2018 WATER, HYGIENE AND SANITATION BAROMETER - Solidarités ...
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They are invisible
2018 WATER, HYGIENE
AND SANITATION BAROMETER
Inventory of access to a vital resource #04 march 2018
WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF SOLENNE BARBE | DAVID BLANCHON | SOPHIE DURANS | FRANCK GALLAND | ANNE GUION | JEAN LAUNAY | SANDRA METAYER
GÉRARD PAYEN | JEAN-MARIE TÉTART & SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL TEAMS
A KEY PLAYER IN THE FIGHT
FOR WATER SINCE 1980
CONTENTS
THE SOLIDARITÉS
INTERNATIONAL
WATER AGENDA
EDITORIAL SOLIDARITÉS Every year on March 22,
INTERNATIONAL
THEY ARE INVISIBLE World Water Day,
Providing emergency assistance to SOLIDARITÉS
Even today, around 2.6 million men, women and especially children continue to die those affected by armed conflicts, INTERNATIONAL
every year from diseases caused by unsafe water and an unsanitary environment. natural disasters and epidemics, campaigns against
This horrific figure is due to a little-known fact: in 2018, one third of the world’s followed by early recovery contaminated water to
population is still drinking water that can endanger their health. 2.6 billion people assistance, has been the raison raise public awareness
still lack adequate sanitation facilities. d’être of the humanitarian NGO and force decision-makers
SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL for to act. That is why, this
As humanitarian workers, fighting this deadly scourge and its undeserved, nearly 40 years. year, we are publishing
atrocious consequences is our daily combat, both in the midst of severe Access to water, sanitation and internationally the fourth
humanitarian crises and at the national and international level, so that the voices hygiene is the focus of our teams' issue of “The Water,
of the people we assist can be heard. On a wider scale, our goal is to defend and expertise and the projects they Sanitation and Hygiene
uphold the cause of hundreds of millions of people whose most fundamental rights implement in the field. Currently Barometer”.
are not respected: families afflicted by war, people living in slums, citizens of failed present in around twenty countries,
or failing States, farmers and livestock breeders affected by drought, minorities, they provide vital humanitarian SOLIDARITÉS
etc. More often than not, they are totally off the radar screen, ignored by politicians aid to over five million people on INTERNATIONAL is a
and the media. They are invisible. the basis of their needs, respecting member of the French
their dignity, and without judging Water Partnership,
Every year, on the pages of our Water, Hygiene and Sanitation Barometer, we seek to or taking sides, in accordance with Coalition Eau (a group
portray the realities of these men, women and children: those who are threatened the fundamental principles of of french NGOs committed 4 THEY ARE INVISIBLE
by cholera in the DRC or Haiti; those who are asserting their right to water in humanitarian action.. to water) and the 4 The invisible reality of water and sanitation Anne-Lise Lavaur
Dhaka; those living in Yemen where water was already scarce before the war; solidarites.org (Re)Sources think tank. 5 The consequences of insufficient water Alberto Aquistapace
Syrians, Rohingyas, or those living in the Sahel... All those men, women and children In 2016, we took part
6 Water in figures
whose lives, health and hope for the future are under threat because they do not in Marrakesh COP22 on
8 The Right to Water: Speaking up for the inhabitants of Dhaka’s slums
have access to drinking water and sanitation. the issue of water in the
Cristina Thevenot
Sahel and attended World
With the assistance of experts from various backgrounds—politicians, Water Week in Stockholm. 10 Yemen: Out of Water, Out of Time Franck Galland
humanitarian workers, doctors, academics—this 4th issue of the Barometer We took part in the 8th 12 The multipurpose role of water in northern Mali Natacha Calandre
examines the current situation of this vital, shared resource, analyzes the causes World Water forum in 16 Giving invisible people a voice
and consequences of drinking water shortages, highlights the actions being taken Brasilia in March 2018.
2018 WATER SANITATION 18 THE INVISIBLE LINK TO HEALTH
to achieve universal access to water and sanitation, evaluates progress made AND HYGIENE BAROMETER, We will follow every step
by world nations, condemns the lack of political will and funding, and pinpoints INVENTORY OF ACCESS in the implementation 18 Petition to finally eradicate cholera from the DRC
inconsistencies. It also focuses on a series of proposed solutions, from a local to a TO A VITAL RESOURCE, 4TH ISSUE of the SDGs and pay 20 From emergency to development: A three-tier approach
global level, so that the forgotten cause of drinking water access will no longer be
A SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL Publication
particular attention to to eradicate cholera from Tanganyika Emmanuel Rinck
MANAGING EDITOR Alexandre Giraud
invisible to the general public, and that appropriate decisions will finally be taken. the implementation of 21 “Managing water safely”: the results of a scientific impact study
HEAD OF COMMUNICATION Renaud Douci
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Tugdual de Dieuleveult Goal 6 on universal access of the endemic cholera zone in Uvira, DRC..
Without major political and financial commitments from world nations, without RÉDACTION Alberto Aquistapace, Alain Boinet, to drinking water and Martin Leménager
Natacha Calandre, Tugdual de Dieuleveult,
fierce determination from field workers, access to drinking water will not only Renaud Douci, Alexandre Giraud, Anne-Lise Lavaur, sanitation. 22 Taking Action for a Cholera-Free Haiti in 2022
Emmanuel Rinck, Cristina Thevenot
continue to be a humanitarian emergency, it will also fast become an ever more 23 “Managing water and hygiene to break the chain
EDITORIAL STAFF Solenne Barbe, David Blanchon,
tangible threat to the whole of humanity. Sophie Durans, Franck Galland, Anne Guion, We work alongside of infection.” Solenne Barbe
Jean Launay, Sandra Metayer, Gérard Payen,
Jean-Marie Tétart French governmental 24 To end malnutrition, there is a need for donors to come out
BY ALEXANDRE GIRAUD PHOTOS Andrea Angioletti, Thomas Gruel, organisations such as of compartimentalized funding Sophie Durans
Tugdual de Dieuleveult, Prince Naymuzzaman Khan,
Managing Director of SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL Tiecoura N’daou, Marie Fanget, the “Conseil National 26 Toilet Access: A Health Emergency Anne Guion
Gwenn Dubourthoumieu, Camille Niel, du développement et de la
Constance Decorde, Vincent Tremeau 28 Virtual water David Blanchon
GRAPHIC DESIGN AND ILLUSTRATION solidarité internationale”
Frédéric Javelaud
and the “Groupe de 30 INVISIBLE SOLUTIONS
PRINTING Le Réveil de la Marne
Concertation Humanitaire” 30 “To make a strong case and achieve the SDGs by 2030, we need
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Christine Gutman, Jenny Fowler to strengthen to get back to the basics and develop common sense solutions.”
Thanks to Éditions Autrement and to David Blanchon humanitarian relief, 35 Making progress visible to take tangible steps forward Gérard Payen
for the virtual water world map taken from his
World Water Atlas (Atlas mondial de l’eau). make the 2015-2030 36 The World Water Forums: an opportunity to further the cause
Thanks to the editorial boards of Le Monde and
La Vie for Anne Guion’s article “Toilet access: a health SDGs possible and of water? Sandra Metayer
emergency”, taken from the special issue L’Atlas
de l’eau et des océans. Thanks to (Re)sources
establish a French strategy 37 2018 World Water Forums in Brasilia
for Frank Galland’s article “Yemen: Out of water, promoting effective rights 38 Sustainable Development Goals
out of time”
of access to drinking water
CONTACTS Tugdual de Dieuleveult
39 Spotlight on Innovation: Polyter Philippe Ouaki
Tel : +33 (0)1 76 21 87 11 all around the world.
Mail : tdedieuleveult@solidarites.org
4 | THEY ARE INVISIBLE THEY ARE INVISIBLE | 5
THE CONSEQUENCES
OF INSUFFICIENT WATER
Insufficient access to water and hygiene causes serious consequences for all sectors of the
economy, as well as for all categories of the population: men, women and children.
BY ALBERTO ACQUISTAPACE
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Focal Point
T
he economy, education, HEALTH SHELTER
health, the environment, • Communities without WASH and • Unsustainable management of water
shelter, communities, disaster hygiene education facilities are resources can cause dwellings to
responses... When populations do not negatively affected by waterborne become less hygienic or less habitable
have access to water and essential diseases and place strain on health (dampness, insects, rodents), or
services such as hygiene or sanitation, centres can even cause the destruction of
THE INVISIBLE REALITY the resulting deficiencies will have
a dramatic impact on their lives. Yet
• Health centres without WASH
facilities become high-risk locations
dwellings or whole communities (for
example due to flooding or landslides)
simple solutions do exist, and just need for infections
OF WATER AND SANITATION some investment and sufficient political
commitment.
• Without WASH facilities and hygiene
education, diarrhoea hinders
absorption of nutrients, reduces
SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL cannot over-emphasize how vital access to drinking water immunity and causes malnutrition
and sanitation is for populations. This issue has gradually established itself both on the • Without WASH facilities and
hygiene education, food production DISASTER
international agenda and in people’s minds. However, forceful campaigning at political (slaughterhouses, restaurants, RESPONSES
forums and before national and international governing bodies should not overshadow the canteens, domestic cooking, etc.) is a • Communities without WASH facilities
invisible reality of the most vulnerable populations. health risk and hygiene education have lower
resilience and are less able to cope
BY ANNE-LISE LAVAUR with disasters
Program Quality and Technical Department Manager • WASH facilities that are not
EDUCATION sufficiently equipped against
• Children have to collect water rather disasters can become an additional
than going to school health risk (e.g. flooded latrines)
I
ronically, the more water and situation to another. When a family is quickly. Following this initial stage, • Schools without WASH facilities ECONOMY
sanitation come under the spotlight affected by natural disaster or armed the challenge is to provide a fast, become high-risk locations for • People (especially women in some
through a series of political victories, conflict, they are then vulnerable to a sustainable, high-quality response. infections countries) have to collect water
the more certain overlooked realities series of other traumatic experiences: In many cases, a longer-term • Schools without menstrual hygiene rather than work
become invisible. For example, efforts becoming displaced once or several response is necessary, involving facilities prevent girls from going to • Some productive activities (especially
to improve access to drinking water times, living in an informal or refugee multiple stakeholders and covering school every month agriculture) cannot be carried out
and sanitation within towns must not camp, migrating to isolated rural multiple sectors and countries, even without water COMMUNITIES
mask the needs of the most vulnerable areas or congregating in slums on the though, for certain field operations, only • Lack of access to water can create
populations, who are invisible to public outskirts of towns. short-term plans seem possible due inter-community and intra-
policymakers. This situation extends to instability and difficult access. This community conflicts
beyond the humanitarian sector, so INVISIBLE NEEDS REQUIRE means that invisible needs require an • Lack of access to water can create
large-scale collaborative action must AN INCREASINGLY increasingly innovative approach and social inequality within communities
be taken, covering slums, informal INNOVATIVE APPROACH invisible populations need a stronger (according to social class, gender, etc.)
camps, refugee camps, internally AND INVISIBLE POPULATIONS voice.
displaced people, isolated rural areas, NEED A STRONGER VOICE. The humanitarian crisis affecting the ENVIRONMENT
post-crisis situations, etc. These situations present exceedingly population of the North Mali region (see • Lack of sustainable access to water
From a humanitarian perspective, complex challenges in terms of water page 12) is one of the invisible situations causes uncontrolled usage of water
there is a strong connection between all and sanitation. First of all, it is difficult to that we now want to bring to light. resources, which has a negative or
of these situations. Often, an extremely access the most vulnerable populations sometimes irreversible environmental
vulnerable person moves from one and to identify and analyze their needs impact
WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 2018 WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 2018
6 | THEY ARE INVISIBLE THEY ARE INVISIBLE | 7
2.6 MILLION PEOPLE PRESSURE ON WATER RESOURCES
DIE EVERY YEAR » »40% OF THE WORLD POPULATION
will be faced with water shortages by 2050.
DUE TO WATER-RELATED
» »500 MILLION PEOPLE
suffer from severe water shortages all year round.
» »20% of the world’s aquifers are overexploited.
DISEASES AND INSALUBRIOUS WATER & GENDER
»» Agriculture consumes about 70% OF THE
WORLD’S FRESH WATER (and up to 90%
in the majority of the Least Developed Countries).
LIVING CONDITIONS » »1 WOMAN OUT OF 3
IN THE WORLD
» »80% OF WASTE WATER WORLDWIDE
is released into the environment without being
is exposed to diseases, shame, harassment properly treated.
or abuse because she does not have a safe place
to go to the toilet. » » BY 2050, UP TO 2 BILLION PEOPLE
are likely to suffer from increasing water stress.
» »526 MILLION WOMEN This number could reach
ACCES TO WATER are left with no other choice than open defecation.
HEALTH OVER 3 BILLION IN 2080.
» »2.1 BILLION »» Women and girls with no access to toilets spend
PEOPLE, OR 30% OF » »361,000 CHILDREN 97 BILLION HOURS PER YEAR
THE WORLD POPULATION, UNDER THE AGE OF 5 looking for an appropriate place to relieve
do not have access to domestic drinking-water die every year from diarrhoea, themselves.
supply services. OR MORE THAN 1,000 CHILDREN
» »IN AFRICA, 90% OF WATER
» »844 MILLION PEOPLE EVERY DAY. COLLECTION
do not even have access to a basic water supply. » »842,000 PEOPLE and wood gathering tasks are left to women.
die every year from simple diarrhoea caused by:
» »263 MILLION PEOPLE »» Women and girls spend up to
• unsafe drinking water
live more than 30 minutes away from the nearest 6 HOURS PER DAY CLIMATE CHANGE
• inadequate sanitation
water point. collecting water in Africa.
• unwashed hands after defecation
» »159 MILLION PEOPLE
» »90% OF ALL NATURAL HAZARDS
still drink untreated surface water that is drawn
» »ONE THIRD OF HOSPITALS ARE WATER-RELATED.
in developing countries do not have clean running Their frequency and intensity are increasing.
from rivers, streams or lakes.
water.
» »IN COUNTRIES » »DAMAGE CAUSED BY FLOODING
» »50% OF CASES OF CHILD IN URBAN AREAS
AFFECTED BY ARMED CONFLICT
or going through a period of upheaval, children are
UNDERNUTRITION could represent up to 1,800 BILLION
are due to recurrent diarrhoea and intestinal DOLLARS PER YEAR BY 2080.
4 times less likely to have access to a basic water
infections caused by unsafe drinking water, ECONOMY
supply than children living in other countries.
inadequate sanitation and lack of hygiene. »» Since 1992, floods, droughts and storms
» »IN 2015, THE WATER have affected 4.2 BILLION PEOPLE
SECTOR ONLY BENEFITED (95% of these people were hit by natural disasters)
FROM 4% OF TOTAL PRIVATE and caused 1,300 BILLION DOLLARS’
worth of damage.
SECTOR INVESTMENT
worldwide, representing a total of
4.1 BILLION DOLLARS.
The majority of these investments were
ACCESS TO SANITATION EDUCATION made in China and Brazil.
» »4.5 BILLION PEOPLE, » »260 BILLION DOLLARS ARE LOST SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL
» »272 MILLION SCHOOL DAYS
or 60% of the world population, do not have access are missed due to diseases caused by a lack every year due to a lack of access to water » »28.4 BILLION DOLLARS
to safely managed sanitation facilities. of sanitation facilities. and sanitation (time and productivity losses due
to sickness and medical expenses).
OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT
» »2.3 BILLION PEOPLE » »ONLY 45% OF SCHOOLS is required between now and 2030 to provide
still do not have decent toilets. in the Least Developed Countries and other »» $1 dollar invested in improving access to sanitation basic WASH facilities for those who lack them.
low-income countries are equipped with toilet yields $5.5. • Basic access to water (an improved water source
» »600 MILLION PEOPLE within 15 minutes’ walking distance): $6.9 billion
blocks (in 2011 – based on a sample of 49 countries).
share toilets or latrines with other families. »» $1 dollar invested in improving access to water per year.
» »892 MILLION PEOPLE » »ONLY 51% OF SCHOOLS yields $2. • Basic access to sanitation (improved sanitation
defecate out in the open; this practice is on the rise in the Least Developed Countries and other facilities): $19.5 billion per year.
in Sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania due to population low-income countries are equipped with adequate • Basic access to hygiene (hygiene facilities with
growth. water sources (in 2011 – based on a sample of soap within the home): $2 billion per year.
51 countries).
WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 2018 WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 2018
8 | THEY ARE INVISIBLE THEY ARE INVISIBLE | 9
B
angladesh is undergoing rapid “Of course, some less developed nations BY NICOLAS
urbanization, as populations do not have sufficient financial means ROCHAS
migrate towards towns to to install the necessary infrastructure Following our initial
escape rural poverty and natural to provide this essential service. But we collaboration with
disasters. Between 300,000 and must push for obstacles to be removed, SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
400,000 people arrive in Dhaka every for autonomy, responsibility, capacity in 2016, for a rural drinking water
year, 30% of whom settle in one of building and coordination between access project in Bangladesh, we
the city’s 5000 slums. The greater the community groups and local authorities. wanted to extend this partnership
distance from the central business On their own, these populations cannot to encompass the challenges of
district and major roads, make themselves heard drinking water access in urban
the scarcer access to BETWEEN by the authorities settings. Upon completion, this
water and electricity that govern them. It is pilot project will benefit around
300,000
becomes. extremely appropriate for 400 people living in a Dhaka slum.
AND 400,000 an NGO like SOLIDARITÉS The project is fully compatible with
Due to unsafe water PEOPLE ARRIVE INTERNATIONAL to play the objectives of the Communauté
pipes, pollution and IN DHAKA EVERY a part in this process, d’Agglomération du Pays de Saint-
nonexistent or derelict YEAR, 30% OF by providing the tools, Omer Water Fund, which we have
infrastructure, the water influence and expertise been managing for the past two
WHOM SETTLE
that slum inhabitants to help populations stake years. This is also an opportunity
use and consume is still IN ONE OF THE their legitimate claims.” for us as an Urban Planning and
of very poor quality. As CITY’S 5000 Development Agency to make
a result, 97% of those SLUMS INCREASING our own contribution to urban
living in Chalantika report CIVIL SOCIETY’S development efforts, by providing
having difficulties accessing drinking ABILITY TO TAKE ACTION AND assistance and offering solutions
water. CAMPAIGN FOR ACCESS TO for one of the most densely
In response to this situation, slum FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS populated megacities in the world.
inhabitants have started to form To date, many similar projects Currently, the population density
community groups to assert and undertaken by NGOs did not place in Dhaka is over 45,000 people
exercise their right to safe drinking sufficient emphasis on involving and per km² and this figure is set to
water and sanitation. However, they lack creating a connection between slum rise due to the combined effects
support, technical knowledge and skills. inhabitants and local authorities. Yet of demographic trends and global
In addition, local public authorities lack participation and cooperation between warming. Every year, an additional
sufficient skills and resources to improve all stakeholders is crucial for these 300,000 to 400,000 people take
and extend basic services to cover slum projects to be effective and sustainable. up residence in Dhaka. As a low-
Satkhira, Bangladesh, July 2016. areas, where living conditions are often In order to consolidate its activities lying country, Bangladesh is
poor. within Dhaka’s slums, SOLIDARITÉS particularly vulnerable to rising
INTERNATIONAL has decided to extend sea levels, a reality that places
THE RIGHT TO WATER:
“ON THEIR OWN, its operations to 10 other slums, yet further stress on Dhaka. Over
THESE POPULATIONS CANNOT in partnership with the Resource the next 50 years, it is estimated
MAKE THEMSELVES HEARD BY Integration Centre (RIC), for a three- that between 10 and 40 million
SPEAKING UP
THE AUTHORITIES and-a-half-year project funded by Bangladeshis will be displaced
THAT GOVERN THEM.” EuropeAid and Fondation Agir. by climate change. On top of this,
“We must speak up for these invisible “This project will focus on building the about one third of Dhaka’s 15 million
FOR THE INHABITANTS
populations, by giving them support capacity of civil society organizations inhabitants are currently living in
and the means to assert and exercise (CSO) to take action and campaign for slums. Consequently, there is a
their rights, in coordination with local fundamental rights and access to basic dual emergency: managing the
OF DHAKA’S SLUMS
authorities,” explains Cristina Thevenot, services—water, sanitation, hygiene current situation and preparing
Operations manager for Asia at and waste management—as well as for the future. To address these
SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL. “The to participate in local governance by challenges, a multifaceted
inhabitants of Dhaka slums have been cooperating with local authorities and approach is necessary, combining
In the overpopulated, insalubrious slums of the Bangladeshi capital city, SOLIDARITÉS marginalized. Access to drinking water establishing strong, official connections urban planning, strategic planning
INTERNATIONAL has decided to improve sustainable access to drinking water and sanitation was recognized by the United Nations with them.” and access to water and sanitation.
as a universal human right in 2010. Yet, This is the objective of our
by supporting populations in asserting and exercising their right to water. Here is an overview
in Dhaka and elsewhere, it is difficult for partnership with SOLIDARITÉS
of the organization’s pilot project in the Chalantika slum. people to exercise this right.” INTERNATIONAL, with whom we
BY CRISTINA THEVENOT have already had the opportunity to
OPERATIONS MANAGER FOR ASIA AT SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL share expertise regarding decision-
making tools and cartography, for
example.
WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 2018 WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 2018
10 | THEY ARE INVISIBLE THEY ARE INVISIBLE | 11
for growing the psychoactive plant, Less than two years later, it is Any infrastructure that is vital to
which consumes between 40 and 50% clear that the near-total disruption a population’s survival (water, energy
of agricultural water resources. The of wastewater treatment plant and sanitation) must imperatively be
surface area devoted to growing qat operations in Yemen’s capital has taken recognized as a neutral zone, as is
has reportedly doubled in size since a significant toll, creating yet further already the case for hospitals. Senegal
1970, leading the plant to displace hardship for a population already raised this very issue before the UN
grains as Yemen’s primary crop. Qat deprived of medicine and dependent on Security Council along with the issue
farming also accounts for 70% of the food aid. of hydro-diplomacy, i.e. the prevention
country’s skyrocketing pesticide use, and resolution of cross-border conflicts
a phenomenon resulting in increased A partial or total disruption of linked to water resources.
pollution of soil and groundwater. treatment plant operations has
Adding yet another layer of therefore been largely to blame for For Senegal, a recent term presiding
complexity to the current security the cholera epidemic ravaging the over the Security Council was a prime
equation, qat trafficking controls country, especially in areas under opportunity to bring the water and
constitute a territorial issue for the rebel control. Over one million people sanitation debate to the highest table.
armed militias who have de facto have been infected, many of whom— On November 22nd, 2016, the country
carved up Yemeni territory3. Each overwhelmingly children—have died organized a session on strategic and
hectare of qat has an estimated value of without access to treatment. Chronicle security issues surrounding water
8,000 USD which, prior to the conflict, of a tragedy foretold. resources in an effort to pave the
would have represented between The environmental toll of depleted political way for a Security Council
YEMEN: 20% and 30% of Yemeni household
expenses4.
wastewater treatment capacities is
also grim, as soil and groundwater in
the Sana’a area are now permanently
resolution on the theme Water &
Peace. Through this initiative, Senegal
followed in the footsteps of Namibia
OUT OF WATER, A NATION BESET BY
A HARROWING CONFLICT
TARGETING CIVILIAN
polluted. A war waged through the
deliberate or indirect targeting of critical
infrastructures—and among them those
which, in 2000, took action to bring
about the historic Resolution 1325.
Entitled Women, Peace and Security,
OUT OF TIME POPULATIONS AND CRITICAL
INFRASTRUCTURES
As the qat scourge continues
responsible for sanitation—has thus
set the stage for a humanitarian and
environmental catastrophe that must be
the text concerns the role of women
in conflict resolution, peace talks
and reconstruction. Although a
OPINION COLUMN BY FRANCK GALLAND,
inexorably to deplete and contaminate stopped before it is too late. Water and Security resolution has
Expert in water resource security concerns, member of (Re)sources
water resources, the crisis has been In Yemen, as in other recent conflicts, yet to be passed, a formal stand is
compounded by the toll of a high- far too many critical structures (water, unquestionably and urgently needed.
intensity yet unspoken conflict. sanitation, electricity) have been In addition to the UN Security Council,
A proxy war playing out between bombed, either as direct targets or as various regional strategic bodies (the
Saudi Arabia’s Sunni coalition and Shia collateral damage. North Atlantic Treaty Organization—
O
n March 22nd, 2012, former Peninsula and its remnants of ancient with little or no water resource Iran has targeted civilian populations NATO, the Organization for Security
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary hydraulic infrastructures including the governance, i.e. a lack of investment and their critical infrastructures, as was ENFORCING THE GENEVA and Co-operation in Europe—OSCE, the
Clinton made public a report Great Dam of Marib, believed to be the in the maintenance and renewal of the case in Syria and Iraq. Water, energy CONVENTIONS AND PASSING Shanghai Cooperation Organization—
commissioned by the Office of the world’s oldest hydraulic structure. existing collective infrastructures and a and sanitation infrastructures have all A WATER AND SECURITY SCO, the Gulf Cooperation Council—
Director of National Intelligence (DNI), glut of individual pumping installations been damaged. RESOLUTION AT THE UN GCC, etc.) must be reminded of the
entitled “Global Water Security1”. Released UNPRECEDENTED WATER that has placed a strain on water tables. Such was the case for a critical SECURITY COUNCIL vital necessity of protecting water,
to coincide with World Water Day, the STRESS AND A BURGEONING wastewater treatment plant serving To curb this destructive trend, it is sanitation and energy infrastructures,
report offered an unprecedented look DRUG CULTIVATION INDUSTRY As elsewhere, insufficient reforms Sana’a and the surrounding area. On critical that the strict observance of through both legal and physical means,
at the U.S. Intelligence Community’s As of 2018, Yemen’s annual per capita to agricultural irrigation practices March 26th, 2015 the plant suffered humanitarian law be enforced. To this during violent conflicts.
global analysis of the potential security renewable water supply is less than are also all too frequently to blame damage from bombing. On April end, the 1949 Geneva Conventions’ more
consequences of water scarcity for 200 m3. Worse yet, this catastrophically for continuous pressure on water 17 th, 2015 it was yet again impacted recent Additional Protocols concerning
U.S. allies, suggesting the possibility low figure is projected to drop to 40 resources. On top of this, Yemen has when an energy plant on which its the protection of victims of international
of American humanitarian or military m3 by 2050. This alarming outlook one key characteristic in common with operations depended was bombed5. armed conflicts also provide for the
intervention. points to a crisis of unprecedented another country suffering from water As the conflicts in Syria and Iraq made protection of critical structures such
scale impacting a nation of 25.3 million stress: Afghanistan. Like Afghanistan, clear, without electricity there can be as dams, dykes and nuclear plants, per
The report painted a bleak picture whose population is projected to double Yemen channels a large proportion no production or distribution of water, Article 56.
1
“Global Water Security, Intelligence Community
Assessment”, Office of the Director of National
of Yemen. Long before Houthi rebels over the next 25 years. Such data has of its water resources towards drug nor can there be waste removal or Article 15 of the 1977 addenda also Intelligence, 2012.
took control of Sana’a in September led American intelligence experts to production: the former is the world’s wastewater treatment. calls for the total protection of these 2
“Crisis in Yemen: Food, Water and the ‘Slow Motion
2014, plunging the country into a tribal conclude that Yemen may not survive biggest producer of opium and the sites in the event of a non-international Coup’”, Tess Marslen and Sinéad Lehane, Global
Food and Water Crises Research Programme,
and religious war, Yemen was already as a nation in the absence of water latter is the leading producer of qat. Next came the rationing of fuel oil, armed conflict. Dedicated, if rarely Future Directions International. February 2015.
recognized as the most water-scarce resources and infrastructures, two A scourge to the region that is crucial to supplying the generators used, signage also exists for signalling 3
“Yemen: L’ONU inquiète du risque de partition”,
country on the planet 2. elements that are vital to a population’s devastating Yemen and parts of the that kept the plant up and running. The critical infrastructures to protect them Le Monde, Marie Bourreau and Louis Imbert, 18
January 2018.
Gone are the days when, less than 40 survival. Horn of Africa, “catha edulis” continues reason: a naval blockade, first ordered from bombings: a symbol composed of 4
“De l’eau pour le Yémen”, Cercle Les Echos, Franck
years ago, Yemen was known as Arabia The country’s descent into hell can to paralyse much of Yemeni society on in May 2015. A country progressively three horizontal orange circles (like a Galland, 11 May 2015.
Felix (“Happy Arabia”) due to its location be attributed to several factors similarly a daily basis. Over 30% of the country’s running out of everything was now cut traffic light turned on its side) serves to
5
“From Bombs to Cholera in Yemen’s War”, The New
York Times, Alia Allana, 19 November 2017.
in the most fertile area of the Arabian present in a number of other countries arable land is believed to be used off entirely. neutralize and protect these sites.
WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 2018 WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 2018
12 | THEY ARE INVISIBLE THEY ARE INVISIBLE | 13
In northern Mali, depletion Competition for water access play a central part in the development
also causes antagonism between of water demand management policies.
of water resources due to agricultural and pastoral communities,
recurrent droughts and or between nomadic and sedentary MOVING TOWARDS
high population pressure— populations. Sometimes, this rivalry is LOCAL, INTERCONNECTED
mainly the evidence of deep-rooted SOLUTIONS: IS
movements are restricted in social tensions. In this specific context, COLLABORATIVE
the area as a result of armed where competition for land and water MANAGEMENT POSSIBLE?
occupation and insecurity— takes various forms, it is a complex task Controlling water usage implies changing
to analyze the situation, to understand rules and methods and rethinking
makes water-sharing a resource management mechanisms collaborative management practices.
crucial issue for survival and and to devise plans for production and These changes must take place on a very
stability. development. local scale in order to accommodate
The inequitable distribution of diverse situations, and also on a regional
BY NATACHA CALANDRE resources often jeopardizes the scale to account for interconnections
Food Security and Livelihoods fundamental right to food and water. between land and resource use.
Focal Point Among the causes are territorial These new socio-economic
agreements between various relationships foster recognition of all
interest groups, land grabbing and local stakeholders, tradesmen, farmers
W
ater cannot be viewed in “privatization”, and the lack of clear and and communities as managers of
isolation from land, soil established rules for using resources. territorial resources. This requires a
and ecosystems: it has These struggles for power and property precise understanding of the history of
far-reaching implications, affecting result in restricted access to resources political and socio-cultural occupation
health, nutrition, agriculture, livestock for certain fringe populations—yet in this region, as well as conflicts,
breeding, fisheries, income, access another form of violence. In addition, property rights and current methods of
to basic necessities, and political this situation encourages unsustainable governance and how they interact with
and socio-economic stability. The exploitation of natural resources and traditional conventions.
distribution of water across these hinders community management The development of management
various domains requires an integrated initiatives. systems for water or other resources
approach to evaluating and managing requires the creation of consultation
resources, to achieve a balance THE TRANSITION FROM mechanisms that enable inter-
between production and consumption, MANAGING SUPPLY TO community and intra-community
food and water quantity and quality, MANAGING DEMAND agreements to be negotiated on the
ecologically sustainable development Today, the major challenge is to basis of a regional assessment, as well
and socially just access. increase water supplies and to protect, as the conclusion of mutually beneficial
restore and manage natural resources, “contracts” between users. This calls
The water challenges in northern in order to satisfy human, social and for new, context-specific models
Mali are a good illustration of the economic needs and to cope with combining technological, economic
connections between land and power. various pressures (population density, and environmental innovations
When taking action, we must consider farming and livestock breeding (storage, water and soil preservation,
a wide range of issues, understand methods, urbanization, etc.). micro-irrigation and promotion of
how various territories fit together, In the absence of national water-efficient production techniques,
and comprehend the complexity of authorities, political and legal protection of ecosystems, waste
stakeholder interests. frameworks and regional policies, the reduction, etc.) with organizational
accomplishment of this goal hinges and institutional advances. Restoring
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN on restructuring “power” around sustainable access to water and land
Goundam Cercle, Northern Mali, June 2016. POWER DYNAMICS AND resources. This can be achieved by in this fragile region is the only way to
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT establishing local governance entities, ensure social and economic progress.
METHODS creating and promoting user groups
In northern Mali, which bears the and professional organizations, as well
THE MULTIPURPOSE ROLE scars of persistent armed conflict,
the universal challenges of fighting
climate change are compounded by
as developing regulatory mechanisms
that provide for social objectives
and encourage rational water usage.
OF WATER IN NORTHERN MALI territorial and resource control issues,
which have an even greater impact on
the population’s food security and on
Acknowledging the fact that water
has various uses and defending the
universal right to use natural resources
OR THE NEED TO UNDERSTAND environmental sustainability. are two fundamental issues that must
THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN LAND AND POWER
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14 | THEY ARE INVISIBLE THEY ARE INVISIBLE | 15
PROVIDING WATER DRINKING WATER
IN THE CENTRE TO FIGHT
OF MOSUL MALNUTRITION
“During 2017, the SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL team IN NIGERIA
in Iraq distributed water, in person, to thousands of
people who were trapped in Mosul, just after Islamic “In the town of Maiduguri, which provides refuge for
State forces had abandoned the town. Once we had over 1.5 million displaced people who have fled from
built a water treatment plant on the banks of the Tigris combat zones, malnutrition rates are well above critical
producing no less than 12,000 litres of drinking water thresholds. Tens of thousands of children under 5
daily, our teams distributed water to over 30,000 years old are in mortal danger. In collaboration with
people per day, in the centre of Mosul. Every day, local medical centres, SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL is
we filled about twenty reservoirs in the Wadi Hajar fighting malnutrition, which is caused by an unhealthy,
district. In addition to quenching the population’s thirst, insalubrious environment in 50% of cases worldwide
reestablishing drinking water supplies in the western (WHO). Our teams are installing water and sanitation
districts of Mosul should also help to contain potential facilities at health clinics. They are also repairing the
epidemics, which remain a threat due to unsanitary large numbers of boreholes that have been destroyed
living conditions within the town. Now that peace has and building toilets in vulnerable, overpopulated districts
returned, our teams are redirecting their efforts towards of Maiduguri.”
rehabilitating the water network, to contribute to
rebuilding the city, which is in ruins after many years of GILLES VOURCH’
war ” Country Director
DENIS VANHONTEGEM
Country Director
DRILLING DEEP SOLAR PUMPS
IN BANGLADESH IN AFGHANISTAN
“Since August 2017, hundreds of thousands of people “Nearly 4 years after they arrived, more than 4,500
have fled Myanmar for Bangladesh. They are stranded people from Pakistan are still living in Gulan camp, in
in villages and in official or informal refugee camps, Afghanistan. Until now, submersible pumps were used
where water access is a real challenge. To reach to supply the water network in the camp. However,
sufficient quantities of groundwater, which is safe and since the refugees are here for an extended period,
available all year round, it is necessary to drill very a more sustainable solution has been implemented.
deep. As the moment, people are using water from We decided to install solar pumps to supply water.
the aquifer, which is very shallow. But when the dry This project has been a success in Mali, at another of
season arrives the aquifer will shrink, eliminating access SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL’s missions. We thought it
to this water source. We therefore decided to drill to a would be advantageous to try the same technique here.
depth of several dozen metres to ensure a sufficient The 10 wells that provide water for the whole camp
year-round water supply. Each borehole yields 15 litres are equipped with 21 solar panels on a steel frame,
of water per person per day for about 1,100 to 1,200 connected to a command panel and a control system.
people. Several boreholes are being drilled in an effort The submersible pumps are now powered by energy
to provide as many people as possible with water in the from the solar panels, but there is still a backup diesel
refugee camps. Although the groundwater yielded by generator for each borehole, in case the weather is
this deep drilling is free from contamination, we analyze cloudy with no sunshine.”
it regularly, especially to monitor the iron content.”
CRISTINA THEVENOT
LUCILLE TRUTTA Operations Manager for Asia
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Manager
WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 2018 WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 2018
16 | THEY ARE INVISIBLE THEY ARE INVISIBLE | 17
Charlène
car Narges
afghanistan
Jacqueline
haiti
Baba Harber Adjawiakoye Umoja Bahita
mali democratic republic of congo
Almoudou Yattara
Zahra Danlha mali
nigeria
Mary Bol
south sudan
Dilmas et Tahara
Nayan Tara myanmar
bangladesh
Susie May
myanmar
Nia Abdoulaye Touré
mali
GIVING INVISIBLE PEOPLE
A VOICE
There are thousands, millions, billions of them. Their human rights are not respected. Their voices do
not carry. They are invisible and voiceless. All these men, women and children have been forgotten
because they had to flee to another country, deserting their homes due to war, natural disaster or an
epidemic. Today, they have no access to drinking water. These are the people for whom we provide
vital assistance, in person, with dignity.
Wherever they are from—Bangladesh like Nayan Tara, or Mali like Baba Harber Adjawiakoye, or
Nigeria like Zahra Danlha, or Haiti like Jacqueline, or Afghanistan like Narges, or elsewhere—we have
chosen to give them a voice. So that, by telling their story, their suffering may be heard.
WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 2018 WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 2018
18 | THE INVISIBLE LINK TO HEALTH THE INVISIBLE LINK TO HEALTH | 19
“Only structural
projects to install
C
holera disappeared from Despite the fact that patients are solution to epidemics. And that medical
industrialized countries decades receiving better care, the number intervention alone is insufficient.
infrastructure, ago. Although it is easy to of deaths has increased 12.4% in
which is all too prevent, treat and eliminate, between 3
and 4 million people are infected by the
comparison to the same period in
2016. Emergency programs combining
SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
NO LONGER ACCEPTS the
scarce in the DRC, “dirty hands disease” every year, of which
100,000 will perish, simply because
medical care, chlorination of water
points and disinfection of infected
international community’s inability
to bring together all the necessary
can put an end to they do not have access to drinking homes do save lives, but they will never partners—governmental, humanitarian
water and sanitation. The populations eradicate the epidemic. Only structural and development organizations and
this scourge” of the Democratic Republic of Congo projects to install infrastructure, which private stakeholders—to pool their
(DRC), the worst-affected country in is all too scarce in the DRC, can put an resources and expertise.
Africa, are particularly afflicted by this end to this scourge.
unjust situation. Over several decades, SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
the disease has taken hold in the DRC, SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL CALLS UPON all the public and
where the most severe cholera epidemic CANNOT ACCEPT the complaints of private stakeholders involved in
in the past 25 years has infected 40,000 certain international decision-makers humanitarian aid and development
people and claimed 900 lives. that NGOs use public funds to duplicate in the DRC to come together and
the same disease mitigation projects implement a joint program to fight
SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL every year, while the same decision- cholera, a deadly disease that could so
ASKS: How can so many deaths from makers flatly refuse to consider any easily be controlled.
cholera in the DRC be explained, when attempts by humanitarian or private
short, medium and long-term solutions organizations to suggest effective long- SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
to prevent and control this infectious term solutions. Urban water networks REAFFIRMS that the solutions to
disease have been tried and tested? and sanitation projects which would eradicate cholera by 2030 are well-
How can these figures be justified, eventually eradicate cholera—as was known:
when a similarly dire situation in Haiti the case in Europe in the 20 th century— • Increase funding for the rapid
in 2012 had a very different outcome: “are too costly, too far off in the future deployment of medical teams during
close coordination between state, and do not meet urgent humanitarian epidemic outbreaks
humanitarian and private partners needs.” • Invest in water and sanitation
enabled a drastic decrease in the infrastructure projects, especially in
number of cases in 2017 (10,814 to SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL urban and semi-urban areas
date in comparison to over 500,000 in DENOUNCES these conflicting • Improve monitoring and alert
2010/2011)? viewpoints, which can only lead to systems.
stalemate. Especially since, on the one
SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL hand, SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL HOW MANY MORE YEARS OF
ASSERTS that in the DRC, after just 6 is currently called upon to provide an EPIDEMICS, DISEASE AND DEATH
months of indifference on the part of emergency response during outbreaks MUST GO BY BEFORE THESE
the international community, the east of the epidemic in the Kalemie and MESSAGES ARE FINALLY HEARD?
of the country witnessed the worst Masisi areas while at the same time,
upsurge in cholera cases in 25 years. the organization is struggling to obtain
To date, some 44,071 suspected cases funds to proceed with the construction
and 882 deaths have been registered in of a water network in Kalemie, which
22 of the country’s 26 provinces. Every would tackle the root causes of the
week, an additional 1,800 to 2,000 disease. Today, this project is totally
Kalemie, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2017.
people are infected, a 71% increase in reliant on funding from French water Invisible voices
comparison to 2016. boards, regional authorities and public
institutions. “My seven-year-old child, Salume, drank
SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL water from the lake every day. One day
PETITION TO FINALLY ERADICATE
he had abdominal pain, and very soon
TESTIFIES that in the Tanganyika, SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL IS after he started to vomit and suffer from
Haut-Lomami, Kivu and Ituri provinces OUTRAGED that despite decades of continuous diarrhoea.”
and more recently in the Kasai experience of major crises, epidemics
CHOLERA FROM THE DRC provinces, which are all severely
affected by the epidemic, there are not
and efforts to reduce the extremely
high morbidity rates in this region,
enough humanitarian NGOs fighting many decision-makers still do not
IT’S TIME TO ROLL UP OUR SLEEVES outbreaks of cholera to prevent the understand that access to drinking
infectious disease from spreading, due water, hygiene and sanitation is
UMOJA BAHITA
AND DEFEAT THE DIRTY HANDS DISEASE to lack of resources. almost always the key to an effective
DRC
WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 2018 WATER BAROMETER #04 | MARCH 201820 | THE INVISIBLE LINK TO HEALTH THE INVISIBLE LINK TO HEALTH | 21
“MANAGING WATER SAFELY”
THE RESULTS OF A SCIENTIFIC IMPACT STUDY
FROM EMERGENCY OF THE ENDEMIC CHOLERA ZONE IN UVIRA, DRC.
BY MARTIN LEMÉNAGER
TO DEVELOPMENT: Water and Sanitation Project Team Manager at the Agence Française de Développement
A THREE-TIER APPROACH
T
he primary benefit of a water and infrastructure will be rehabilitated and The study, which will continue until
TO ERADICATE CHOLERA sanitation project is often said to
be a positive impact on health.
This seems obvious yet it is difficult to
extended (daily production will increase
from 4,500 to 11,500 m3/day, a new
2000 m3 reservoir will be built and
the end of 2019, uses a combination of
three methods:
• analysis of time series data on the
FROM TANGANYIKA measure accurately, mainly because,
between the moment water is collected
from its source and the moment it is
40 km of pipes, 3000 water meters and
102 water fountains will be installed) to
generate a continuous water supply and
quantity of water distributed and the
incidence of cholera and diarrhoeal
diseases;
consumed, it can come into contact with prioritize the health zones where cholera • random assignment of the order in
Emergency action alone is water from being consumed, as well INTERNATIONAL provides capacity- a number of potential contaminants. epidemics have been pinpointed. The which tertiary network extension
as mass awareness-raising campaigns building support for this local Most of the existing studies discuss NGO Oxfam GB will carry out hygiene work was performed into 16 clusters,
insufficient to fight the “dirty
on good hygiene practices. These organization, whose objective is to “treatment at point of use” projects. It awareness activities, and ADIR, a local enabling counterfactual “pipeline”
hands disease”. In eastern activities are carried out in coordination make this product into an everyday is rarely possible to evaluate drinking NGO, will assist in organizing the use and analysis (comparison of the first and
Democratic Republic of with regional and provincial health commodity. Through these activities, water network improvement projects management of the water fountains. the last districts where extension
authorities. SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL is using scientifically proven methods. It work was performed);
Congo (DRC), where cholera is
promoting local entrepreneurship is undeniably difficult to compare towns The AFD and the Veolia Foundation • monitoring the hygiene practices,
endemic, “knock-out” activities A “SHIELD” and clearly showing that communities that have or do not have water networks, have appointed the renowned London water-related behaviour and socio-
and long-term development FOR DRINKING WATER are capable of protecting themselves and pipes cannot be distributed like School of Hygiene and Tropical economic circumstances of a cohort
An emergency response alone cannot from the dangers of dirty water and chlorine tablets or training sessions. Medicine (LSHTM) to conduct a of 500 households, using a qualitative
must be closely coordinated to
prevent the spread of cholera in an the scourge of cholera. In this way, scientific impact study. The initial approach.
effectively combat the disease. area where the disease is endemic. It SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL is starting The implementation of a project in results were published in 2015 in the
is not a satisfactory solution for the to implement an exit strategy from the Uvira, in the South Kivu region of the public health journal PLoSMed. By The findings from this study will
BY EMMANUEL RINCK
communities or for us, as humanitarian area. DRC brought together all the necessary comparing chronological drinking water contribute to the multi-sector cholera
Operations Manager
workers. That is why the second phase conditions for such an impact study. production data with health clinic eradication plan, which is coordinated
for Africa
of the program revolves around the From the first diagnosed case through This research is especially valuable registers, the researchers found that by Congolese authorities. They are
L
ake Tanganyika is one of rehabilitation and extension of the to autonomous water treatment by the because cholera is rampant in the “23.2% of registered cholera cases in this also of interest to the WHO Global Task
the reservoirs for cholera in municipal water network in Kalemie, to communities themselves, SOLIDARITÉS area. The study relies on support from town between 2009 and 2014 can be Force on Cholera Control, which has
Central Africa. SOLIDARITÉS provide a permanent supply of drinking INTERNATIONAL is combining the organizations involved and draws directly attributed to recurrent disruptions just published a road map to eliminate
INTERNATIONAL has been fighting water. Alongside this rehabilitation emergency activities with a structural, on data collected during a regional at the water treatment plant, mainly due cholera by 2030.
waterborne diseases there since 2002. work, support is provided for the local developmental approach, to fight program that was launched by the to power cuts”.
In Kalemie and the surrounding area, organizations that are responsible for diarrhoeal diseases in the short-term Veolia Foundation over 10 years ago.
cholera has been widespread for over 20 managing and distributing water to the and the long-term. The aim is to make These findings were a high-profile
years. In the communities which suffer population. These two complementary the point that fighting cholera must be In 2013, the Agence Française du contribution to the debate about the
from regular, severe outbreaks of the activities safeguard water quality and done on all fronts, simultaneously. Developpement (AFD) decided to importance of the quality of water
disease, people die every year. ensure that the local community takes grant a subsidy to the “Project to fight services within the framework of the
ownership of the water facilities. This cholera in Uvira by improving access to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Invisible voices
THE “KNOCK-OUT” structural approach, which has been drinking water and hygiene”. This project SDG Goal 6.1 aims for “universal and
APPROACH implemented since 2010, is known as the Invisible voices follows the emergency-development equitable access to safe and affordable “Since Hurricane Matthew struck, I can’t
To fight the epidemic, SOLIDARITÉS “shield” approach. continuum, is supported by multiple drinking water for all”. This definition use the water spring any more. I have to
INTERNATIONAL has devised a three-tier “One day, the water in the swamp partner organizations and aims to requires several criteria to be met: go and buy water at the kiosk, but I don’t
approach combining emergency and LOCAL COMMUNITIES will dry up and we will no longer improve the health and living conditions accessibility (at home), availability have any money. I don’t know what I’m
development activities. The first phase ARE THE FIRST LINE be able to stay here.” of 210,000 people. The project is (on demand, generally via continuous going to do... ”
is an emergency response, called the OF DEFENSE AGAINST managed by the national public service), and quality (always free from
“knock-out” approach, which is put into THE DISEASE company Regideso with assistance contamination). This represents a big
action as soon as the epidemic threshold The third phase of SOLIDARITÉS from the Veolia Foundation and has step forward, in terms of quality, from
is reached to contain the outbreak. This INTERNATIONAL’s strategy is based on received financial support from the the “improved drinking water sources”
phase involves emergency chlorination the promotion of a chlorine solution MARY BOL European Union via the Water Facility mentioned in Millennium Development JACQUELINE
at every water point to prevent infected by a local organization. SOLIDARITÉS South Sudan fund. Water production and distribution Goal (MDG) 7. Haiti
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