A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIVE UTTERANCES IN BREAKING DAWN
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A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS
OF DIRECTIVE UTTERANCES IN BREAKING DAWN PART I
MOVIE
PUBLICATION ARTICLE
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by:
HIDAYATI SHOLIHAH
A320090163
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2013
i
ii
iii
A. INTRODUCTION
In the study of language, there are two important components that
should be applied, namely Language Structure and Language Function.
Language structure is the grammatical form of a language, while language
function is to express our thoughts and ideas or our everyday interaction
(Fauziati, 2009:9). The function of language is attached with the speaker’s and
the listener’s mental activities during communication, they are the speaker’s
intention, the ideas the speaker want to convey, and the listener’s current
knowledge. The function of language can be studied using Pragmatics
analysis.
Pragmatics is the study of language usage. According to Levinson
(1983:9), pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and
context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language. It
concerns with how utterances can have certain meanings in a certain situation
and context. This research focuses on directive utterance. It will be analyzed
using language form and speech act theory includes locution, illocution, and
perlocution.
Directive utterance can be uttered by different ways. Grammatically,
directive utterance can be in the form of declarative sentence, interrogative
sentence, or imperative sentence. Furthermore, people have different intention
by uttering directive utterance. The speaker’s intentions can be command,
request, prohibition, suggestion, warning, and invitation.
It can be found many directive utterances in Breaking Dawn Part I
movie. For instance, “Walk away” and “Easy up”, has intention as command.
“Will you tell me what’s going on?” and “Can I just go barefoot?” has
intention as request. Yet, not all commands are in the form of imperative
sentence. And not all requests are in the form of interrogative sentence. These
all are going to be discussed more in this research.
In this research, the writer shows two previous studies related to
directive utterance. Firstly, the research was conducted by Fitriani (UMS,
2010) entitled A Pragmatics Analysis on the Directive Utterances in New
1Tastement. The results of her research show that there are three types of
directive utterances, namely: declarative sentence, interrogative sentence and
imperative sentence. Moreover, this research also shows the intention of
directive utterances; they are commanding, requesting, suggesting, invitation
and warning. Secondly, the research was conducted by Prasetyo (UMS, 2009)
entitled A Socio-Pragmatics Analysis on English Directive Utterances in King
Arthur Movie Manuscript. In this research, the writer got three founding. He
found that (1) there are three intentions of directive utterance, i.e.: command,
request and suggestion, (2) there are four reasons of using directive utterance,
i.e.: showing power, showing respect, giving strong order and softening
utterance.
This research has some similarities and differences with the previous
ones. The similarities among this research, Fitriani’s, and Prasetyo’s are on the
object (i.e.: directive utterances) and they focuses on pragmatics study.
Meanwhile, this research is also slight different from the two previous studies.
The difference among Fitriani, Prasetyo and this research is on the data source
of the research. This research takes Breaking Dawn Part I movie as the data
source. And it will be analyzed by employing language form theory and
speech act theory by Austin (1969).
This research emerges two problem statements. They are: (1) what are
the language forms of directive utterances used in Breaking Dawn Part I
movie? and (2) what are the intentions of employing directive utterances in
Breaking Dawn Part I movie?
The objectives of this research are (1) To identify the language forms of
directive utterances in Breaking Dawn Part I movie and (2) To clarify the
intentions of employing directive utterances in Breaking Dawn Part I movie.
B. UNDERLYING THEORY
The writer elaborates the theories applied for analyzing data. She uses
linguistics forms theory to identify the language form and speech act theory by
Austin (1969) to identify the intention of directive utterances in Breaking
Dawn Part I. Here are the further elaborations of the theories:
21. Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of language usage. Pragmatics studies how
people comprehend and produce a communicative act or speech act in a
concrete speech situation which is usually a conversation. Levinson
(1983:1) asserts that “Pragmatics is the study of the relation of signs to
interpreters. And Peccei (1999:2) explains that “pragmatics concentrates
on those aspects of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic
knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and
social world.” It can be said that pragmatics is the study of the context to
achieve meaning.
2. Speech Act
Speech act theory is basically concern with the function of
language uttered by the speaker. Renkema (1993:21) emphasized that “in
speech act theory, languages seen as a form of acting.” It means that
language perform a certain acting. Language uttered by the speaker must
have a certain function that the speaker wants to show her/his intention
through languages. Moreover, Austin (1969) gave three main parts of
speech act as follows:
a. Locution : the actual form of words and sounds uttered by the
speaker which means something (direct utterance or indirect utterance)
b. Illocution : what the speaker is doing by uttering those words
(function of utterance). Fauziati (2009:175) asserted that it is “the act
performed when saying something. It includes acts of betting,
promising, ordering, warning, etc.”
c. Perlocution : the actual result of the locution (execution). According to
Fauziati (2009:175), “perlocutionary act is the actual effect achieved
‘by saying’ on hearers.”
3. Language Form
a. Word
According to Leonard Bloomfield (in Katamba, 1994:11), word is “a
minimum free form”. It means that word is the smallest meaningful
3linguistic unit that can be used on its own. Katamba (1994:54) said that
word has classes; they are noun, adjective, verb, and adverb.
b. Phrase
Hornby (1995:869) said that phrase is a group of words without verb,
especially one that forms part of sentence.
c. Clause
Azar (1992:238) stated that clause is a group of word containing a
subject and a verb.
d. Sentence
For Frank, sentence are classified in two ways, they are:
1) Classification of Sentences by Types
a) Declarative Sentence
Frank (1972:221) said that the subject and predicate of
declarative sentence have normal word order. The sentence
ends with a full stop or a period (.).
b) Interrogative Sentence
Frank (1972:221) asserted that the subject and auxiliary are
often reversed in interrogative sentence. And the sentence ends
with a question mark (?).
c) Imperative Sentence
Frank (1972:221) explained that only the predicate is
expressed. It uses the simple form of verb and regardless of
person or tense. It ends with a period in writing and a drop in
pitch in speech.
d) Exclamatory Sentence
Frank (1972:221) told that exclamatory sentence is begin with
an exclamatory phrase consisting of what or how plus part of
the predicate. It is followed by the subject and the balance of
the predicate. The exclamatory sentence ends with an
exclamation mark (!).
42) Classification of Number of Full Predications
a) Simple Sentence
It consists of one main clause/independent clause. According to
Frank (1972:223), it has only one full predication in the form of
an independent clause/main clause.
b) Compound Sentence
It consists of two or more main clauses/independent clauses
combined with coordinative conjunction, such as: and, or, but.
For Frank (1972:221), it has two or more full predications in
the form of independent clauses/main clauses.
c) Complex Sentence
It consists of one main clause and one or more sub clause
combined with subordinative conjunction
d) Compound-Complex Sentence
It consists of two main clauses and one or more sub clause
combined with subordinative conjunction.
4. Directive Utterance
Directive utterance is utterance that has function to get someone to
do something. While Peccei (1999:51) defined directive utterance that
speakers direct hearers to perform some future act which will make the
world fit the speaker’s words. So directive utterance aims explicitly and
implicitly to make someone do as the speaker says.
Directive utterance can have some kinds of intention, namely:
requesting, commanding, ordering, warning, invitation, and suggesting.
According to Kreidler (1998:190) directive utterance can have intention as
request when the speaker wants the addressee to do or refrain from doing.
It can have intention as command if the speaker has some degree of
control over the actions of the addressee. Then, it can have intention as an
order if the speaker orders something to the addressee. Besides that, it can
have intention as warning if there is a notice and caution in the utterance
or the speaker wants the addressee to be careful in doing some acts. And it
5also has intention as suggestion when the speaker gives her/his opinion to
the addressee what the addressee should or should not do. Beside them,
directive utterance can also have intention as invitation and prohibition.
Directive utterance can have function as invitation when the speaker
invites the addressee to do something with him/her. And directive
utterance can have function as prohibition when the speaker forbids the
addressee from doing something.
C. RESEARCH METHOD
This research is a descriptive qualitative research because it describes
the language forms and the intentions of directive utterance in Breaking Dawn
Part I movie. The object of this research is directive utterance found in
Breaking Dawn Part I movie. The data of this research are in the form of
directive utterances, while the data source is taken from Breaking Dawn Part I
movie. Technique of data collection used in this research is the documentation
method. The steps are; watching the movie, recording and transcribing,
signing, gathering the data, and coding.
In this research, the data are analyzed based on the language forms and
speaker’s intentions. The techniques of analyzing data are as follow: (1)
Determining the language form of directive utterance found in Breaking Dawn
Part I movie by occupying Language Form Theory, (2) Determining the
intention of directive utterance obtained in Breaking Dawn Part I movie by
occupying speech act theory by Austin (1969), and (3) Drawing conclusion.
D. RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Here, all the problem statements raised in this research are answered. It
describes the language form of directive utterances found in Breaking Dawn
Part I Movie based on the grammatical rule and the intentions of directive
utterances found in Breaking Dawn Part I Movie by using Speech Act theory.
In this research, the writer found 152 numbers of directive utterances in
Breaking Dawn Part I Movie.
61. The Language Form of Directive Utterance
In this analysis, the writer finds three kinds of the language form of
directive utterance, namely declarative, interrogative, and imperative
sentence. Furthermore, the writer shows some examples of directive
utterances based on language forms are as follow:
a. Declarative Sentence
BD1/065/Dec/Sug
(Seth, Jacob, Leah and Embry are in the edge of beach. They are
talking about Bella who will change herself to be a vampire a moment
again. Jake/Jacob looks unpleasant if Bella changes herself to be a
vampire because he still loves her so much, while Leah looks so sad
knowing Jake still loves Bella so much because Leah also loves Jacob.
And she wants Jacob to forget Bella)
Seth : Jake, could you kill Bella if she became a vampire?
Leah : No, He would make one of us do it.
Jacob : Shut up Leah.
Leah : Will you just get over it? It’s not like you’ve imprinted on her.
Seth : At least they seem happy.
Embry : I think some people are lucky.
Jacob : Lucky? None of them belong to themselves anymore. And the
sickest part is? Their genes tell them they’re happy.
Leah : If you imprint someone else, you’ll finally forget Bella. I
mean, any happiness is better than being miserable about
someone you can’t have.
The utterance If you imprint someone else, you’ll finally forget
Bella is included as declarative sentence. It is kind of statement. It
declares that if Jacob imprinted someone else, Jacob would finally
forget Bella. This utterance has subject and predicate in normal word
order. The subject (You) comes before predicate (will forget). And
this utterance ends with a full stop. Furthermore, the form of this
utterance is complex sentence. It has one independent clause and one
dependent clause. The independent clause of this sentence is you’ll
finally forget Bella. And the dependent clause of this sentence is if
you imprint someone else. The independent clause is the main clause.
The main subject of this sentence is you. The main predicate of this
sentence is will forget. The main object of this sentence is Bella. And
7finally is the adverb of manner. The dependent clause of this sentence
also has its own structure. The subject of the dependent clause is you.
The predicate of the dependent clause is imprint. The object of the
dependent clause is someone else. And If is the subordinating
conjunction.
b. Interrogative Sentence
BD1/021/Int/Req
(Bella’s mom, Renee, is seeing how Alice will make up Bella before
Bella goes to the altar for her wedding ceremony. After the make-up is
done, Bella will wear the dress. And Alice offers Renee to see it first)
Alice : Ok… It’s time for the dress! Do you want to see it?
Renee : I wanna see!
The utterance Do you want to see it? is included as interrogative
sentence because subject and auxiliary are reversed. This sentence is
started by an auxiliary. The auxiliary of this sentence is do and it
expresses present tense. The subject of this sentence is you, while its
predicate is want. And the adverb is to see it. This sentence is also
ended by a question mark (?). In conclusion, the subject (you) comes
after the auxiliary (do) and it is also ended by question mark (?). So
this sentence is categorized into interrogative sentence.
c. Imperative Sentence
BD1/020/Imp/Pro
(Bella’s parent gives her a heirloom. They want Bella to wear it in that
wedding ceremony. Bella loves it so much. Then she will hug her
mom, Renee. Alice prevents her as soon as possible because it will
destroy her make-up that is done by Alice)
Renee : It’s your first family heirloom. Pass onto your daughter and
then her daughter.
Bella : Mom I love it. (Bella is trying to hug Renee)
Alice : No smudging my masterpiece.
The utterance No smudging my masterpiece. is categorized
into imperative sentence because predicate is expressed. This sentence
is started by predicate no smudging. This predicate is in the form of
8gerund (smudging) which has function as noun. Meanwhile, no is the
determiner which is used to show that something is not allowed. The
subject of imperative sentence is not expressed but implied. The
subject of this sentence is the second person, i.e. you which refers to
Bella. And the object is my masterpiece. Moreover, it is ended by full
stop. It means that the speaker (Alice) orders the addressee (Bella) not
to smudge her masterpiece. So this sentence is categorized into
imperative sentence.
Below is the table of the finding for the language forms of directive
utterances.
Table 4.1
The Language Form of Directive Utterance
No. Types of Sentence Number of Data Amount Percentage
1. Declarative Sentence 001, 006, 008, 010, 016, 36 23.68 %
028, 029, 030, 034, 036,
037, 048, 057, 061, 065,
066, 071, 076, 084, 085,
087, 088, 090, 094, 095,
096, 097, 101, 105, 107,
108, 112, 116, 123, 129,
130.
2. Interrogative Sentence 002, 003, 004, 007, 009, 27 17.76 %
015, 017, 021, 024, 025,
033, 049, 051, 062, 064,
069, 070, 072, 077, 082,
113, 117, 121, 127, 128,
132, 135.
3. Imperative Sentence 005, 011,012, 013, 014, 89 58.55
018, 019, 020, 022, 023,
9026, 027, 031, 032, 035,
038, 039, 040, 041, 042,
043, 044, 045, 046, 047,
050, 052, 053, 054, 055,
056, 058, 059, 060, 063,
067, 068, 073, 074, 075,
078, 079, 080, 081, 083,
086, 089, 091, 092, 093,
098, 099, 100, 102, 103,
104, 106, 109, 110, 111,
114, 115, 118, 119, 120,
122, 124, 125, 126, 131,
133, 134, 136, 137, 138,
139, 140, 141, 142, 143,
144, 145, 146, 147 148,
149, 150, 151, 152.
The table above shows that the biggest percentage of the language
form of directive utterance found in Breaking Dawn Part 1 movie is in the
form of imperative sentence, i.e. 58.55 %. In imperative sentence,
predicate is extremely emphasized. The predicate used in an imperative
sentence is the simple form of verb, regardless of person or tense. It
usually ends with a period in writing and a drop in pitch in speech. So that
imperative sentence has function to make someone to do something and
such is directive utterance. So that imperative sentence includes as
directive utterance.
2. The Intention of Directive Utterance
By using speech act theory, the writer finds that directive
utterances in Breaking Dawn Part I movie have distinct intentions, i.e.
command, request, prohibition, suggestion, warning, and invitation.
10Furthermore, the writer shows some examples of the intentions of
directive utterances based on speech act theory are as follow:
a. Command
BD1/042/Imp/Com
(In the middle of wedding party, Bella is going outside to meet Jacob.
Bella tells him that she will spend honeymoon as human. Jacob is so
angry because Edward is vampire. She may not spend honeymoon
while she was still a human. Suddenly Seth, Edward and Sam come to
break them up. Seth and Sam ordered Jacob to walk away and stay out
of Bella because it is not their business anymore).
Seth : Jacob, walk away.
Jacob : Let me go!
Sam : Enough, Jacob!
Jacob : Stay out of this, Sam.
Sam : Don’t start something that we’ll have to finish.
Jacob : She’ll die!
Sam : It’s not our business anymore.
The utterance Enough, Jacob! is categorized into directive
utterance. It has intention as a command which can be explained based
on the locution, illocution and perlocution.
Locution : Sam as the speaker says to Jacob as the addressee
“Enough, Jacob!”
Illocution : Jacob is very angry because of Bella’s decision. He
forbids Bella to spend honeymoon with Edward (vampire)
while she is still human. He is worried that Edward will kill
Bella because of his thirsty to Bella’s blood. Then Sam, the
leader of werewolf, commands Jacob to stay out of Bella
because it is not their decision anymore. Sam thinks that
their wedding does not endanger their tribe and community.
So that Sam commands him to be enough in worrying about
and staying out of Bella’s business. That can be meant that
Sam commands Jacob to stop worrying about and thinking
of Bella’s business.
11Perlocution: Jacob leaves Bella and Edward. He lets them to do
anything they want to. He does not stay out of their
business anymore.
Based on the explanation above, the utterance “Enough, Jacob!”
spoken by Sam has function as command. That utterance is addressed
to Jacob. So this utterance has intention that Sam commands Jacob to
stop worrying about and thinking of Bella’s business.
b. Request
BD1/017/Int/Req
(Bella’s parent, Renee and Charlie, want to give an heirloom to Bella
before she goes to the altar for her wedding ceremony. They cannot
find Bella. Renee asks Charlie to find Bella but Charlie minds her
instead.)
Renee : Hey, did you find our daughter?
Charlie : Are those graduation caps?
Renee : How creative!
The utterance Hey, did you find our daughter? is categorized
into directive utterance. It has intention as a request which can be
explained based on the locution, illocution and perlocution.
Locution : Renee as the speaker says to Charlie as the addressee
“Hey, did you find our daughter?”
Illocution : Renee is trying to find where Bella is dressed up before
the wedding ceremony. Renee wants to give Bella an
heirloom. She wants her wear that family heirloom in the
wedding ceremony but she cannot find where Bella is
dressed up. Then she asks Charlie whether he found their
daughter (Bella) or not. It means that Renee requests
Charlie to find Bella. But Renee is reluctant to request to
Charlie because they have divorced. So that Renee does
not directly request Charlie to find Bella. She decides to
only ask him where Bella is.
12Perlocution: Charlie does not want to help Renee to find Bella. So he
does not answer Renee whether he finds Bella or not. He
switches the conversation instead.
Based on the explanation above, the utterance “Hey, did you find
our daughter?” spoken by Renee to Charlie has function as a request.
This utterance is kind of a question. But actually Renee is reluctant to
request Charlie because they do not have relationship anymore. So the
intention of this utterance is that Renee requests Charlie to find their
daughter, Bella.
c. Prohibition
BD1/020/Imp/Pro
(Bella’s parent gives her an heirloom when Bella is dressed up by
Alice. They want Bella to wear it in that wedding ceremony. Bella
loves it so much. Then she will hug her mom, Renee. Alice prevents
her as soon as possible because it will destroy her make-up that is done
by Alice)
Renee : It’s your first family heirloom. Pass onto your daughter
and then her daughter.
Bella : Mom I love it. (Bella is trying to hug Renee)
Alice : No smudging my masterpiece.
The utterance No smudging my masterpiece. is categorized into
directive utterance. It has intention as a prohibition which can be
explained based on the locution, illocution and perlocution.
Locution : Alice as the speaker says Bella as the addressee “No
smudging my masterpiece.”
Illocution : Renee gives Bella a family heirloom when Bella is
dressed up by Alice. Renee wants Bella to wear it in Bella’s
wedding. Bella is very happy and loves it so much. Then
Bella wants to hug Renee because she is very glad and
delighted for that heirloom. But suddenly Alice stops
Bella’s intention. Alice forbids Bella to hug Renee because
it can break Bella’s make-up. Alice has dressed her up as
13beautiful as possible. So that Alice forbids Bella to smudge
and break her masterpiece.
Perlocution: Bella cancels her intention to hug Renee. She is so happy
for the family heirloom that Renee gives her. But she does
not want to smudge and break Alice’s masterpiece which
has dressed her up so beautiful.
Based on the explanation above, the utterance “No smudging
my masterpiece.” spoken by Alice to Bella has intention as a
prohibition. Alice forbids Bella to hug Renee because it can break and
smudge her make-up. Alice has dressed her up so beautiful. So that
Bella may not break and smudge Alice’s masterpiece.
d. Suggestion
BD1/001/Dec/Sug
(Alice is training Bella to use high hells which she will use in her
wedding. Alice asks her to use it more frequently. In fact, Bella has
used it for 3 days. But she keeps feeling uncomfortable with the shoes.
Bella thinks that the dress and shoes are too much for her)
Alice : Mmm…You just to break them in.
Bella : I’ve been breaking them in for 3 days. Can I just go barefoot?
Alice : No! Absolutely not.
Bella : I’m thinking it’s just a little much, you know… the dress, the
shoes...all of this.
Carlisle: No, it’s exactly enough.
Alice : Tomorrow will be perfect.
The utterance You just to break them in. is categorized into
directive utterance. It has intention as a suggestion which can be
explained based on the locution, illocution and perlocution.
Locution : Alice as the speaker says to Bella as the addressee “You
just to break them in.”
Illocution : Bella is unusual to wear high heel in her daily life.
Suddenly she must wear high heels in her wedding. Then
Alice suggests her to wear it to make her comfortable with
the high heel. In fact, Bella has worn it for 3 days. But she
14keeps uncomfortable with that high heel. So the intention of
Alice’s utterance is suggestion. Alice suggests that Bella
should wear high heel more often.
Perlocution: Bella has worn high heel for 3 days. But she keeps
uncomfortable with the high heel.
Based on the explanation above, the utterance “You just to
break them in.” spoken by Alice to Bella has intention as a suggestion.
Alice suggests Bella to wear high heel more often. In fact, Bella has
trained to wear it for 3 days. But she keeps uncomfortable because she
is unusual to wear high heel in her daily life.
e. Warning
BD1/103/Imp/War
(Bella is in danger because Sam’s pack is trying to get any chance to
kill Bella. Sam’s pack feels that the fetus endangers their tribe. So they
should kill Bella although she is human being. For that reason, Edward
and Jacob always keep their eyes on to protect Bella. Jacob warns
Edward to be ready because Sam’s pack is going to come after Bella.
Then, Edward ensures Jacob that Edward will not let Sam’s pack touch
her)
Jacob : Get ready. They’ll come after Bella.
Edward : They’re not going to touch her.
Jacob : Agreed.
The utterance Get ready. They’ll come after Bella. is categorized
into directive utterance. It has intention as a warning which can be
explained based on the locution, illocution and perlocution.
Locution : Jacob as the speaker says to Edward as the addressee “Get
ready. They’ll come after Bella.”
Illocution : Jacob and Edward work together to keep Bella from
Sam’s pack. They always keep their eyes on to protect
Bella. Jacob also looks around to check the situation. Then
Jacob warns Edward to be always ready because Sam can
come after Bella whenever he wants. Jacob knows Sam’s
plan that Sam will not attack and come after Bella directly.
15Sam will wait for an opportunity. So that Jacob warns
Edward to be always ready.
Perlocution: Edward always keeps Bella. He will not leave Bella even
though just for a second. He will not let anything hurt her.
Based on the explanation above, the utterance “Get ready.
They’ll come after Bella.” spoken by Jacob to Edward has intention as
a warning. Jacob warns Edward to be always ready because Sam’s
pack can attack and come after Bella whenever they want. So that
Jacob warns Edward to get ready as always. Then Bella can be safe.
f. Invitation
BD1/051/Int/Inv
(After getting married, Edward and Bella go to Isle Esme to stay for
some days. It was a long trip to reach Isle Esme. Then Edward invites
Bella to swim for losing the tiring. Bella wants to but she need a few
minute to cleanse her body first)
Edward : Are you tired? Want a swim?
Bella : Yeah, sounds nice. I need a few minutes as a human.
The utterance Want a swim? is categorized into directive
utterance. It has intention as an invitation which can be explained
based on the locution, illocution and perlocution.
Locution : Edward as the speaker says to Bella as the addressee
“Want a swim?”
Illocution : Edward takes Bella to Isle Esme after the wedding party.
It is a tiring journey because it takes long time to reach Isle
Esme. Then Edward asks Bella whether she wants to swim
with him or not. Actually it is not a question. But Edward
implicitly invites Bella to swim together with him. So they
can release from all their tiring.
Perlocution: Bella wants to swim with Edward but she needs a few
minute as human. She wants to clean her body up fist
before swimming.
16Based on the explanation above, the utterance “Want a swim?”
spoken by Edward to Bella has intention as an invitation. Although it
is a question but actually it is an invitation. It means that Edward
invites Bella to swim with him to release from all the tiring.
Below is the table of the finding for the language forms of directive
utterances.
Table 4.2
The Intention of Directive Utterance
No. Intention Number of Data Amount Percentage
1. Command 005, 011, 018, 019, 023, 026, 029, 53 34.87 %
030, 031, 038, 040, 041, 042, 047,
050, 054, 063, 068, 075, 079, 080,
083, 084, 086, 097, 099, 100, 102,
104, 105, 107, 109, 112, 116, 118,
124, 125, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138,
139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145,
146, 147, 151, 152.
2. Request 002, 003, 004, 007, 012, 015, 017, 41 26.97 %
021, 024, 025, 033, 039, 048, 049,
058, 059, 064, 069, 070, 071, 072,
073, 074, 076, 077, 082, 089, 090,
092, 110, 111, 117,120, 126, 127,
128, 130, 132, 135, 148, 149.
3. Prohibition 008, 013, 016, 020, 022, 034, 035, 26 17.11 %
036, 037, 043, 044, 052, 053, 055,
056, 060, 067, 093, 098, 101, 106,
108, 114, 115, 122, 123.
4. Suggestion 001, 010, 057, 061, 065, 066, 087, 9 5.92 %
113, 121.
5. Warning 006, 009, 014, 062, 081, 085, 103, 8 5.26 %
17119.
6. Invitation 027, 028, 032, 045, 046, 051, 078, 15 9.87 %
088, 091, 094, 095, 096, 129,131,
150.
The table above shows that directive utterances found in Breaking
Dawn Part I movie have several of intentions; they are command, request,
prohibition, suggestion, warning and invitation. The table also displays
that command is the most dominant intention of directive utterance found
in Breaking Dawn Part I movie. Directive utterances are utterances that
attempted by the speaker to get the addressee to do something. This
research finding shows that mostly directive utterances have intention to
command someone to do something.
E. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
1. Conclusion
From 152 data of directive utterances used in Breaking Dawn Part
I movie, the writer finds their language forms are in the form of
declarative sentence (23.68 %), interrogative sentence (17.76 %), and
imperative sentence (58.55 %). To sum up, the most dominant language
form of directive utterance used in Breaking Dawn Part I movie is in the
form of imperative sentence.
Furthermore, the writer also finds that directive utterances used in
Breaking Dawn Part I movie have different intentions, namely command
(34.87 %), request (26.97 %), prohibition (17.11 %), suggestion (5.92 %),
warning (5.26 %), and invitation (9.87%). In conclusion, the most
dominant intention of directive utterances used in Breaking Dawn Part I
movie is command.
2. Suggestion
Based on this research, the writer proposes some suggestion. They are:
18a. From this research, the students can find more knowledge about
language form. They also can learn about how to apply pragmatics
analysis based on the intentions of directive utterances analysis in this
research.
b. Teachers and lectures can use this research as the additional reference
for applying language form study and pragmatics study based on
speech act theory in teaching learning process.
c. This research can be used to support other researchers to conduct a
linguistics research. The other researchers can use this research as the
reference to analyze language form and pragmatics based on speech
act theory.
F. BIBLIOGRAPHY
ChangingMinds. 2012. “Speech Act Theory” (online),
(http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/speech_act.htm,
accessed in December 29 2012 at 10.02)
Echols, John M and Hassan Shadily. 1976. Kamus Inggris-Indonesia. Jakarta:
PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Echols, John M and Hassan Shadily. 1989. Kamus Indonesia- Inggris. Jakarta:
PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Fauziati, Endang. 2009. Psycholinguistics. Surakarta: Era Pustaka Utama.
Fitriani, Norminingsih. 2010. A Pragmatics Analysis on the Directive
Utterances in New Testament. Unpublished Research Paper. Surakarta:
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English. United Stated of America: Prentice
Hall.
Galuhshinta. 2009. “Discourse Theory – Speech Act Theory”(online),
(http://galuhshinta.blogspot.com/2009/08/discourse-theory-speech-act-
theory.html#!/2009/08/discourse-theory-speech-act-theory.html,
accessed in December 29 2012 at 10.02)
19Hornby, A.S. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Katamba, Francis. 1994. English Words. London: Routledge.
Kreidler, Charles W. 1998. Introducing English Semantics. London:
Routledge.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Peccei, Jean Stilwell. 1999. Pragmatics. New York and London: Routledge.
Prasetyo, Agus Eko. 2009. A Socio-Pragmatics Analysis on English Directive
Utterances In King Arthur Movie Manuscript. Unpublished Research
Paper. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Renkema, Jan. 1993. Discourse Studies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
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WikiAnswer. 2012. “Functions of Speech” (online),
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20A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS
OF DIRECTIVE UTTERANCES IN BREAKING DAWN PART I
MOVIE
Hidayati Sholihah
A320090163
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
hida.s13@gmail.com
Abstract
The objectives of this study are (1) to identify the language forms of
directive utterances in Breaking Dawn Part I movie, and (2) to clarify the
intentions of employing directive utterances in Breaking Dawn Part I movie. This
is a descriptive-qualitative research which uses the documentation method by
steps, i.e. (1) watching the Breaking Dawn Part I movie, (2) recording and
transcribing, (3) signing the directive utterances in the Breaking Dawn Part I
movie, (4) gathering the data (directive utterance) from the Breaking Dawn Part I
movie, and (5) coding the data. The object of this research is directive utterance.
The data source is the script of Breaking Dawn Part I movie and the data are in
the form of utterances including directive utterance. This research applies
language form theory to identify the language forms of directive utterances and
pragmatics analysis by using speech act theory from Austin to clarify the
intentions of employing directive utterances. The results of the research are to
display the language form and the intention of directive utterance. (1) For the
language form of directive utterance, the writer finds 23.68 % for declarative
sentence, 17.76 % for interrogative sentence, and 58.55 % for imperative
sentence. (2) For the intention of directive sentence, the writer finds 34.87 % as
command, 26.97 % as request, 17.11 % as prohibition, 5.92 % as suggestion, 5.26
% as warning, and 9.87 % as invitation.
Keywords: Directive utterance, language form, intention, Breaking Dawn Part 1
movie.
Keywords: Directive utterance, language form, intention, Breaking Dawn Part 1
movie.
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