with their legal obligations and accreditation requirements within the jurisdiction in which they are collecting and presenting their evidence. Presentation of evidence should clearly state the results of any evaluation and interpretation of the examination. Written reports should include all the relevant information in a clear, concise, structured and unambiguous manner as required by the relevant legal process. A checklist of the information suggested is expanded upon within the appendices. Page: 9 /70 BPM for the Investigation of Fires and Explosions
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Written reports must be peer reviewed where this is a jurisdictional requirement. Reports should
clearly state the results of any evaluation and interpretation of the examination.
All viable hypotheses must be evaluated and conclusions supported by an up to date
understanding of accepted methodologies and literature.
Recommendations associated with the production of written reports are expanded upon within
the appendices.
14 HEALTH AND SAFETY
Health and safety, risk assessments and personal protective equipment are expanded upon
within the appendices. In addition;
• The relevant national Health and Safety Legislation must be complied with.
• Specialist equipment operated at the fire scene must be used by those trained to do so.
• Where fire scenes contain specific risks to health and safety, for example chemical or
biological hazards, special precautions and personal protection equipment (PPE) are
required and are detailed in the relevant appendices.
• Counselling should be available to investigators.
15 REFERENCES
Bibliography can be found in Appendix A0.
16 AMENDMENTS AGAINST PREVIOUS VERSION
The first part of the BPM has been adjusted to comply with the approved template.
Appendix A1 has been updated.
Deletion of separate reference codes and document type identification of appendices A1 and
A2.
A new appendix has been added – Appendix A3 Explosion investigations.
17 TABLE OF APPENDICES
A0 - BIBLIOGRAPHY
A1 - FIRE INVESTIGATIONS FOR FIRST RESPONDER
A2 - FIRE INVESTIGATIONS FOR FIRE INVESTIGATORS AND SPECIALISTS
A3 - EXPLOSION INVESTIGATIONS
B1 - INVESTIGATING FIRE FATALITIES
Page: 10 /70 BPM for the Investigation of Fires and ExplosionsENFSI-BPM-FEI-01 (vs.04) APPENDIX A – BIBLIOGRAPHY Almirall, J. R. and Furton, K. G. (2004) Analysis and interpretation of fire scene evidence, CRC Press. Babrauskas, V. (2003) Ignition handbook: principles and applications to fire safety engineering, fire investigation, risk management and forensic science, Fire Science Publishers. De Haan, J. D. and Icove, D. J. (2011) Kirk’s fire investigation, Pearson Higher Ed. Drysdale, D. (2011) An Introduction to Fire Dynamics, 3rd Edition, Wiley Publishers. Hine, G. A. (2004) Fire Scene Investigation: An Introduction. Analysis and Interpretation of Fire Scene Evidence: 33. Horswell, J. (2004) The practice of crime scene investigation, CRC Press. Icove, D. J., D De Haan, J. and Haynes, G. A. (2012) Forensic fire scene reconstruction, Pearson Higher Ed. Lentini, J. J. (2006) Scientific protocols for fire investigation, CRC press. NicDaeid, N. (2004) Fire investigation, CRC Press. Petrovich, W. (1998) A Fire Investigator’s Handbook: Technical Skills for Entering, Documenting and Testifying in a Fire Scene Investigation, Charles C Thomas Publisher, Limited. Qunitiere, J.G, (1997), Principles of fire behavior, Delmar Publishers. Qunitiere, J.G, (2006), Fundamentals of fire phenomena, Wiley Publishers. National Fire Protection Association (2014) NFPA 921: Guide for Fire & Explosion Investigations (2014 edition). Quinney MA: NFPA Publications. SWGDRUG: Scientific Working Group for The Analysis of Seized Drug SWGDRUG) Recommendations. The recommendations include: Code of Professional Practice, Education and Training, Methods of Analysis and Quality assurance, http://www.swgdrug.org/Documents/SWGDRUG%20 Recommendations%20Version%207- 0.pdf ILAC G19:08/2014, International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation, http://ilac.org/news/ilac- g19082014-published/ Page: 11 /70 BPM for the Investigation of Fires and Explosions
ENFSI-BPM-FEI-01 (vs.04) APPENDIX A1 – FIRE INVESTIGATIONS FOR FIRST RESPONDER This guide is the result of a unique collaboration and would not have been possible without participation from the following institutes and guest members. Bundeskriminalamt Austria Institute of Criminology Czech Republic National Center of Forensic Services Denmark Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology Denmark National Bureau of Investigation Finland Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale France Netherlands Forensic Institute Netherland Bayerisches Landeskriminalamt Germany Police Israel Fire and Rescue Research centre Lithuania Forensic Science Northern Ireland National Criminal Investigation Services Norway National Forensic Laboratory Slovenia Portuguese Forensic Laboratory Portugal National Forensic Center Serbia Catalonian Police Spain National Forensic Center Sweden Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, Lausanne Switzerland Police Cantonale Neuchateloise, Service d’identification judiciaire Switzerland Forensic Science Service UK CAHID, University of Dundee UK Scottish Police Authority Forensic Services UK Key Forensic Services Limited UK If you have any comments, additions, suggestions or remarks you can contact the authors at wg-training@unil.ch. You can find the latest version of this guide on the ENFSI website (www.enfsi.eu). We would like to thank Stuart Ritchie, CC Forensic P/L Australia for review. Fire and Explosion Investigation Working Group - Fire Scene Investigation Persons responsible for this revision: Eva Ljungkvist ebl006@politi.dk Benny Thomsen bth005@politi.dk Both from Danish National Police, National Forensic Services Page: 12 /70 BPM for the Investigation of Fires and Explosions
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TABLE OF CONTENT – A1 Fire Investigation First Responder
1 AIMS ...................................................................................................................................................... 14
2 SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................... 14
3 DEFINITIONS AND TERMS ...................................................................................................................... 14
4 RESOURCES ............................................................................................................................................ 14
4.1 PERSONNEL ............................................................................................................................................. 14
4.2 EQUIPMENT............................................................................................................................................. 15
4.3 REFERENCE MATERIALS ............................................................................................................................. 15
4.4 FACILITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ............................................................................................... 15
4.5 MATERIALS AND REAGENTS ........................................................................................................................ 15
4.6 ALLOCATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES AND COLLEGIATE APPROACH ......................................................................... 15
5 METHODS .............................................................................................................................................. 15
5.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES – ACTION CARD ................................................................................................................ 15
5.1.1 Responding to a call or request for assistance ................................................................................ 17
5.1.2 On route and on arrival ................................................................................................................... 17
5.1.3 On-site ............................................................................................................................................. 17
5.1.4 Cordon off, and preservation of the fire scene ................................................................................ 17
5.1.5 Communication and coordination. .................................................................................................. 19
5.2 TACTICAL INFORMATION ............................................................................................................................ 19
5.3 TECHNICAL EXAMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 19
5.3.1 In general ........................................................................................................................................ 19
5.3.2 Initial discussion .............................................................................................................................. 20
5.3.3 Documentation and plotting ........................................................................................................... 20
5.3.4 Surroundings ................................................................................................................................... 20
5.3.5 Exterior ............................................................................................................................................ 20
5.3.6 Doors, windows and other openings. .............................................................................................. 20
5.3.7 Internal examination as well as examination of fire injuries to people and fatalities. .................... 21
5.3.8 Extent and demarcation of investigation. ....................................................................................... 21
5.3.9 Clearing the fire scene. .................................................................................................................... 21
6 VALIDATION AND ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT .................................................. 21
7 QUALITY ASSURANCE.................................................................... FEHLER! TEXTMARKE NICHT DEFINIERT.
8 HANDLING ITEMS ................................................................................................................................... 22
9 INITIAL ASSESSMENT AND DOCUMENTATION ....................................................................................... 22
9.1 POINT OF ORIGIN AND FIRE CAUSE ................................................................................................................ 22
9.2 MANAGEMENT OF THE SECURED MATERIAL/EFFECTS ....................................................................................... 22
9.3 ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................................................... 23
10 HEALTH AND SAFETY.............................................................................................................................. 24
11 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 24
12 AMENDMENTS AGAINST PREVIOUS VERSION ........................................................................................ 24
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1 AIMS
This practical guide aims to provide a framework for First responders, both from the public
and private sectors. It offers recommendations for how to conduct an investigation at the
scene of a fire, in order to achieve the best possible results. A First responder investigating
a fire scene is someone who is involved in determining the origin, cause and development
of a fire and/or explosion. This work brings together current available knowledge and
material and is the result of an extensive study of current practice used by forensic science
laboratories and institutes throughout Europe.
The term ‘practical guide’ does not imply that the practices laid out in this manual are the
only acceptable methods used in fire scene investigation.
2 SCOPE
This document is relevant to all First responders attending a fire scene in order to ensure
that specific initial information is not lost. This document acts as a guide, and defines the
purpose of the process, and the series of steps that must be followed from the time a First
Responder is notified of involvement at a fire scene, until the presentation of findings,
whether by report alone, or through the provision of evidence in the court room. Personnel
involved in the investigation of fires are divided into three levels, and can all be involved in
determining the origin, cause and development of a fire and/or explosion:
First responder Fire and explosion investigator Specialist
The boundaries between each of the different levels are not clearly defined. A fire
investigation, which initially seems simple, can turn out to be very complicated and may
need to be dealt with by a specialist.
3 DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
General definitions related to quality, involvement and different phases of the investigation
are given in Appendix A2 -appendix A- Investigation phases. There is no requirement to
repeat these within the guideline. Keywords with definitions1 important for First Responder
are listed below:
Competence is the demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and skills and, where relevant,
demonstrated personal attributes.
Contamination is the undesirable introduction of substances or trace materials to
exhibits/productions at any point within the forensic process.
Critical Findings Observations and results that may have significant impact on the
conclusion reached and the interpretation and opinion provided.
Validation is the confirmation by examination, and the provision of objective evidence that
the particular requirements for a specific use are fulfilled.
4 RESOURCES
4.1 Personnel
The First responder must verify that they have demonstrable competencies and experience
that are relevant to the task at hand. A conclusion will qualify as scientific findings if it can
be demonstrated that it is the product of a sound scientific method. The ‘scientific method’
is the process of formulating hypotheses, and then conducting experiments/analyses to
provide support for, or against, the hypothesis that is considered relevant at the time. This
may lead to the formulation of further hypotheses, as the process is repeated. The First
1 ILAC G19-8/2014
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responder is qualified by knowledge, skill, experience, training and education and may give
evidence in the form of an opinion, or otherwise if:
• The expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the court
to understand the evidence or to determine a disputed fact.
• Their testimony is based on sufficient facts or data.
• Their testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods.
• The expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.
4.2 Equipment
See Appendix A2 -section 5 – Methods.
4.3 Reference Materials
See Appendix A2 -section 15 - References.
4.4 Facilities and Environmental Conditions
See Appendix A2 -section 5 - Methods and section 14 - Health and Safety.
4.5 Materials and Reagents
Not applicable.
4.6 Allocation of Responsibilities and collegiate approach
See Appendix A2 section 4 – Resources
5 METHODS
5.1 Basic principles – action card
The action card is designed for the First Responder, but the contents can also be used by
other experts in order to determine the necessary disposition (of personnel/resources etc.),
to assess how the investigation will proceed. It is important for a well-functioning, structured
investigation, to obtain the tactical information from persons involved, the Fire Department,
and from witnesses. In addition to this, is the information available from any injured persons
(including fatalities).
The First Responder completes a report that describes the fire investigation in an accurate
manner, and in doing so will provide an initial overall picture of the scene/event. In some
situations, there may be a requirement to initiate an urgent collection of evidence, and a
preservation of the fire scene. The First Responder can cooperate with the officer in
command from the Fire Department and other authorities. The assessment of the case can
be done in conjunction with the police officer in charge, with the view to the progress and
strategy concerning the fire investigation.
This also takes into consideration the expertise and knowledge required for further fire
investigation. In simple and uncomplicated cases, the First Responder may complete the
fire investigation directly, after the Fire Department has finished their incident response.
The action card should be seen as a guide and a support in relation to the interface between
tactical and technical investigation. It can also be used by the individual investigator to
assess his/her own abilities and skills for the task at hand, and when a request for
assistance is required. The First Responder is the investigating person where the fire scene
is simple, and the fire damage is limited. It is a recommendation that the First Responder
request for assistance of a Fire Investigator and/ or a specialist, in cases listed as below:
• Fatalities due to fire
• The fire scene is complex or severe, or complex damages at the fire scene require
the need for comprehensive clearing
• Requirement for tactical information from technical systems or reconstruction / fire
experiments in situ
• A demanding work situation, or a suspected arson
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Alarm about a fire
First responder
Tactical information
Involved persons, Fire Department, Witness, Medical aid
Initial orientation and documentation
Activities
Cordon off and undertake risk assesment
Urgent collection of evidence and preservation
Assessment of the case *
Simple, uncomplicated fire Complex fire Fire investigation
investigation investigation** with fatalities **
Tecnical investigation
Cordon off and secure the area
Initial orientation
Resources
Equipment and Safety/health assessment
Entrance and exit
Strategy of investigation :
Demarcation, outdoors, openings, indoors
Samples and evidence
Sampling on people
Documentation
Hypothesis/Assessment/Verification
Conclusion
Point of origin, and cause of fire
Report Expert report
Figure 1 Action card Fire investigations
* The assessment of the case is typically based on the tactical information received.
** For example, heavy fire damage, complex building structure, need for reconstruction
/clearing, difficult working conditions, technical systems.
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5.1.1 Responding to a call or request for assistance
The First Responder is likely to be the first to collect the relevant information needed for an
investigation strategy, and could also be responsible for both the collection of evidence, and
that the operating procedures are followed. If a fire investigator or a specialist is responding,
priority is to preserve the fire scene as undisturbed as possible.
5.1.2 On route and on arrival
Wherever possible, the following shall be recorded:
• The time of the call, and all current available information.
• People’s present (witnesses, other attendants, journalists, others), and details of
vehicles.
• Deviant or specific activities of people’s present.
• Identify details of bystanders, especially if they appear to be particularly interested,
or if someone present displays unusual behaviour.
• People present at the fire scene should be considered for examination concerning
clothing, behaviour, intoxication and response to the incident, and the relevant
findings, including fire damaged hair, soot, singed hair on hands and on their
face/extremities.
• If possible, anyone who has left the scene.
• Weather conditions: (general wind speed and direction, as well as any changes in
the weather).
• Security assessment, evacuation / rescue of persons and extinguishing efforts.
• The consequences of the Fire Departments incident response.
• Confirm pictures and videos are documented, dated and retained.
On arrival, there should be a reflection on using dogs for tracking traces on the scene and
access/escape routes. Depending on the tactical information given, it could be a dog
specialized on search or on ignitable liquid etc.
5.1.3 On-site
The First Responder should as soon as possible, determine whether or not to contact a Fire
Investigator / Specialist.
Take photos and notes, as well as start plotting (with their own observations), as soon as
possible, to fully document the fire scene. Photographs and notes must include all angles
and aspects of the fire scene, including any areas that were unburned at the time of arrival.
Take a sequence of photographs of the fire spread, paying particular attention to the
location of smoke and flames when you arrive. If possible, take a comprehensive photo
shoot around the building.
It is also recommended to record the fire scene using, for example, video, drones, 3D
scanning, 360o. Make sure photos and videos are dated, and show the correct time.
Note the fire-fighter’s first immediate comment – (in their own words, verbatim if possible).
The recommendation is to interview the personnel from the Fire Services as soon as
possible. One can also get valuable information from witnesses, technical systems, and the
owner of the property at an early stage.
5.1.4 Cordon off, and preservation of the fire scene
It may be necessary to make an immediately sampling, or urgent preservation of the scene.
This can happen during the Fire Departments response, or in connection with the cordoning
off of the scene before leaving.
To ensure the integrity of the site, it may be necessary to close the area off. Make sure that
as few people as possible have access to the investigation area. Consider using an inner
area, and an outer area, if it works best. Make sure that the outer barrier is sufficiently large
to cover all areas that contain possible traces and evidence.
Page: 17 /70 BPM for the Investigation of Fires and ExplosionsENFSI-BPM-FEI-01 (vs.04) To ensure the preservation of the fire scene, it is often necessary to lock up the fire scene. That can be for example, a closing of any open windows or doors, with wooden plates, and cover roof openings. These measures will, in addition to protection from the weather, have a certain effect to keep the public away, but they should not stop, or prevent, access to the site. Immediate collection of specimens and sampling can be the protection of blood on a broken pane, or the lid of a petrol tank, a bottle, tool, clothing, a lighter, etc., found in connection with the scene of the crime, and suspected of being caused by a perpetrator, or otherwise relevant to the case. Electronic evidence can be of great importance, such as Wi-Fi readout. Urgent collection of evidence can also be that you are required to cover over a shoeprint. Urgent preservation of the fire scene is made to protect any tracks/trails etc., identified during extinguishing efforts, to protect them against wind and weather, as well as to ensure the evidentiary value of them. Any modification of the fire before the First Responders arrival must be documented. It is important for any following investigation, that nothing inside, or outside the fire scene is moved unnecessarily. The activities by the Fire Department will impact on the fire scene, and there is a risk that some objects (such as doors and windows), may be damaged. All items that are moved, damaged, or removed, must be photographed and recorded (with the time and date), before being disturbed. Take precautions that the fire scene is not contaminated by using PPE (personal protective equipment) in the form of examination suits, gloves, masks, etc. The owner / injured person should be informed that the fire scene is closed due to further investigations, and that the site cannot be visited until the site has been released by the police. For urgent intervention in the building (for example disconnection of electrical/gas installations in order to ensure the electricity is disconnected for safety purposes and that the fact is recorded), this must be done by authorized personnel. An electrician must be advised that the fire scene is not to be visited without the permission of the police. If there is a need for disconnection, this must only be done in extreme emergency situations, and the police must document the electrician's actions. If a cable is to be disconnected, this must be done as far away from the fire scene as possible. The electrician must also be aware that disconnection of the power to the fire scene may be of major importance to the investigation. He/she must be made aware that the changes - including the number of connections of current, must be documented. The electrician must also be informed that changes in the electrical board, including replacement of fuses, may also have a major impact on the fire investigation. This also applies to power boards located outside the enclosed area. Securing groups and fault breaker status (on / off), shall be recorded before making any change in the electrical board. If it is necessary to change fuses, they must be marked with the location where they were taken, and either remain at the board, or handed to the police. The same applies to cables when disassembled. The above also applies to gas installations. All elements which could be potential evidence, must be photographed and recorded at the original position, and thereafter, removed or protected, in order to clear a path for gaining access to the fire scene. This path must be clearly marked, and is to be used by all staff to get in and out of the area. Obtain the existing hazard and risk assessment from the fire brigade and similar expertise. Page: 18 /70 BPM for the Investigation of Fires and Explosions
ENFSI-BPM-FEI-01 (vs.04)
See Appendix A2 section 14, together with Appendix A2 section 17.
5.1.5 Communication and coordination.
The First Responder, can contact the fire investigator / specialist for advice, prior to their
work on-site. This may, for example, be about:
• Interpretation of available information
• Assessment of health and safety issues and risk assessment due to the Fire
Departments incident response. The Incident commander from the Fire Department
can give advice about risk assessment around the fire site. The risk assessment
can include issues of crash hazard and hazardous substances, such as asbestos at
the fire scene.
• Dialogue could concern:
• Strategy for the investigation
• Demarcation
• Sampling and hypothesis
• Presentation of investigation results.
This dialog can also include identification of relevant persons for obtaining information, as
well of information that may be needed at a later date.
5.2 Tactical information
Information from others, both internal and external, can support the investigation in two
main scenarios: Small, and comprehensive, fire damage. There are two types of tactical
information (i.e., from persons, and from information), that can be extracted from technical
systems.
The tactical information may include photographs, videos and/or information from the
extinguishing efforts (such as whiteboard plotting). See Appendix A2 appendix B. Consider
if there can be data collected from the various technical systems. Fire investigators are
interested in:
• Drawings and plans (i.e. gas, electricity, structural, building and construction)
• Information about specific electrical equipment
• Information about standard procedures and deviation logs
• Data logs and maintenance logs
• Regulations (new and old)
• Manuals for equipment and objects
• Communication logs, including emergency calls / event notes
• Technical literature
5.3 Technical examination
When the fire has gone out, and the temperature is lower, an assessment of the further
course of action will be carried out, and thus conduct a review of the case. The first
orientation of the case is typically carried out based on the tactical information provided by
the Fire Department.
5.3.1 In general
The documentation including photographing of the outdoor area should be made so that it
is possible to identify the exact location of the fire scene, relative to the surroundings. This
will include the surrounding area, such as adjacent buildings, and relevant parts of the
surroundings. Photos taken from different positions, and a series of sequential photos, can
be used to set different areas in a context. Also, rooms that are smaller or less / not burnt
must also be photographed and documented. The First Responder, decides what and how
to document, for example:
• Drone photo / 360-degree photo
• Overview photo / wide angle, exterior and interior
• Photo of sub areas
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