Africans see growing corruption, poor government response, but fear retaliation if they speak out
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Dispatch No. 421 | 26 January 2021 Africans see growing corruption, poor government response, but fear retaliation if they speak out Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 421 | Christiaan Keulder Summary Developing countries lose $1.26 trillion a year to corruption, theft, and tax evasion, according to analysts’ estimates – a sum large enough to lift 1.4 billion people above the poverty line for six years (Fleming, 2019). Unless we control corruption, development experts say, achieving the other Sustainable Development Goals will be all but impossible (United Nations, 2019; Rubio & Andvig, 2019). Yet corruption scandals make almost daily headlines, in Africa as elsewhere. South Africa continues to wrestle with the fallout of state capture during Jacob Zuma’s presidency (Alberts, 2020; Arun, 2020). Namibians are gearing up for one of their most prominent court cases ever, involving two ministers accused and imprisoned in the #Fishrot corruption scandal (Zenda, 2020; Iceland Review, 2020). Allegations of corruption involving COVID-19 pandemic relief pour in from Zimbabwe (Guardian, 2020), Somalia (Daysane, 2020), Kenya (Malalo, 2020), Nigeria (Financial Times, 2020), and other countries. And ordinary Africans say things are getting worse rather than better. In Afrobarometer surveys in 18 African countries, a majority of citizens say corruption increased in their country during the previous year. Police are the worst offenders in citizens’ eyes, but even many health-care providers demand bribes. Most citizens say their government is doing too little to fight corruption. And in a bad sign for activists working to engage citizens on this issue, most Africans say they risk retaliation should they report cases of corruption to the authorities. Afrobarometer survey Afrobarometer is a pan-African, nonpartisan survey research network that provides reliable data on Africans’ experiences and evaluations democracy, governance, and quality of life. Seven rounds of surveys were completed in up to 38 countries between 1999 and 2018. Round 8 surveys were completed in 18 countries between August 2019 and March 2020 before fieldwork was suspended because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Round 8 surveys started up again in October 2020 and are expected to cover a total of at least 35 countries. Afrobarometer conducts face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice with nationally representative samples that yield country-level results with margins of error of +/-2 to +/-3 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. This 18-country analysis is based on 26,777 interviews (see Appendix Table A.1 for a list of countries and fieldwork dates). The data are weighted to ensure nationally representative Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 1
samples. When reporting multi-country averages, each country is weighted equally (rather than
in proportion to population size).
Key findings
Extent of corruption
▪ On average across 18 countries, six in 10 Africans (59%) say that corruption increased in
their country during the previous year, including 41% who say it “increased a lot.” One in
five (21%) believe it decreased at least “somewhat,” while 16% say it stayed at the same
level (Figure 1).
o Perceptions of increased corruption levels are most widespread in Gabon (82%),
Lesotho (79%), and Mali (74%), as well as in Namibia (74%) – even though survey
fieldwork in Namibia was completed before the #Fishrot corruption scheme was
exposed in November 2019 (Figure 2). Angola is the only surveyed country where
more people see a decrease (44%) than an increase (33%) in corruption.
o The situation has worsened significantly over the past six years in seven of the 16
countries surveyed in both 2014/2015 and 2019/2020 (Figure 3). Perceptions of
increasing corruption have risen most dramatically in Mali (from 31% to 74%, or
+43 percentage points), Gabon (+30 points), Côte d'Ivoire (+25 points), and
Guinea (+25 points). In contrast, in three countries the number who report that
corruption is increasing has dropped by large margins: Sierra Leone (-30
percentage points), Ghana (-23 points), and Nigeria (-20 points).
Who is corrupt
▪ Among key public institutions, the police are most widely seen as corrupt; on average,
almost half (48%) of Africans say “most” or “all” police officials are involved in corruption,
in addition to 36% who see “some of them” as corrupt (see also Sanny & Logan, 2020).
More than one-third of citizens see corruption in most/all members of Parliament (38%),
civil servants (37%), judges and magistrates (35%), tax officials (35%), and Presidency
officials (35%). Local government councillors fare only slightly better (33%) (Figure 4).
o In nine of the 18 countries, half or more of the adult population believe that
“most” or “all” police officials are corrupt (Figure 5). This proportion exceeds two-
thirds in Gabon (69%), Uganda (68%), and Kenya (68%) – more than three times
the levels recorded in Cabo Verde and Tunisia (both 22%). But even in these
countries with relatively low levels of perceived police corruption, police perform
more poorly than most other public institutions.
o Perceptions of institutional corruption have increased modestly over the past
decade (Figure 6). On average across 11 countries consistently interviewed
between 2008/2009 and 2019/2020, the proportion of citizens who see “most” or
“all” officials as corrupt increased by 11 percentage points for the Presidency, by
9 points for MPs, and by 7 points for judges/magistrates while remaining steady for
the police, civil servants, and local government councillors.
o While perceived corruption varies greatly across countries and institutions, three
countries – Guinea, Gabon, and Mali – appear consistently among the five worst
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 2performers for all seven institutions (Figure 7), suggesting that in these countries
corruption can be seen as endemic. In some other countries, perceptions of
official corruption are notably high for some but not all institutions; this is the case
in Uganda (civil servants, police, judges, tax officials), Kenya (MPs, local
government councillors, police), and Lesotho (Presidency, MPs, civil servants).
o Cabo Verde consistently ranks at the least corrupt end of the scale across all
institutions, often joined by Botswana and Tunisia (for six and five institutions,
respectively) (Figure 8).
Experience of bribery
▪ Bribery is not an uncommon experience in most African countries (Figure 9). On average
across 18 countries, fully one-third of citizens who dealt with the police during the
previous year say they had to pay a bribe (35% of those who sought police assistance,
33% of those who encountered the police in other situations, such as a traffic stop or
investigation).
o The same is true for one in four citizens (25%) who tried to obtain a government
document, and one in five who went for medical care (20%) or requested
assistance at a public school (19%).
o Self-reported bribe-paying varies widely across countries (Figure 10). Among
citizens who sought a government identity document, for example, half (50%) of
Kenyans and more than four in 10 Sierra Leoneans (43%) say they had to pay a
bribe. In contrast, fewer than one in 20 Cabo Verdeans (3%) and Batswana (4%)
report having to bribe someone to obtain such a document.
o Looking at the share of the whole population who had to pay a bribe to obtain
any of these public services, Cabo Verde again stands out (4%), followed by
Namibia (7%) and Botswana (9%). But in Uganda (53%), Guinea (47%), Sierra
Leone (46%), and Kenya (45%), around half the population was exposed to
bribery in exchange for public services during the previous 12 months (Figure 11).
Fight against corruption
▪ Almost two-thirds (64%) of Africans say their government is doing a “fairly bad” or “very
bad” job of fighting official corruption. Only three in 10 (30%) approve of their
government’s performance (Figure 12).
o Botswana is the only surveyed country where a majority (56%) of citizens approve
of their government’s anti-corruption efforts, and Sierra Leone is the only other
country where positive appraisals outnumber negative (Figure 13).
o In 12 of the 18 countries, fewer than one in three citizens give their government
passing marks on corruption, including fewer than one in five Gabonese (15%),
Cabo Verdeans (17%), Guineans (18%), Tunisians (19%), and Basotho (19%).
Considering that Cabo Verdeans report lower levels of corruption in key
institutions than any other surveyed country, one might be surprised at how
critical they are of their government’s anti-corruption efforts, suggesting that the
level of perceived corruption in a country can be a poor predictor of the level of
popular satisfaction with the government’s performance on the issue.
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 3o On average across 11 countries surveyed in both 2008/2009 and 2019/2020,
positive assessments of the government’s handling of corruption declined by 11
percentage points, including huge drops in Malawi (-35 points) and Namibia (-26
points) (Figure 14). Burkina Faso (+8 points) and Kenya (+6 points) are the only
countries that show increases in popular approval of the government’s
performance. Nigeria and Ghana recorded spikes in approval in 2017 (perhaps
reflecting optimism under relatively new presidents promising to fight corruption)
but dropped back below 2008 levels by the following survey round.
Fear of retaliation
▪ Almost three-fourths (72%) of Africans say that ordinary citizens risk retaliation or other
negative consequences if they report corruption to the authorities. Only one in four (24%)
believe they can speak up without fear (Figure 15).
o Even in Angola, the country with the lowest perceived risk of retaliation, a majority
(55%) fear negative consequences if they report corruption. In Gabon, fear of
retaliation is nearly universal (91%) (Figure 16).
Charts
Extent of corruption
Figure 1: Corruption increased/decreased in previous 12 months | 18 countries
| 2019/2020
41 18 16 17 4 5
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Increased a lot Increased somewhat Stayed the same
Decreased somewhat Decreased a lot Don't know/Refused
Respondents were asked: In your opinion, over the past year, has the level of corruption in this country
increased, decreased, or stayed the same?
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 4Figure 2: Corruption increased/decreased in previous 12 months | 18 countries | 2019/2020
Gabon 82 7
Lesotho 79 9
Mali 74 17
Namibia 74 9
Malawi 67 13
Kenya 64 24
Guinea 63 23
Tunisia 63 15
Uganda 62 13
18-country average 59 21
Côte d'Ivoire 57 20
Nigeria 56 25
Ghana 53 19
Botswana 50 21
Cabo Verde 49 12
Burkina Faso 47 34
Ethiopia 43 37
Sierra Leone 40 31
Angola 33 44
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Corruption increased somewhat/a lot Corruption decreased somewhat/a lot
Respondents were asked: In your opinion, over the past year, has the level of corruption in this country
increased, decreased, or stayed the same?
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 5Figure 3: Perception that corruption is increasing | 16 countries* | 2014-2020
100%
79 82
76 76 74 74
80% 70 69 72
67
62 61 6463 6464 63 63
56 56 57 57
60% 53 5150 4949 52
47
40 38
40% 28
32 31
20%
0%
2014/2015 2019/2020
Figure shows the change (in percentage points) between survey rounds in 2014/2015 and 2019/2020 in the
proportion of respondents who say corruption increased “somewhat” or “a lot” during the previous year.
Positive numbers indicate increases in corruption. *Angola and Ethiopia were not surveyed in 2014/2015.
Who is corrupt
Figure 4: Corruption in key public institutions | 18 countries* | 2019/2020
100%
80%
36
60% 41 46
42 43 39 44
40%
20% 48
38 37 35 35 35 33
0%
Police Members of Civil Judges and Tax officials Office of Local
Parliament servants magistrates the government
Presidency councillors
Most/All of them Some of them
Respondents were asked: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or
haven’t you heard enough about them to say? (% who say “most” or “all”)
*The question about local government councillors was not asked in Angola.
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 6Figure 5: Perceived corruption among the police | 18 countries | 2019/2020
Gabon 69
Uganda 68
Kenya 68
Sierra Leone 62
Nigeria 61
Côte d'Ivoire 58
Ghana 57
Mali 54
Malawi 50
Guinea 49
18-country average 48
Lesotho 46
Ethiopia 43
Angola 39
Namibia 36
Burkina Faso 30
Botswana 30
Tunisia 22
Cabo Verde 22
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Respondents were asked: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or
haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Police? (% who say “most” or “all”)
Figure 6: Changes in perceived corruption | by key institution | 11 countries | 2008-2020
80%
Police
60% MPs
47 48
Civil servants
40% 38
38
37
35 Presidency
30
29 31
28
24 Judges and
20%
magistrates
Local
government
0% councillors
2008/2009 2011/2013 2014/2015 2016/2018 2019/2020
Respondents were asked: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or
haven’t you heard enough about them to say? (% who say “most” or “all”)
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 7Figure 7: Countries with highest perceived corruption | by key institution | 18 countries
| 2019/2020
100%
80% 68 68 69
63 61 61 62 62
53 54 53 53 56 58 55
60% 50 50
47 44 46 47 45 46 46 48 45 46 48 44
48
42 45
40 38 40
40%
20%
0%
Uganda
Kenya
Uganda
Uganda
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Uganda
Mali
Mali
Mali
Sierra Leone
Lesotho
Kenya
Mali
Kenya
Mali
Mali
Gabon
Lesotho
Gabon
Gabon
Lesotho
Gabon
Gabon
Gabon
Gabon
Malawi
Guinea
Guinea
Guinea
Guinea
Guinea
Guinea
Nigeria
Nigeria
Office of MPs Civil Local Police Judges and Tax officials
the servants government magistrates
Presidency councillors
Respondents were asked: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or
haven’t you heard enough about them to say? (Figure shows, for each of seven institutions, the five
countries where the largest proportions of respondents say “most” or “all” officials are corrupt.)
Figure 8: Countries with lowest perceived corruption | by key institution | 18 countries
| 2019/2020
100%
80%
60%
36
40% 32 30 32 32 33 30 30
22 22
27 25 29 29 21 22
25 27 22 22 23 23 27 27
15 14 14 15 16 18 21
20% 9 11 14 13
0%
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Angola
Burkina Faso
Angola
Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Lesotho
Lesotho
Tunisia
Namibia
Sierra Leone
Botswana
Botswana
Botswana
Tunisia
Tunisia
Botswana
Namibia
Namibia
Namibia
Burkina Faso
Tunisia
Botswana
Tunisia
Cabo Verde
Cabo Verde
Cabo Verde
Nigeria
Cabo Verde
Ghana
Cabo Verde
Cabo Verde
Cabo Verde
Office of MPs Civil Local Police Judges and Tax officials
the servants government magistrates
Presidency councillors
Respondents were asked: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or
haven’t you heard enough about them to say? (Figure shows, for each of seven institutions, the five
countries where the smallest proportions of respondents say “most” or “all” officials are corrupt.)
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 8Experience of bribery
Figure 9: Share of service users who had to pay a bribe to obtain each public service
| 18 countries | 2019/2020
100%
80%
60%
40% 35 33
25
20 19
20%
0%
To obtain police To avoid To obtain To obtain To obtain school
assistance problems with government medical care services
the police document
Respondents were asked:
In the past 12 months, have you had contact with a public school? [If yes:] How often, if ever, did you
have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a teacher or school official in order to get the
services you needed from the schools?
In the past 12 months, have you had contact with a public clinic or hospital? [If yes:] How often, if
ever, did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a health worker or clinic or hospital
staff in order to get the medical care you needed?
In the past 12 months, have you tried to get an identity document like a birth certificate, driver’s
license, passport or voter’s card, or permit from government? [If yes:] How often, if ever, did you have
to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a government official in order to get the document you
needed?
In the past 12 months, have you requested assistance from the police? [If yes:] How often, if ever, did
you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a police officer in order to get the assistance
you needed?
In the past 12 months, how often have you encountered the police in other situations, like at
checkpoints, during identity checks or traffic stops, or during an investigation? [If yes:] How often, if
ever did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a police officer in order to avoid a
problem during one of these encounters?
(% who say “once or twice,” “a few times,” or “often.” Respondents who did not have contact with these
services are excluded.)
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 9Figure 10: Share of citizens seeking identity documents who had to pay a bribe
| 18 countries | 2019/2020
Kenya 23 14 13
Sierra Leone 17 8 18
Nigeria 21 10 9
Uganda 18 10 13
Guinea 11 12 18
Angola 18 11 9
Gabon 17 11 8
Côte d'Ivoire 16 11 6
Ghana 17 8 4
Mali 15 6 7
18-country average 12 7 6
Once or twice
Burkina Faso 11 7 2
A few times
Ethiopia 10 6 3
Often
Lesotho 8 4 3
Tunisia 7 5 2
Malawi 8 23
Namibia 3 3
Botswana 3 1
Cabo Verde 2 1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Respondents were asked: In the past 12 months, have you tried to get an identity document like a birth
certificate, driver’s license, passport or voter’s card, or permit from government? [If yes:] How often, if ever,
did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a government official in order to get the
document you needed?
(Respondents who did not try to get an identity document are excluded.)
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 10Figure 11: Share of total population exposed to bribery to obtain any public service
| 18 countries | 2019/2020
100%
80%
60% 53
47 46 45 43 43
36 36
40% 31 29
24 23 23 20
20% 15 14
9 7 4
0%
Respondents were asked:
In the past 12 months, have you had contact with a public school? [If yes:] How often, if ever, did you
have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a teacher or school official in order to get the
services you needed from the schools?
In the past 12 months, have you had contact with a public clinic or hospital? [If yes:] How often, if
ever, did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a health worker or clinic or hospital
staff in order to get the medical care you needed?
In the past 12 months, have you tried to get an identity document like a birth certificate, driver’s
license, passport or voter’s card, or permit from government? [If yes:] How often, if ever, did you have
to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a government official in order to get the document you
needed?
In the past 12 months, have you requested assistance from the police? [If yes:] How often, if ever, did
you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a police officer in order to get the assistance
you needed?
In the past 12 months, how often have you encountered the police in other situations, like at
checkpoints, during identity checks or traffic stops, or during an investigation? [If yes:] How often, if
ever did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a police officer in order to avoid a
problem during one of these encounters?
(% of all respondents who say they ever paid a bribe (“once or twice,” “a few times,” or “often”) for any of
these services or to avoid problems in the past year)
Do your own analysis of Afrobarometer data – on any question,
for any country and survey round. It’s easy and free at
www.afrobarometer.org/online-data-analysis.
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 11Fight against corruption
Figure 12: Government performance in fighting corruption | 18 countries | 2019/2020
Respondents were
6 asked: How well or
6 Very badly badly would you
39 Fairly badly say the current
government is
24 Fairly well handling the
following matters,
Very well
or haven’t you
Don't know/Refused heard enough to
25 say: Fighting
corruption in
government?
Figure 13: Government performance in fighting corruption | 18 countries | 2019/2020
Botswana 56 39
Sierra Leone 49 38
Ethiopia 42 55
Ghana 40 55
Burkina Faso 40 57
Kenya 37 62
Angola 32 54
18-country average 30 64
Nigeria 28 70
Côte d'Ivoire 28 69
Namibia 28 70
Malawi 27 70
Mali 24 74
Uganda 21 73
Lesotho 19 75
Tunisia 19 69
Guinea 18 81
Cabo Verde 17 65
Gabon 15 85
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Fairly well/Very well Don't know/Refused Fairly badly/Very badly
Respondents were asked: How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the
following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Fighting corruption in government?
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 12Figure 14: Change in approval of government performance in fighting corruption
| 11 countries | 2008-2020
Burkina Faso 8
Kenya 6
Uganda -5
Mali -5
Cabo Verde -8
11-country average -11
Nigeria -12
Botswana -13
Lesotho -16
Ghana -16
Namibia -26
Malawi -35
-40 -20 0 20 40
Figure shows the change (in percentage points) between survey rounds in 2008/2009 and 2019/2020 in the
proportion of respondents who say the government is handling the fight against corruption “fairly well” or
“very well.” Positive numbers indicate increases in approval.
Fear of retaliation
Figure 15: Do you risk retaliation if you report corruption? | 18 countries | 2019/2020
100%
80% 72
60%
40%
24
20%
3
0%
Can report without Risk retaliation Don't know/Refused
fear
Respondents were asked: In this country, can ordinary people report incidences of corruption without fear,
or do they risk retaliation or other negative consequences if they speak out?
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 13Figure 16: Risk retaliation if report corruption | 18 countries | 2019/2020
100% 91
83 82 81 81 81
77
80% 72 71 71 70 70 70 68 65 63 61 61
60% 55
40%
20%
0%
Respondents were asked: In this country, can ordinary people report incidences of corruption without fear,
or do they risk retaliation or other negative consequences if they speak out? (% who say they risk
retaliation)
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 14References
Alberts, D. (2020). South African court postpones hearing of Jacob Zuma’s corruption trial. Bloomberg. 8
December.
Arun, N. (2019). State capture: Zuma, the Guptas, and the sale of South Africa. BBC. 14 July.
Chingono, N. (2020). Zimbabwe health minister facing coronavirus corruption charge sacked. Guardian.
9 July.
Dhaysane, M. (2020). Somalia jails 4 health officials over corruption. Anadolu Agency. 24 August.
Financial Times. (2020). Africa’s Covid-19 corruption: ‘Theft doesn’t even stop during a pandemic.’ 31
August.
Fleming, S. (2019). Corruption costs developing countries $1.26 trillion every year - yet half of EMEA
think it's acceptable. World Economic Forum. 9 December.
Iceland Review. (2020). Fishrot files investigation closed in Namibia, further arrests expected. 14
December.
Malalo, H. (2020). Kenya anti-graft agency slams procurement of COVID-19 equipment. Reuters. 24
September.
Rubio, D. F., & Andvig, E. (2019). Serious about sustainability? Get serious about corruption. World
Economic Forum. 23 September.
Sanny, J. A.-N., & Logan, C. (2020). Citizens’ negative perceptions of police extend well beyond Nigeria’s
#EndSARS. Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 403.
Transparency International. (2019). SDG 16 is the key to the 2030 agenda. 9 July.
United Nations. (2019). Corruption and the sustainable development goals. In World Public Sector
Report 2019.
Zenda, C. (2020). ‘Fish-rot’ scandal stink reaches far beyond Namibia’s shores. Fair Planet. 16 November.
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 15Appendix
Table A.1: Afrobarometer Round 8 fieldwork dates and previous survey rounds
Months when Round 7
Country Previous survey rounds
fieldwork was conducted
Angola Nov-Dec 2019 N/A
Botswana July-Aug 2019 1999, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2017
Burkina Faso Dec 2019 2008, 2012, 2015, 2-17
Cabo Verde Dec 2019 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017
Côte d'Ivoire Nov 2019 2013, 2014, 2017
Ethiopia Dec 2019-Jan 2020 2013
Gabon Feb 2020 2015, 2017
Ghana Sept-Oct 2019 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2017
Guinea Nov-Dec 2019 2013, 2015, 2017
Kenya Aug-Sept 2019 2003, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2016
Lesotho Feb-March 2020 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2017
Malawi Nov-Dec 2019 1999, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2017
Mali March-April 2020 2001, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2017
Namibia Aug 2019 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2017
Nigeria Jan-Feb 2020 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2017
Sierra Leone March 2020 2012, 2015, 2018
Tunisia Feb-March 2020 2013, 2015, 2018
Uganda Sept-Oct 2019 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2017
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2021 16Christiaan Keulder is the owner of Survey Warehouse and national investigator for Afrobarometer
in Namibia. Email: c.keulder@surveywarehouse.com.na.
Afrobarometer, a non-profit corporation with headquarters in Ghana, is a pan-African, non-
partisan survey research network. Regional coordination of national partners in about 35
countries is provided by the Ghana Center for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), the
Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (IJR) in South Africa, and the Institute for Development
Studies (IDS) at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. Michigan State University (MSU) and the
University of Cape Town (UCT) provide technical support to the network.
Financial support for Afrobarometer Round 8 has been provided by Sweden via the Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency, the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, the Open Society
Foundations, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the U.S. Agency for International
Development (USAID) via the U.S. Institute of Peace, the National Endowment for Democracy,
the European Union Delegation to the African Union, Freedom House, the Embassy of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands in Uganda, GIZ, and Humanity United.
Donations help Afrobarometer give voice to African citizens. Please consider making a
contribution (at www.afrobarometer.org) or contact Bruno van Dyk
(bruno.v.dyk@afrobarometer.org) to discuss institutional funding.
For more information, please visit www.afrobarometer.org.
Follow our releases on #VoicesAfrica.
/Afrobarometer @Afrobarometer
Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 421 | 26 January 2021
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