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2023 Cornell Integrated Crop and Pest Management Guidelines for Commercial Vegetable Production These guidelines are not a substitute for pesticide labeling. Always read and understand the product label before using any pesticide.
2023 Cornell Integrated Crop and Pest Management Guidelines
for Commercial Vegetable Production
Authors
Stephen Reiners (Horticulture – Geneva; Editor; cultivar selection and fertility)
Elizabeth Bihn (Food Science – Geneva; produce safety)
Paul D. Curtis (Natural Resources – Ithaca; wildlife management)
Michael Helms (Cornell Cooperative Extension Pesticide Safety Education Program (CCE-PSEP) – Ithaca; pesticide
information)
Margaret T. McGrath (Plant Pathology – Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead; disease
management)
Brian A. Nault (Entomology – Geneva; insect pest management)
Abby Seaman (NYS IPM Program – Geneva; integrated pest management)
Lynn Sosnoskie (Horticulture – Geneva; weed management)
Special Appreciation
Special appreciation is extended to the following for their contributions to this publication: George S. Abawi, Robin
Bellinder, Helene R. Dillard, Donald E. Halseth, Michael P. Hoffmann, Andrew J. Landers, Curt Petzoldt, Anu
Rangarajan, Anthony M. Shelton, Christine D. Smart, and Thomas A. Zitter.
Abbreviations and Symbols Used in This Publication
A .......... acre F ........... flowable S ...........soluble
AI ........ active ingredient G .......... granular SP .........soluble powder
D .......... dust L ........... liquid ULV .....ultra-low volume
DF ........ dry flowable LFR ...... liquid fertilizer ready W ..........wettable
DG ....... dispersible granule MOA .... mode of action WDG ....water-dispersible granules
DTH ..... days to harvest OLP ...... other labeled product WP ........wettable powder
E .......... emulsion, emulsifiable P ........... pellets WSP .....water soluble packet
EC ........ emulsifiable concentrate PHI ....... pre-harvest interval
EIQ ...... environmental impact quotient REI ....... restricted-entry interval
* ........ Restricted-use pesticide; may be purchased and used only by certified applicators
† ....... Not for use in Nassau and Suffolk Counties
∆ ....... Rate or other application restrictions apply. See label for more information.
Every effort has been made to provide correct, complete, and up-to-date pest management information for New York State at the time this
publication was released for printing (December 2022). Changes in pesticide registrations, regulations, and guidelines occurring after
publication are available in county Cornell Cooperative Extension offices or from the Cornell Cooperative Extension Pesticide Safety
Education Program (CCE-PSEP) (psep.cce.cornell.edu).
Trade names used herein are for convenience only. No endorsement of products in intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products implied.
These guidelines are not a substitute for pesticide labeling. Always read the product label before applying any pesticide.
The guidelines in this bulletin reflect the current (and past) authors’ best effort to interpret a complex body of scientific research, and to
translate this into practical management options. Following the guidance provided in this bulletin does not assure compliance with any
applicable law, rule, regulation or standard, or the achievement of particular discharge levels from agricultural land.
Cover photo: Potato field in Steuben County, New York. (Photo by: Margie Lund, Extension Vegetable Specialist, Cornell Vegetable
Program)TABLE OF CONTENTS i
Chapter 1 – Integrated Crop and Pest Management ...............1 Chapter 9 – Transplant Production (continued)
1.1 Background ..........................................................................1 9.3 Plant Containers .................................................................69
1.2 Practicing IPM......................................................................1 9.4 Transplanting......................................................................69
1.3 IPM Components..................................................................1 9.5 Planting Dates ....................................................................69
1.4 IPM Tactics ..........................................................................2 9.6 Disease Management..........................................................69
Chapter 2 – Disease Management ..............................................3 Chapter 10 – Postharvest Handling .........................................71
2.1 General Principles ................................................................3 10.1 Background ......................................................................71
2.2 Diagnosis of Disease ............................................................3 10.2 Harvest Considerations.....................................................71
2.3 Disease Management Tactics ...............................................3 10.3 Clean Surfaces and Containers .........................................71
Chapter 3 – Insect Management ..............................................18 10.4 Washing and Chlorination ................................................71
3.1 General Principles ..............................................................18 10.5 Cooling .............................................................................72
3.2 Management Options .........................................................18 10.6 Chilling Injury ..................................................................72
3.3 Managing Resistance..........................................................20 Chapter 11 – Organic Vegetable Production ..........................73
Chapter 4 – Weed Management ...............................................23 11.1 Organic Certification ........................................................73
4.1 General Principles ..............................................................23 11.2 Organic Farm Plan ...........................................................73
4.2 Management Options .........................................................24 11.3 Soil Health ........................................................................73
4.3 Managing Herbicide Resistance and Persistence................27 11.4 Cover Crops .....................................................................73
Chapter 5 – Wildlife Damage Management ............................31 11.5 Field Selection ..................................................................75
5.1 Deer ....................................................................................31 11.6 Weed Management ...........................................................76
5.2 Woodchucks .......................................................................31 11.7 Crop & Soil Nutrient Management ..................................77
5.3 Rabbits ...............................................................................32 11.8 Using Organic Pesticides..................................................80
5.4 Raccoons ............................................................................32 Chapter 12 – Asparagus............................................................82
5.5 Birds ...................................................................................33 12.1 Recommended Varieties...................................................82
Chapter 6 – Pesticide Information and Use ............................35 12.2 Planting Methods..............................................................82
6.1 Pesticide Classification and Certification ...........................35 12.3 Fertility .............................................................................82
6.2 Use Pesticides Properly ......................................................35 12.4 Harvesting ........................................................................82
6.3 Pollinator Protection ...........................................................36 12.5 Disease Management........................................................83
6.4 New York State Pesticide Use Restrictions ........................36 12.6 Insect Management...........................................................84
6.5 Verifying Pesticide Registration.........................................37 12.7 Weed Management ...........................................................85
6.6 Check Label for Site and Pest ............................................37 12.8 References ........................................................................92
6.7 Pesticide Recordkeeping/Reporting ...................................37 Chapter 13 – Beans – Dry, Snap, and Lima ............................93
6.8 EPA Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for 13.1 Varieties ...........................................................................93
Agricultural Pesticides .......................................................38 13.2 Planting Methods..............................................................93
6.9 Reduced-risk Pesticides, Minimum-risk Pesticides, and 13.3 Fertility .............................................................................93
Biopesticides ......................................................................38 13.4 Harvesting ........................................................................93
6.10 FIFRA 2(ee) Recommendations .......................................39 13.5 Disease Management........................................................94
6.11 Protecting Our Environment.............................................39 13.6 Insect Management.........................................................105
6.12 Proper Pesticide Use.........................................................40 13.7 Weed Management .........................................................114
6.13 Spray Equipment Distance Learning ................................51 Chapter 14 – Beets...................................................................122
6.14 Pesticide Storage ..............................................................51 14.1 Varieties .........................................................................122
Chapter 7 – General Culture ....................................................52 14.2 Planting Methods............................................................122
7.1 Mulches ..............................................................................52 14.3 Fertility ...........................................................................122
7.2 Season Extension................................................................53 14.4 Harvesting ......................................................................122
7.3 Rye Strip Windbreaks ........................................................54 14.5 Disease Management......................................................123
7.4 Raised Bed Systems ...........................................................54 14.6 Insect Management.........................................................126
7.5 Irrigation.............................................................................55 14.7 Weed Management .........................................................127
7.6 Food Safety ........................................................................57 Chapter 15 – Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Brussels
Chapter 8 – Soil Management ..................................................58 Sprouts .....................................................................................132
8.1 Soils and Fertility ...............................................................58 15.1 Varieties .........................................................................132
8.2 Field and Soil Evaluation ...................................................58 15.2 Planting Methods............................................................132
8.3 Crop Rotation .....................................................................58 15.3 Fertility ...........................................................................132
8.4 Cover Crops .......................................................................58 15.4 Harvesting ......................................................................133
8.5 Reduced Tillage..................................................................60 15.5 Disease Management......................................................134
8.6 Manure ...............................................................................61 15.6 Insect Management.........................................................144
8.7 Sewage Sludges ..................................................................62 15.7 Weed Management .........................................................159
8.8 Soil Testing ........................................................................62 15.8 References ......................................................................165
8.9 Soil pH ...............................................................................63 Chapter 16 – Carrots ..............................................................166
8.10 Fertilizers..........................................................................64 16.1 Varieties .........................................................................166
Chapter 9 – Transplant Production .........................................68 16.2 Planting Methods............................................................166
9.1 Cultural Practices ...............................................................68 16.3 Fertility ...........................................................................166
9.2 Growing Media ..................................................................68 16.4 Harvesting ......................................................................166
2023 CORNELL INTEGRATED CROP AND PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 16 – Carrots (continued) Chapter 23 – Potatoes .............................................................318
16.5 Disease Management......................................................167 23.1 Recommended Varieties.................................................318
16.6 Insect Management.........................................................174 23.2 Planting Methods............................................................318
16.7 Weed Management .........................................................177 23.3 Fertility ...........................................................................319
16.8 References ......................................................................181 23.4 Harvesting ......................................................................319
Chapter 17 – Cucurbits – Cucumber, Melon, Pumpkin, 23.5 Disease Management......................................................322
Squash, and Watermelon ........................................................182 23.6 Insect Management.........................................................344
17.1 Varieties .........................................................................182 23.7 Weed Management .........................................................360
17.2 Planting Methods............................................................182 Chapter 24 – Spinach ..............................................................366
17.3 Fertility ...........................................................................182 24.1 Varieties .........................................................................366
17.4 Harvesting ......................................................................182 24.2 Planting Methods............................................................366
17.5 Disease Management......................................................184 24.3 Fertility ...........................................................................366
17.6 Insect Management.........................................................211 24.4 Harvesting ......................................................................366
17.7 Weed Management .........................................................221 24.5 Disease Management......................................................366
17.8 References ......................................................................227 24.6 Insect Management.........................................................372
Chapter 18 – Eggplant ............................................................228 24.7 Weed Management .........................................................376
18.1 Varieties .........................................................................228 24.8 References ......................................................................378
18.2 Planting Methods............................................................228 Chapter 25 – Sweet Corn ........................................................379
18.3 Fertility ...........................................................................228 25.1 Recommended Varieties.................................................379
18.4 Harvesting ......................................................................228 25.2 Planting Methods............................................................379
18.5 Disease Management......................................................229 25.3 Fertility ...........................................................................379
18.6 Insect Management.........................................................232 25.4 Harvesting ......................................................................380
18.7 Weed Management .........................................................237 25.5 Disease Management......................................................380
Chapter 19 – Lettuce and Endive...........................................240 25.6 Insect Management.........................................................387
19.1 Varieties .........................................................................240 25.7 Weed Management .........................................................401
19.2 Planting Methods............................................................240 25.8 References ......................................................................409
19.3 Fertility ...........................................................................240 Chapter 26 – Tomatoes - Field ...............................................411
19.4 Harvesting ......................................................................240 26.1 Varieties .........................................................................411
19.5 Disease Management......................................................241 26.2 Planting Methods............................................................411
19.6 Insect Management.........................................................249 26.3 Fertility ...........................................................................411
19.7 Weed Management .........................................................256 26.4 Harvesting ......................................................................412
19.8 References ......................................................................258 26.5 Disease Management......................................................412
Chapter 20 – Onions ...............................................................259 26.6 Insect Management.........................................................434
20.1 Varieties .........................................................................259 26.7 Weed Management .........................................................445
20.2 Planting Methods............................................................259 26.8 References ......................................................................450
20.3 Fertility ...........................................................................259 Chapter 27 – Turnips and Radishes ......................................451
20.4 Harvesting ......................................................................259 27.1 Recommended Varieties.................................................451
20.5 Disease Management......................................................260 27.2 Planting Methods............................................................451
20.6 Insect Management.........................................................274 27.3 Fertility ...........................................................................451
20.7 Weed Management .........................................................281 27.4 Harvesting ......................................................................451
20.8 References ......................................................................286 27.5 Disease Management......................................................451
Chapter 21 – Peas ....................................................................288 27.6 Insect Management.........................................................451
21.1 Varieties .........................................................................288 27.7 Weed Management .........................................................454
21.2 Planting Methods............................................................288 Appendix ..................................................................................456
21.3 Fertility ...........................................................................288
21.4 Harvesting ......................................................................288
21.5 Disease Management......................................................288
21.6 Insect Management.........................................................291
21.7 Weed Management .........................................................291
21.8 References ......................................................................298
Chapter 22 – Peppers ..............................................................299
22.1 Varieties .........................................................................299
22.2 Planting Methods............................................................299
22.3 Fertility ...........................................................................299
22.4 Harvesting ......................................................................300
22.5 Disease Management......................................................300
22.6 Insect Management.........................................................307
22.7 Weed Management .........................................................312
22.8 References ......................................................................317
2023 CORNELL INTEGRATED CROP AND PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONCHAPTER 1 – INTEGRATED CROP AND PEST MANAGEMENT 1
Chapter 1 – Integrated Crop and Pest Management
1.1 Background biology and ecology of the pest(s) attacking the crop and
the factors that can influence pest infestations. An
Cornell University and Cornell Cooperative Extension
understanding of the influence of factors such as weather
actively promote the use of Integrated Crop and Pest
and natural enemies on pest abundance will aid the choice
Management by New York farmers in order to address
of management tactics. IPM programs stress suppression of
agricultural concerns. In many areas of New York State,
insect and disease populations to levels that do not cause
there are horticultural, economic, social, and political
economic damage, rather than total eradication of a pest. In
pressures to reduce environmental impacts of and pesticide
the case of insect pests, it is important to have at least some
use in crop production. Public concerns with nutrient and
pests present to ensure that natural enemies will remain in
sediment movement into ground and surface water and
the crop to suppress subsequent infestations.
pressure against pesticide applications are growing. In other
regions, agricultural producers are being asked to submit
nutrient and soil management plans to address the offsite 1.3 IPM Components
impacts of their practices. In addition, the development of
pesticide resistance in key pests; registration of fewer and 1.3.1 Monitoring (Scouting)
more expensive new chemicals for pest control; loss of Scouting includes detecting, identifying, and determining
existing products; and increased competition from other the level of pest populations on a timely basis. Insect traps
regions continue to push New York agriculture to look for can often be used to detect pests and identify times when
nonchemical alternatives. scouting should be intensified or control measures should
be taken. Scientifically based, accurate, and efficient
Integrated Crop and Pest Management requires a monitoring methods are available for many pests on
combination of long and short term production strategies to vegetable crops in New York. Brief descriptions of the
maximize net profit while minimizing risks of undesirable techniques are given in this manual.
environmental impacts of practices. Some of these practices
include site selection, crop specific production strategies,
nutrient management, and cover cropping. IPM is a pest 1.3.2 Forecasting
control strategy that promotes the use of a variety of tactics Weather data and other information help predict when
including pest resistant cultivars and biological, cultural, specific pests will most likely occur. Weather-based pest
and physical controls. Pesticides are a control tactic forecast models for diseases and insects of many crops have
employed in IPM, but they are only used when needed. been developed in New York. This manual indicates which
Pesticide use is thus minimized without jeopardizing crop pests have such models available. Forecasts are available
quality or yield. Applying multiple control tactics through the Network for Environment and Weather
minimizes the chance that pests will adapt to any one tactic Applications (NEWA) on a daily basis.
and allows farmers to choose the most environmentally
sound, efficacious, and economically efficient pest Access to a computer network to obtain weather, regional
management program for their situation. insect, and disease forecasts, is useful but not essential. The
Northeast Weather Association provides automated local
This manual provides information and references which weather information and the results of pest forecasts on a
will allow New York vegetable growers to practice IPM for daily basis. Information on the potential for pest outbreaks
many of their crops. While information for the proper use can sometimes also be obtained from local Cooperative
of pesticides is included in the manual, a variety of other Extension programs, newsletters, and regional crop
information is included that can help growers reduce advisors.
reliance on pesticides and take advantage of alternatives to
pesticides which may be less expensive, less
environmentally harmful, and more acceptable to the non- 1.3.3 Thresholds
farming community. Use thresholds to determine when pest populations have
reached a level that could cause economic damage.
Visit the New York State Integrated Pest Management Thresholds have been scientifically determined by Cornell
Program (https://cals.cornell.edu/new-york-state-integrated- researchers. Following the thresholds indicated in this
pest-management) and Northeastern IPM Center manual has reduced pesticide use by ten to 50 percent,
(https://www.northeastipm.org) for more information. saving significant money for growers.
1.2 Practicing IPM 1.3.4 Management Tactics
In an IPM program, it is important to accurately identify the Appropriate management tactics to control pests include
pests (vertebrates, diseases, insects, and weeds) and assess cultural, biological, and physical controls, as well as
pest abundance. It is important to have knowledge of the chemical controls when they are needed. Taking advantage
2023 CORNELL INTEGRATED CROP AND PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONCHAPTER 2 – DISEASE MANAGEMENT 3
Chapter 2 – Disease Management
2.1 General Principles imbalances, damage caused by mites and insects, and
pesticide injury). Growers who have a reasonably good
For a disease to develop in a vegetable crop, there are three
understanding of plant diseases, their symptoms, and the
critical factors that must occur together: a susceptible host
infectious and noninfectious disorders that can affect a
plant, a virulent pathogenic organism, and environmental
particular crop, are more likely to make the correct disease
conditions favorable for the pathogen to survive, enter
control decisions. Numerous fact sheets and bulletins with
(infect) the plant, and thrive. This is referred to as the
full-color illustrations have been developed by Cornell
disease triangle. Additonal important factors are an
faculty to assist growers in making accurate disease
effective method for distributing the pathogen and time for
diagnoses. (See references in each disease section). In
the disease to develop and become severe enough to impact
addition, samples can be sent to the Plant Disease
yield. The choice of appropriate management practices for a
Diagnostic Clinic in Ithaca (607-255-7850).
particular disease must be based on accurate knowledge of
the pathogen causing the disease; its life cycle; time of
infection; the part of the plant involved; the method of 2.3 Disease Management Tactics
pathogen distribution; past, present, and future
environmental conditions; and certain economic 2.3.1 Crop Rotation and Tillage
considerations. Effective management practices include: Rotating, which is planting fields to different crops each
resistant varieties; pathogen-free seed that was tested year, cannot be overemphasized as one of the most
(certified) or grown in disease-free areas; treatment of seed important and easily implemented disease control
with heat or chemicals; long rotations; sterilization of soil strategies. This practice avoids buildup of plant pathogens
with steam or chemicals; control of insect vectors and weed that can survive in the soil. Not all pathogens are able to.
hosts; and proper timing and application of organic and/or Generally, the longer the rotation, the less likely that an
conventional fungicides and nematicides which entails early-season disease outbreak will occur. Knowledge about
weekly checking plants for disease symptoms and the target pathogen is important for achieving success with
monitoring weather conditions. rotation, in particular how long the pathogen can survive in
soil, what plants it can infect, and what are other potential
Effective management of vegetable diseases starts with sources of the pathogen.
preventing disease onset when feasible. Next focus is on
slowing development of diseases that occur. Procedures that Pathogens that can overwinter successfully only in
can be done to prevent disease outbreaks or reduce the risk association with plant debris and thus are unable to survive
of early-season epidemics are: rotating where crops are once the crop residue decomposes, are the main target for
grown, selecting resistant varieties, planting seed that has crop rotation. Fortunately there are many such pathogens.
been tested and/or treated, controlling weeds, controlling Hasten decomposition by chopping or mowing a crop as
insect vectors, minimizing leaf wetness periods (e.g. plant soon as possible after harvest followed by tillage. Small
parallel to prevailing wind direction, use drip rather than pieces of debris break down faster than larger pieces, and
overhead irrigation, trellise tomatoes), improving soil organisms that break down debris are in the soil. This will
aeration and drainage, and practicing good sanitation (e.g. reduce the amount of inoculum that survives the winter.
disinfecting greenhouse surfaces and tomato stakes after
using). These are referred to as cultural practices. It is To maximize success of rotation, avoid moving soil
unlikely that all diseases of a particular crop can be between fields on equipment and via runoff. It is best to
controlled by just following these procedures. Often rotate among separate fields. Do not rotate between
fungicides need to be applied as well. Nevertheless, the adjacent blocks in a field.
extent (incidence and severity) of disease, the number of
fungicide applications, and the concomitant costs of Some soilborne diseases are not readily controlled by
achieving adequate control can be significantly reduced by rotation. These include those caused by pathogens that can
following as many of these procedures as appropriate and survive long-term in soil as ‘soil inhabitants’ (they cause
feasible. root rots and include Pythium and Phytophthora), and those
that produce structures that can withstand the effects of
2.2 Diagnosis of Disease time and nonhost crops. Examples of these include clubroot
of crucifers, Phytophthora blight and Fusarium wilt of
The first step in disease management should be accurate several crops. Other pathogens have such a wide host range
diagnosis. It is important to differentiate between infectious that they can survive indefinitely because so many crops
diseases (which are those caused by fungi, bacteria, and weed species serve as hosts. These pathogens include
phytoplasma, viruses, viroids, and nematodes; all capable of Sclerotinia, Rhizoctonia, Verticillium and root-knot
multiplying and spreading from plant to plant) and nematodes.
noninfectious diseases or disorders (e.g., physiological
disorders, air pollutants, nutrient imbalances, water
2023 CORNELL INTEGRATED CROP AND PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTION10 CHAPTER 2 – DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Owing to a reduction in nitrifying bacteria by the Soil temperature. The optimal temperature for most
fumigants, at least 50% of the nitrogen in the initial fumigants is 50° to 70°F. At warmer temperatures,
fertilizer application should be in the nitrate form. fumigants dissipate thoroughly and rapidly, nematode
larvae (which are easier to kill than eggs) have emerged,
A number of factors have a pronounced effect on the and all nematode stages can be more effectively controlled.
success or failure of soil fumigation. Six are given below.
Crop debris. Undecomposed residues from previous crops
Soil preparation prior to fumigation. Soil should be plowed prevent distribution of fumigant through the soil,
deeply (ten inches or more) in order to incorporate previous irreversibly absorb fumigant, interfere with application
crop debris as thoroughly as possible and to prevent the equipment, prevent proper sealing of the soil surface, and
turning up of nonfumigated soil during fitting in the spring. protect nematodes and nematode eggs from fumigant action.
This should be followed by disking or any other means of Rake, burn, or deeply incorporate debris prior to fumigation.
fitting which will leave the soil in seedbed condition. Clods
and poorly incorporated debris will provide “chimneys” Sealing of soil surface. It is essential that fumigated soil be
through which fumigant can escape prematurely from the thoroughly sealed as soon after application as possible. This
soil. can be achieved by means of equipment such as a
cultipacker, chain harrow or float, or by means of spray
Soil moisture. The soil should be neither too wet nor too irrigation or plastic sheets. A plastic film seal will increase
dry. A good rule of thumb is that moisture content is most the efficacy of fumigation.
favorable when soil will just “ball” in one’s hand when
pressure is applied. If soil is excessively dry and irrigation Interval between fumigation and planting. Under average
is available, moisture supplementation before fumigation is conditions, with a soil temperature of ± 50°F, a minimum of
recommended. three weeks is regarded as necessary between fumigation
and planting to prevent phytotoxicity. See fumigant labels
for specific recommendations.
Table 2.3.1 Registered conventional fungicides by crop. See Table 4 in appendix for biopesticides which
typically are labeled for all crops.
X = registered; Superscript numbers = preharvest interval (PHI) aka days to harvest. No number = 0 day PHI or intended for seed or soil
use at planting. Note that harvest is not a permitted activity during the restricted-entry interval (REI) which is at least 12 hours for most
fungicides. H = head lettuce, L = leafy lettuce.
Crop
Pumpkin, W. Squash
Lettuce and Endive
Cabbage, Chinese
Onion, Dry bulb
Brussels sprouts
Summer Squash
FRAC Group
Watermelon
Cauliflower
Sweet Corn
Bean, Snap
Onion, GB
Asparagus
Cucumber
Bean, Dry
Eggplant
Cabbage
Broccoli
Spinach
Tomato
Pepper
Melon
Carrot
Potato
Beet
Peas
Fungicide
(active ingredient)
Actigard P 01 X7 X7 X7 X7 X7 X H7 X X7 Chili X X7 X X14 X
14
(acibenzolar-S- L7
methyl)
Agri-mycin 17 25 X X X
(streptomycin)
Aliette WDG P 07 X3 X3 X3 X3 X3 X0.5 X3 X0.5 X3 X0.5 X3 X0.5 X14 X0.5
(fosetyl-Al)
Andiamo 230 3 X14
(tetraconazole)
*†Aproach 11 X14
(picoxystrobin)
Apron XL 4 X X X X
(mefenoxam), seed
Aprovia Top 3+ X14 X14 X X X X7 X7 X14 X X X X X
(difenoconazole + 7
benzovindiflupyr)
Blocker 4F 14 X X X X X X
(PCNB), application
method varies
2023 CORNELL INTEGRATED CROP AND PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTION18 CHAPTER 3 – INSECT MANAGEMENT
Chapter 3 – Insect Management
3.1 General Principles variety, etc. To estimate the severity of pest infestations, the
crop must be sampled. Sampling may involve examining
The goal is to avoid or reduce insect pest populations to
plants and recording the number of pests or the amount of
levels that do not cause economic loss. Management of
damage observed, or traps may be used to capture the pest
insect pests should ideally include a variety of tactics that
species to estimate pest activity and possibly abundance.
are integrated to reduce pest infestations and damage to
Sampling is conducted at regular intervals throughout the
acceptable levels and minimize the chance that pests will
season or during critical stages of crop growth.
adapt to any one management tactic. In many cases, certain
insect pest infestations never exceed economically
damaging levels and do not require control. The most 3.2 Management Options
common management tactics used against insect pests
include pest resistant or tolerant varieties, and cultural, 3.2.1 Pest-Resistant Crops
physical, mechanical, biological, and chemical controls. An important management option for the control of insect
pests is the use of crop varieties that are resistant or
Integrated pest management requires an understanding of tolerant. A resistant variety may be less preferred by the
the pest’s biology and ecology, the crop production system insect pest, adversely affect its development and survival,
and the agroecosystem. For example, temperature is the or the plant may tolerate the damage without an economic
primary factor determining the rate at which insects loss in yield or quality. For example, vine crops (squash,
develop; higher temperatures increase the rate of cucumbers, melons) that have lower concentrations of
development. Therefore, temperature can be important feeding stimulants (cucurbitacins) are less preferred by
when determining the frequency of insecticide applications. cucumber beetles. Sweet corn varieties with tight husks are
Degree-day models for some insect pests are available on less likely to be infested by corn earworm, and some
the Network for Environment and Weather Applications varieties are resistant to the bacteria transmitted by corn
web site (newa.cornell.edu) and can aid in determining how flea beetle that causes Stewart’s wilt. Bacillus thuringiensis
fast insects are developing and the timing of applications. In (Bt) sweet corn varieties have been genetically engineered
addition to temperature, other factors influence the pest to resist European corn borer, corn earworm, fall
populations such as rainfall, host quality, host availability armyworm and western bean cutworm. Some cabbage
and the ability of the pest to disperse long distances. varieties have been classically bred to tolerate onion thrips
damage. Advantages of pest-resistant or tolerant crop
Knowledge of when pests typically infest a crop and the varieties include ease of use; compatibility with other
crop stage that is most vulnerable to yield loss when integrated pest management tactics; low cost; cumulative
damaged by the pest will impact the management options impact on the pest (each subsequent generation of the pest
used. For example, if the pest attacks the seedling stage of is further reduced); and reduced negative impact on the
the crop every year, a preventative tactic might be selected environment.
(e.g., resistant cultivar, insecticide at planting). If the pest
only occasionally attacks the crop, a decision to control the
pest should be made only when infestations are likely to 3.2.2 Cultural Control
reach an economically damaging level (see more below). There are many agricultural practices that make the
environment less favorable for insect pests. Crop rotation,
Understanding the population dynamics of insect pests in for example, is recommended for management of Colorado
the agroecosystem can inform decisions about how best to potato beetle. Beetles overwinter in or near potato fields
manage the pest in the vegetable crop. For example, a pest and they require potato or related plants for food when they
may initially infest a crop (e.g., alfalfa or wheat) or non- emerge in the spring. Planting potatoes far away from the
crop (e.g., weeds) that do not require control, thereby previous year’s crop prevents access to needed food, and
allowing subsequent generations to build that may disperse the relatively immobile beetles will starve. Selection of the
into and damage a nearby vegetable crop. planting site may also affect the severity of insect
infestations. Cabbage planted near small grains is more
Action Thresholds and Sampling. The decision to use an likely to be infested by onion thrips that disperse from the
insecticide, or similar tactic, against an insect infestation maturing grain crops.
requires an understanding of the level of damage or insect
infestation a crop can tolerate without an unacceptable Trap crops are planted to attract and hold insect pests where
economic loss. The level of infestation or damage at which they can be managed more efficiently and prevent or reduce
some action must be taken to prevent economic loss is their movement onto cash crops. Early-planted potatoes can
referred to as the “action threshold.” Action thresholds are act as a trap crop for Colorado potato beetles emerging in
available for many vegetable crops and should serve as a the spring. Because the early potatoes are the only food
guide for making control decisions. Thresholds should be source available, the beetles will congregate on these plants
adjusted based on market value, environmental conditions, where they can be more easily controlled. Adjusting the
2023 CORNELL INTEGRATED CROP AND PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTION22 CHAPTER 3 – INSECT MANAGEMENT
Table 3.2.1 Some commonly used insecticides on vegetables.
Not all registered products are listed in this table or in crop sections.
Crop
Cucumber, Melon,
Pumpkin and S/W
Cabbage, Chinese
and Watermelon
Brussels sprouts
Mode of Action1
Onion, dry bulb
Tomato, field
Onion, green
Cauliflower
Sweet Corn
Lettuce and
Bean, Snap
Asparagus
Bean, Dry
bunching
Eggplant
Cabbage
Broccoli
Spinach
Squash
Endive
Pepper
Insecticide
Carrot
Potato
Beet
Peas
(Active Ingredient)
*∆Proclaim 6 X X X X X
(emamectin benzoate)
*Provado 4 X X X X X X X X X X
(imidacloprid)
Radiant SC 5 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
(spinetoram)
Sevin XLR 1A X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
(carbaryl)
*Vendex 50W 12 X
(fenbutin-oxide)
*†∆Voliam Xpress 3, 28 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
(chlorantraniliprole +
lambda-cyhalothrin)
*Warrior II with Zeon 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Technology
(lambda-cyhalothrin)
Xentari 11 X X X X X
(Bt var. aizawai)
* Restricted-use pesticide † = Not for use in Nassau/Suffolk Counties ∆ = Rate or other application restrictions apply.
1
Modes of Action
2
Except cucumber
3
Head lettuce only.
Insecticides with different numbers mean that they have different sites of action and are not likely to be cross resistant. In some cases the number may be
followed by different letters, meaning that they have the same target site but may not have developed significant cross resistance. When only insecticides from
the same numbered group are available, alternation of compounds from subgroup A and subgroup B is recommended.
Where insecticide resistance is an issue, switch modes of action throughout the season.
2023 CORNELL INTEGRATED CROP AND PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONCHAPTER 4 – WEED MANAGEMENT 23
Chapter 4 – Weed Management
4.1 General Principles Nightshades. Nightshades are warm-season, annual weeds.
Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) is the most
Weeds reduce yield and quality of vegetables by competing
common and widespread species in New York, although
directly for light, nutrients, and water. Weeds can serve as
hairy nightshade (Solanum sarracoides) is predominant in
alternate hosts for insects and pathogens and uncontrolled
some areas. It can be difficult to distinguish among the
vegetation can reduce air circulation around plants, creating
Solanum species, especially at the seedling stage. Eastern
more favorable conditions for plant disease development.
black nightshade is characterized by smooth egg- to
Weeds that remain in-crop at the end of the season can
triangular-shaped leaves and glossy, purple to black berries;
significantly impede harvest operations. While a
hairy nightshade has hairy leaves and stems and green to
comprehensive weed control system integrates tools and
yellow berries. These weeds are particularly problematic in
practices throughout all phases of production, early-season
tomato, potato, snap bean, and dry bean fields. Few
competition can significantly impact future yield potential
herbicides currently registered for use in vegetable crops
and control should be emphasized during this period. Weed
are effective for controlling nightshades. Therefore, to stop
species vary, considerably, with respect to their emergence
an infestation, it is important to correctly identify the weed
patterns, life history traits, size and competitive ability,
and eradicate it before the plants produce seeds.
among other attributes, and cannot be controlled using a
single method. Consequently, the first step in developing an
Quackgrass. Quackgrass is a common, cool-season,
effective management strategy is proper identification. See
perennial grass that spreads by both rhizomes and seeds.
the Cornell Weed Identification web site
The species can be identified by leaves that are rolled in the
(https://blogs.cornell.edu/weedid/).
bud, a short membranous ligule and clasping auricles at the
collar region. Quackgrass is most effectively managed by a
4.1.1 Problem Weeds in Vegetable combination of chemicals and tillage, although care must be
Production taken to avoid spreading quackgrass rhizomes into clean
fields via farm equipment. Check specific crop
Galinsoga. Galinsoga is an upright summer annual with recommendations for more targeted control options.
opposite, egg- to triangular-shaped leaves with toothed
margins. Because of its biology and its tolerance to Nutsedge (nutgrass). Nutsedge is a perennial weed with
vegetable herbicides, galinsoga may quickly become a three-angled stems and long, grass-like leaves. The species
major weed once it is introduced into a vegetable field. The spreads by both rhizomes and tubers. Dormant tubers can
species is not sensitive to day length and, as a consequence, remain viable in the soil for years, making the species
begins to flower and produce seed when it has about five or difficult to eliminate. Nutsedge does not emerge until the
six pairs of leaves and continuing until the plants are killed soil is warm; in most fields, weeds such as lambsquarters,
by frost. Fresh seed that drops onto the soil surface can mustard, ragweed, and quackgrass emerge two or three
germinate almost immediately because there little or no weeks earlier. Nutsedge grows vegetatively until
dormancy. Three to five generations per season have been midsummer when it begins to form daughter tubers as
observed in Ithaca, New York. Cultivation is only partially daylengths start to decrease in July. Tuber formation is
helpful because Galinsoga can re-root, easily, and re- greatly accelerated in August and September, when
establish itself from cut stems unless conditions are very daylengths become even shorter. In the fall, even small
dry for several days following soil disturbance. plants can form tubers.
Velvetleaf. This erect, robust, summer annual weed is Both cultural practices and herbicides are needed to manage
increasing rapidly in upstate New York areas. The species nutsedge infestations. The species is sensitive to dense
comes by its name, honestly, because its stems and heart- shade and successful control programs need to capitalize on
shaped leaves are hairy and soft to the touch. It often this characteristic. For example, when planted early and at a
escapes in fields where preemergence herbicides are used close spacing, most pumpkins and squash can provide the
without mechanical cultivation. It has fairly large seeds that shade needed to suppress nutsedge growth. Cultivation can
last many years in the soil and are not destroyed when fed be used between rows to manage nutsedge until the crop
to cattle. Because of their size, seeds can germinate canopy closes. Plant and harvest early on fields for which
anywhere in the top several inches of soil. Subsequently, selective chemicals are not available. Fall tillage and
seedlings can emerge from a range of depths, appearing nonselective chemicals can then be used. When selective
over a period of many weeks, and most surface-applied chemicals are available (dry and snap beans, potatoes, and
herbicides used at planting are relatively ineffective on late- sweet corn), delay planting and treatment until tubers have
emerging plants. Unfortunately, even late seedlings can sprouted. Herbicides do not damage dormant tubers. See
reach reproductive maturity and produce mature seeds specific crop information for recommendations.
before frost.
Perennial broadleaf weeds. Perennial broadleaf weeds
such as field and hedge bindweed, Canada thistle, horse-
2023 CORNELL INTEGRATED CROP AND PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONCHAPTER 4 – WEED MANAGEMENT 29
Table 4.2.1 Commonly used herbicides on vegetables in New York.
Not all registered products are listed in this table or in crop sections.
Crop
Lettuce and Endive
Brussels sprouts
Mode of Action1
Tomato, field
Beans, Lima
Watermelon
Cauliflower
Sweet Corn
Bean, Snap
Asparagus
Cucumber
Bean, Dry
Eggplant
Pumpkin
Cabbage
Broccoli
Spinach
Squash
Pepper
Melon
Potato
Carrot
Onion
Peas
Beet
Herbicide
(Active Ingredient)
*Reflex 14 X X
(fomesafen)
Reglone 22 X X
(diquat)
Roundup WeatherMax 9 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
(glyphosate)
Sandea 2 X X X X X X X X X X X
(halosulfuron)
*Select 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
(clethodim)
*†Sharpen 14 X
(saflufenacil)
metribuzin 5 X X X X X
(metribuzin)
Sonolan 3 X
(ethalfluralin)
*Spin-Aid 5 X X
(phenmedipham)
*†Stinger 4 X X X X X X X
(clopyralid)
Strategy 3/13 X X X X
(ethalfluralin + clomazone)
Treflan 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X
(trifluralin)
(2,4-D) 4 X X
1
Modes of action:
1= Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) (graminicides) 9=Inhibition of EPSP synthase (glyphosate)
2=Inhibitors of acetolactate synthase (ALS/AHAS) (sulfonyl ureas) 13=Inhibition of DOXP synthase (clomazone)
3=Inhibitors of microtubule assembly (dinitroanilines) 14=Inhibitors of Protox (diphenyl ethers)
4=Synthetic auxins (growth regulators) (e.g. 2,4-D) 15=Inhibition of long chain fatty acids (chloroacetamides)
5=Inhibitors of photosystem II Site A (triazines) 19=Inhibitors of indolacetic acid (IAA) (phthalamates napthalam)
6=Inhibitors of photosystem II Site B (bentazon, bromoxynil) 22=Inhibition of photosystem I (paraquat)
7=Inhibitors of photosystem II Site A-II (ureas) 27=Inhibition of hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (HPPD) (triketones,
8=Inhibitors of lipid synthesis (thiocarbamates) pyrazolones)
2
Under Special Local Needs registration.
* Restricted-use pesticide † Not for use in Nassau and Suffolk Counties
Table 4.2.2 Relative effectiveness of herbicides for vegetables.1
Broadleaf annuals2 Annual Grasses Perennials
CL CP CR P S GA M N V B C FP FS Q YN
Preemergence Surface-applied Herbicides
*†AAtrex E3 E E E E E E G F G F P G G F
Callisto E - F-G E E E - E G-E P F P P P P
Chateau E E P E P G G E P P P P P P P
Curbit F - P G P P P P P E E G E P P
*†Dacthal F F P F P P P F P G G G G P P
*†Dual Magnum P F P F F E P G P E E E E P G
Table continued on next page.
2023 CORNELL INTEGRATED CROP AND PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONCHAPTER 5 – WILDLIFE DAMAGE MANAGEMENT 31
Chapter 5 – Wildlife Damage Management
5.1 Deer harvestable fields, however, these efforts have had mixed
success.
5.1.1 Nonchemical Alternatives
A vegetable grower can use a variety of nonchemical
alternatives to reduce deer damage to crops. These
5.1.2 Repellents
techniques fall into three primary categories: exclusion, Repellents may be cost-effective for controlling wildlife
population reductions, and habitat modification. Fencing is damage when light to moderate damage is evident, small
the most common exclusion technique used to prevent deer acreage is damaged, and only a few applications will be
damage. Woven-wire designs are the most effective needed for adequate control. If these three conditions are
physical barrier, with high-tensile, woven-wire fencing not satisfied, it is best to look at the cost-benefit ratios of
providing the ultimate in protection and durability. Deer alternative control measures.
can be successfully eliminated from large areas with an
eight to ten foot high woven-wire fence. The advantages of With the use of repellents, some damage must be tolerated,
this design are its effectiveness and low maintenance even if browsing pressure is low. None of the existing
requirements after construction. Disadvantages include the repellents provide reliable protection when deer densities
high initial cost and the difficulty in repairing damaged are high. Repellents should be applied before damage is
sections. likely to occur, when precipitation is not expected for 24
hours, and temperatures will remain between 40° to 80°F
A variety of multi-strand, high-tensile, vertical, or sloped for that period. Hand-spray applications may be cost
electric fence designs may effectively exclude wildlife. effective on small acreages, while machine sprays will
Electric high-tensile fences can be complete physical reduce costs for larger areas. If the materials are
barriers, or more often, act as psychological deterrents. compatible, spray costs may be reduced by adding
Deer can be excluded from crops with a five to six foot repellents to pesticide sprays. If browsing pressure is
electric fence, even though they can easily jump over fences severe, a long-term damage management program should
of this height. The most frequent reasons why electric be implemented. Such a program should include potential
fences fail to prevent deer damage include: the selection of habitat modifications, reductions in animal numbers, and an
an unsuitable fence design, the failure to install fencing evaluation of fencing alternatives.
according to specifications, and inadequate maintenance.
High-tensile electric fences are more easily repaired than
conventional fences, and may cost half as much as eight to
5.2 Woodchucks
ten foot woven-wire designs. Disadvantages include the Woodchucks are game animals in New York and can be
need for frequent monitoring and vegetation control to hunted throughout the year without limit. A hunting license
maintain shocking power. Single-strand electric fences, is required to harvest woodchucks. Woodchucks causing
combined with cloth strips treated with deer repellents or damage can be destroyed without a license under New York
aluminum foil tabs coated with peanut butter to act as an Conservation Law. Consult your regional Department of
attractant, and attached at three to four foot intervals along Environmental Conservation (DEC) office if you have
the fence, have successfully reduced summer deer damage questions about a specific situation.
to vegetables. High-visibility, electric polytape fences on
fiberglass stakes provide another low-cost, portable design Growers have usually relied on lethal controls to reduce
that can effectively reduce deer damage to vegetable crops. woodchuck damage. Spring is the best time to use lethal
controls, because adults are active and young animals may
Posting of private lands reduces the opportunity for remain within their burrow at this time. In addition,
sportsmen to harvest antlerless deer. Deer populations are burrows are more evident before annual vegetation conceals
regulated through the removal of breeding-age does. their entrances, and other wildlife are less likely to use
Growers who experience recurring deer damage should burrows as shelter at this time.
invite hunters to their property and mandate that they fill an
antlerless tag (if available) before harvesting a buck. Shooting or trapping methods can be used to remove
Reducing deer numbers on a unit-wide basis may lower problem woodchucks from fields containing edible crops. It
crop losses. Deer depredation permits issued on a farm-by- may be illegal or unsafe to shoot woodchucks under some
farm basis have not controlled crop losses in other states. circumstances. Woodchucks can be captured using #2 leg-
hold traps, #160 or #220 body grips, or live traps baited
Deer problems are most severe in fields near escape or with apples and set near burrow entrances. Traps should be
resting cover. Mowing or removing brush in fields adjacent checked at least twice daily. Only live traps should be used
to crops may make the sites less attractive for deer and where pets or livestock might be inadvertently captured.
other problem wildlife. Some growers have experimented
with lure crops to draw deer away from important Lethal controls have been reported to have limited success
in controlling woodchuck populations. Twenty-eight
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