1H FY19 Results Presentation - March 2019 - Kathmandu Holdings

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1H FY19 Results Presentation - March 2019 - Kathmandu Holdings
1H FY19
Results
Presentation
March 2019
1H FY19 Results Presentation - March 2019 - Kathmandu Holdings
1H FY19 results summary

                   »   Group Sales up 13.3% to NZD $232.0m
     Trading       »   Gross margin improvement in AU +60 bps and NZ +50 bps, North America -40 bps
                   »   Operating expenses reduced by 1.8% as a percentage of sales

                   »   Normalised EBIT up 10.0% to $19.8m; reported EBIT $20.9m
    Earnings       »   Normalised NPAT up 7.3% to $13.2m; reported NPAT $14.0m

                       Inventory $130m includes $18m to support International, plus early 2H FY19 deliveries
 Balance Sheet     »
                   »   Operating cashflow -$16.2m
  Cash Flow        »   Interim dividend NZ 4 cents per share

                   »   North America 1H FY19 sales $28.7m and EBIT $3.7m
     North         »   Oboz pro forma sales growth 1H FY19 +38.6% YOY, and EBIT growth +77.1% YOY
    America        »   Acquisition earn-out target achieved

                                                                                                               2
1H FY19 Results Presentation - March 2019 - Kathmandu Holdings
Contents   1. Strategy update
           2. Result overview
           3. Key line items
           4. Segment results
           5. Balance Sheet, Cash Flow, Dividend
           6. Summary
           7. Questions
           A. Appendices

                                                   3
1H FY19 Results Presentation - March 2019 - Kathmandu Holdings
1. Strategy update

                     4
1H FY19 Results Presentation - March 2019 - Kathmandu Holdings
Strategy

      Transformation from a leading Australasian retailer to a
             brand-led global multi-channel business

      Focus on:                               Transform through:
      »   Superior customer experience        »   Accelerate growth opportunities
      »   Authentic and inspirational brand   »   Diversify brand, channel, product
      »   Distinctive product                 »   Operating efficiencies

                                                                                      5
1H FY19 Results Presentation - March 2019 - Kathmandu Holdings
Superior customer experience

Customer-centric in everything we do:
»   Channel agnostic strategy
»   Create a seamless customer multi-channel experience
»   Elevate visual merchandising and product presentation
»   Enhance the customer service experience and staff
    product knowledge

Update:
» Over two million active Summit Club members, contributing
  over 75% of direct to consumer sales. This provides future
  opportunities to engage with our loyal customer base

»   Online re-platform launched Feb 19, enabling future
    enhancement of the customer experience, and development of
    fulfilment options

»   Customer experience in our Australasian store network
    continues to be improved through refurbishments, relocations
    and new stores as opportunities arise

                                                                   6
1H FY19 Results Presentation - March 2019 - Kathmandu Holdings
Authentic and inspirational Brand

Authentic and inspirational:
»   New Zealand heritage with deep roots
»   Elevate brand distinctiveness through product
    design and innovation
»   Focus on our expertise in adventure travel
»   Inspire our customers and engage with our
    Summit Club members, leveraging social media,
    digital, and exclusive events

                                                    Update:
                                                    » Brand association improving as a result of the “World Ready”
                                                      brand campaign
                                                    » 34% increase in Summit Club participation in volunteering, run
                                                      clubs, adventure sponsorship, and international treks
                                                    » Social media reach increased by 33%, with an increasingly
                                                      global audience
                                                    » Successful sponsorship of the Coast to Coast, one of New
                                                      Zealand’s most iconic multisport events

                                                                                                                       7
1H FY19 Results Presentation - March 2019 - Kathmandu Holdings
Distinctive Product

              We design original, sustainable, engineered and adaptive products:

        »   Recycled materials: REPREVETM helps us divert plastic bottles from going into landfill by upcycling
            them into fabric. This year we are on track to recycle at least 7.5 million plastic bottles across many
            equipment and apparel products

        »   Stockton jacket: made of three layers of recycled materials. Includes our very first bio-based waterproof
            membrane partly derived from corn. This is a sustainable alternative to traditional waterproof membranes
            which are typically made using fossil fuels
                                                                                                                        8
1H FY19 Results Presentation - March 2019 - Kathmandu Holdings
Oboz

                                                           Update:
Oboz growth strategy:
                                                           » Fastest growing major hike footwear brand at REI, North
»   Grow North America customer base in a controlled way
                                                             America’s largest outdoor retailer
»   Expand into adjacent footwear categories
                                                           » Fastest growing footwear brand in Kathmandu stores
»   Improve Oboz representation within the Kathmandu
                                                           » Amy Beck appointed as President of Oboz / Kathmandu
    Australasia retail footprint
                                                             North America
»   Grow International business by leveraging Oboz and
                                                           » Oboz founder John Connelly to continue as brand
    Kathmandu customer relationships
                                                             ambassador

                                                                                                                   9
1H FY19 Results Presentation - March 2019 - Kathmandu Holdings
International

 International growth:
 »   Build a sustainable business that delivers profitable growth
 »   Commitment to capital light model
 »   Controlled distribution through wholesale and online
 »   Develop brand equity through authentic outdoor channels
 »   Focus on long term partnerships
 »   Leverage our New Zealand heritage, expertise in adventure
     travel and sustainability focus

                                                            Update:
                                                            » For northern hemisphere Autumn/Winter 2019, initial orders
                                                              received from several new European and North American
                                                              outdoor retailers, including trials with REI (North America) and
                                                              Blacks (UK)

                                                            »   We delivered increased sell through at GO Outdoors (UK) in
                                                                Autumn/Winter 2018. They are now rationalising their SKU
                                                                range and suppliers. KMD products will only be available online
                                                                from Autumn/Winter 2019 for GO Outdoors

                                                                                                                                  10
2. Result overview

                     11
Result overview

        NZD $m*1                                    1H FY19              1H FY18             Var $           Var %

        SALES                                         232.0                204.8              27.2           13.3%               »   North America sales contribution $28.7m

        GROSS PROFIT                                  141.9               129.7               12.2           9.4%                »   Excluding North America, sales increased
        Gross margin                                  61.2%               63.3%
                                                                                                                                     +1.3% at constant exchange rates

        OPERATING EXPENSES                           (114.3)              (104.6)             9.7            9.3%
        % of Sales                                    49.3%                51.1%

        EBITDA NORMALISED*2                            27.6                25.1               2.5            10.0%
        EBITDA margin %                               11.9%               12.3%

        EBIT NORMALISED*3                              19.8                18.0               1.8            10.0%               »   North America contribution to Group EBIT
        EBIT margin %                                  8.5%                8.8%                                                      $3.7m

        NPAT NORMALISED                                13.2                 12.3              0.9            7.3%

        NPAT REPORTED                                  14.0                 12.3              1.7            13.8%

   1.   1H FY19 NZD/AUD conversion rate 0.938 (1H FY18: 0.911), 1H FY19 NZD/GBP conversion rate 0.525 (1H FY18: 0.532), 1H FY19 NZD/USD conversion rate 0.663
   2.   Normalised results exclude $1.1m abnormal income from a tax refund relating to the GST treatment of reward vouchers ($0.8m after tax). Refer to Appendix 1 for a
        reconciliation to statutory financial statements
   3.   EBIT YOY exchange rate translation impact in 1H FY19: -$0.4m (1H FY18 +$0.7m)
   4.   Rounding differences may arise in totals, both $ and %
                                                                                                                                                                           12
3. Key line items
Sales

        SALES: +13.3% to $232.0m                                                       Group Sales (NZD $m)

   » Sales growth by geography (at constant exch. rates):                                       4yr CAGR 6.6%
     »    AU +2.7%                                                                                                            232.0
                                                                                                                  204.8
     »    NZ -1.9%                                                        179.4
                                                                                      196.0         196.3
     »    Rest of World -1.9%
     »    North America (Oboz pro forma) +38.6%
   » Sales growth by channel (at constant exch. rates):
     »    Retail stores +1.1%
     »    Online +2.4%                                                   1H FY15     1H FY16      1H FY17        1H FY18     1H FY19
     »    Wholesale pro forma +38.2%
   » Online sales 9.5% of direct to consumer sales over the
     last 12 months
                               Australia (AUD $m)                                       New Zealand (NZD $m)
                                   4yr CAGR 5.2%                                               4yr CAGR -0.8%

                           114.2         120.8         125.3    128.7
            104.9
                                                                             65.2      68.2         68.7         64.3       63.1

          1H FY15        1H FY16       1H FY17       1H FY18   1H FY19     1H FY15    1H FY16     1H FY17       1H FY18    1H FY19

   1.   Country sales totals exclude inter-company sales
                                                                                                                                       14
Same Store Sales result

        SAME STORE SALES: flat at constant rates                                                   Australia                                  New Zealand

   » Flat at constant exchange rates                                                                   5.0%                            4.8%
                                                                                                4.3%
                                                                                                                                              3.1%
     »     Stores -0.2%                                                                  0.9%                 1.9% 1.2%                              1.2%
     »     Online +2.7%

                                                                                                                                                                    -2.2%
   » -2.0% actual exchange rates
                                                                                                                                                            -6.3%
                                                                                                    1H FY15       1H FY16    1H FY17     1H FY18      1H FY19

                                                                                          GROUP - Actual Rates                     GROUP - Constant Rates

                                                                                                5.8%
                                                                                                                                              3.8% 3.4%
                                                                                                              2.7%                     2.7%
                                                                                         0.6%          0.6%                                                         0.0%

                                                                                                                                                            -0.8%
                                                                                                                     -2.0%

                                                                                                   1H FY15        1H FY16    1H FY17     1H FY18      1H FY19

   1.     Measurement period 1H FY19: 26 weeks ended 27 January 2019 compared to 26 weeks ended 28 January 2018
   2.     Same store sales measurement includes Online and all stores from their 53rd week of trading

                                                                                                                                                                            15
Gross Margin

               GROUP
                                                        » Retail gross margin long-term target range 61% to 63% remains unchanged
           62.8%           63.3%
                   61.6%           61.2%                » 1H FY19 retail gross margin 64.2%. Gross margin improvement from less
  59.3%                                                   promotional discounting leading to a higher average selling price
                                                        » 2H FY19 promotional plan and margin pressure expected to deliver lower
                                                          gross margin YOY in AU and NZ

                                                                                                                1H FY19 SHARE OF BUSINESS
                                                                                                                     (GROSS PROFIT $)
          AU                                                 NZ                          NORTH AMERICA
          64.6% 63.6% 65.4% 66.0%                                                                                             New
  61.4%                                              60.2%               60.2%
                                                             58.2% 59.7%                                                   Zealand
                                             56.0%                                                                            27%

                                                                                                  39.5%      North                   Australia
                                                                                                           America                       64%
                                                                                                               8%

                                   1H FY15    1H FY16         1H FY17      1H FY18   1H FY19               Rest of World
                                                                                                                    1%

                                                                                                                                                 16
Cost of doing business

 OPERATING EXPENSES: +9.3% to $114.3m                                                          NZD $m                       1H FY19   1H FY18   Var $   Var %

» Channel diversification into wholesale delivering                                            Rent                          34.4       33.2     1.2    3.6%
  overall operating cost structure improvement                                                 % of Sales                   14.8%      16.2%

» Incremental operating expenses from Oboz $7.3m                                               Other operating expenses      79.9       71.4     8.5    11.9%
  including $0.6m Kathmandu North America setup                                                % of Sales                   34.5%      34.9%
  investment
                                                                                               Total operating expenses*1   114.3      104.6     9.7    9.3%
» Rent increases continue to be challenged with                                                % of Sales                   49.3%      51.1%
  landlords
                                                                                               Depreciation                   7.8       7.1      0.7    9.9%
» Retail labour wage rate increases being balanced                                             % of Sales                    3.4%      3.5%
  with sales growth expectations
                                                                                               Cost of doing business       122.1      111.7    10.4    9.3%
» Online fulfilment labour realising the efficiency                                            % of Sales                   52.7%      54.5%
  benefits of infrastructure investment

    1.   1H FY19 reported total operating expenses would be $2.1m higher if reported at constant exchange rates
    2.   Rounding differences may arise in totals, both $ and %

                                                                                                                                                        17
Earnings summary

                    EBITDA*1 $27.6m                                                   EBIT*1,2 $19.8m                                                 NPAT*1 $13.2m
                        +10.0%                                                           +10.0%                                                          +7.3%

                                                   27.6
                                         25.1
                   21.9       21.5                                                                                  19.8
                                                                                                         18.0
                                                                                   15.1       14.8                                                                        13.2
                                                                                                                                                            10.0   12.3
                                                                                                                                                    9.4
          6.8
                                                                         0.6

                                                                                                                                         -1.8
          1H       1H       1H    1H                1H                   1H         1H        1H         1H         1H                    1H        1H    1H        1H     1H
         FY15     FY16    FY17   FY18              FY19                 FY15       FY16      FY17       FY18       FY19                 FY15       FY16  FY17      FY18   FY19
                        EBITDA %                                                            EBIT %                                                      NPAT %
         3.8%     11.2%    11.0% 12.3%            11.9%                 0.3%       7.7%      7.5%        8.8%       8.5%                           4.8%   5.1%     6.0%   5.7%

    1.     Normalised results exclude $1.1m abnormal income from a tax refund relating to the GST treatment of reward vouchers. Refer to Appendix 1 for a
           reconciliation to statutory financial statements
    2.     EBIT YOY exchange rate translation impact in 1H FY19: -0.4m (1H FY18 +$0.7m)
                                                                                                                                                                                 18
4. Segment results
Australia

  SALES: +2.7% to $128.7m                                                                        AUD $m                            1H FY19           1H FY18        Var %

 » Gross margin increased 60bps / 0.6% of sales                                                  Sales                               128.7            125.3         2.7%

 » Total operating expenses (incl. depreciation):                                                Same store sales growth             1.2%             1.9%
   »     1H FY19 60.0% of sales
   »     1H FY18 59.5% of sales                                                                  EBIT (trading result)*2                7.7            7.4          4.1%

 » 3 stores opened                                                                               EBIT margin %                       6.0%             5.9%

 » 2 stores closed                                                                               Store count                            119            116

 » 5 stores refurbished
                                                                                                                    EBIT (trading result)     AUD $m

                                                                                                                                               7.4            7.7
                                                                                                                           4.6    4.1

                                                                                                             -0.8

    1.   Rounding differences may arise in totals, both $ and %
    2.   A reconciliation of EBIT (trading result) to the financial statements is included in Appendix 2
                                                                                                                                                                            20
New Zealand

  SALES: -1.9% to $63.1m                                                                         NZD $m                             1H FY19          1H FY18           Var %

 » Gross margin increased 50bps / 0.5% of sales                                                  Sales                                63.1                64.3         -1.9%

 » Total operating expenses (incl. depreciation):                                                Same store sales growth              -2.2%             -6.3%
   »     1H FY19 45.6% of sales
   »     1H FY18 42.0% of sales                                                                  EBIT (trading result)*2                  9.2             11.4         -19.3%

 » 2 stores refurbished                                                                          EBIT margin %                       14.6%              17.7%

                                                                                                 Store count                              48              47

                                                                                                                     EBIT (trading result)      NZD $m

                                                                                                                           12.1    12.3          11.4
                                                                                                                                                                 9.2
                                                                                                               5.5

                                                                                                           1H FY15     1H FY16    1H FY17       1H FY18     1H FY19

    1.   Rounding differences may arise in totals, both $ and %
    2.   A reconciliation of EBIT (trading result) to the financial statements is included in Appendix 2
                                                                                                                                                                                21
North America

      OBOZ (NZD $m) pro forma                             1H FY19            1H FY18           Var %     NORTH AMERICA (NZD $m)    1H FY19

      Sales                                                   29.2              21.0           38.6%     Sales*1                    28.7

      Gross margin %                                        39.3%              39.7%                     EBIT (trading result)*2     3.7

      EBIT                                                     4.7               2.7           77.1%     EBIT margin %             12.9%

      EBIT margin %                                         16.2%              12.7%

» Oboz 1H FY19 pro forma sales growth 38.6%, EBIT growth 77.1%
»     EBITDA earn-out target USD $7.1m to December 2018 achieved
»     Oboz expected to be neutral to Group earnings per share (EPS) in FY19,
      and EPS accretive in FY20
» North America contribution to 1H FY19 Group EBIT $3.7m made up of:
  » Oboz pro forma EBIT $4.7m, less
  » amortisation of customer relationship recognised on acquisition -$0.4m
  » Kathmandu Wholesale North America set-up investment -$0.6m

 1.    Oboz intercompany sales $0.6m eliminated. Includes US website sales $0.1m
 2.    A reconciliation of EBIT (trading result) to the financial statements is included in Appendix 2
 3.    Rounding differences may arise in totals, both $ and %
                                                                                                                                             22
Rest of World

        SALES: NZD $3.0m in line with last year                                                  NZD $m                             1H FY19             1H FY18          Var %

   » Direct to consumer sales $1.8m, c. 60% of total                                             Sales                                    3.0             3.0            -0.4%
     sales
                                                                                                 EBIT (trading result)*2                  0.1             (0.2)
   » Wholesale $1.2m, c. 40% of total sales
                                                                                                 EBIT margin %                        4.9%               -6.9%
   » Gross margin improvement in both wholesale
     and direct to consumer channels                                                             Store count                              1                1

   » Total operating expenses (incl. depreciation):
     »     1H FY19 49.9% of sales
     »     1H FY18 54.7% of sales
                                                                                                                     EBIT (trading result)      NZD $m
   » Reduced promotional and labour costs                                                                  1H FY15     1H FY16    1H FY17       1H FY18        1H FY19

                                                                                                                                                                  0.1

                                                                                                                           -0.4    -0.2          -0.2

                                                                                                            -2.8
   1.    Rounding differences may arise in totals, both $ and %
   2.    A reconciliation of EBIT (trading result) to the financial statements is included in Appendix 2
                                                                                                                                                                                 23
5. Balance Sheet, Cash Flow, Dividend

                                        24
Balance Sheet

                                Stock Turns                                  Balance Sheet (NZD $m)                      1H FY19 1H FY18
                                                    1.87x           1.84x    Inventories                                  130.1    84.2
          1.58x         1.57x         1.62x
                                                                             Property, plant and equipment                60.9     64.2

                                                                             Intangible assets                            384.6   283.1

                                                                             Other assets                                 37.7     6.2

                                                                             Total assets (excl. cash)                    613.3   437.7
         1H FY15      1H FY16       1H FY17       1H FY18          1H FY19
                                                                             Net interest bearing liabilities and cash    79.2     17.0

                                                                             Other non-current liabilities                 0.0     0.1
 » Inventory increase to support Kathmandu International,
                                                                             Current liabilities                          132.5    93.0
   inclusion of Oboz, and early deliveries of core styles for
   Autumn and Winter                                                         Total liabilities (net of cash)              211.7   110.1

 » Clearance stock in line with last year                                    Net assets                                   401.6   327.6

 » Oboz acquisition during FY18 added c. $60m to net debt                    Key Ratios                                  1H FY19 1H FY18
                                                                             Stock Turns*1                                1.84x   1.87x

                                                                             Net Debt to Equity*2                         16.5%   4.9%
    1.    COGS (rolling 12 months) / Average Inventories YOY
    2.    Net Debt / (Net Debt + Equity)                                     Fixed Charge Cover*3                         2.28x   2.09x
    3.    (EBITDA + Rent)/(Rent+ Net Finance Costs excl. FX)
    4.    EBIT/(Net Debt + Equity)                                           ROIC*4                                       16.1%   17.5%
    5.    Rounding differences may arise in totals, both $ and %
                                                                                                                                           25
Cash Flow

 Operating cash flow -$16.2m:                                   Cash Flow (NZD $m)                            1H FY19 1H FY18
 » Change in working capital includes the increase in
                                                                NPAT                                           14.0     12.3
   inventory, and timing of supplier and tax payments
                                                                Change in working capital                      (39.8)   (3.5)

                                                                Change in non-cash items                        9.6      8.1
 Capital expenditure $7.0m:
 » Stores $4.6m                                                 Operating cash flow                            (16.2)   16.9
   »    3 new stores
   »    7 refurbishments

 » Systems and Infrastructure $2.0m                             Key line items:
   »    Online platform upgrade                                 Net interest paid (including facility fees)     (1.4)   (0.8)

 » North America $0.4m                                          Income taxes paid                              (15.3)   (9.8)

                                                                Capital expenditure                             (7.0)   (8.7)
                                                                Dividends paid                                 (24.8)   (18.2)

                                                                Increase/(Decrease) in borrowings               44.6     9.3

   .   Rounding differences may arise in totals, both $ and %
                                                                                                                                 26
Dividend

                                                                             Dividends (NZ cents per share)
 » NZ 4.0 cents per share interim dividend (1H FY18 NZ 4.0 cps)                       Interim        Final
                                                                                                             15
 » Dividend will not be imputed for New Zealand shareholders                                    13
                                                                                11
 » Dividend will not be franked for Australian shareholders
                                                                       8                                     11
                                                                                                9
 » Record date 7 June 2019                                                      8
                                                                       5
 » Payment date 21 June 2019
                                                                       3        3               4            4     4
 » Final dividend is expected to be fully franked and fully imputed
                                                                      FY15     FY16         FY17         FY18     FY19

                                                                                                                       27
Foreign currency

    FORWARD HEDGING POSITION          FY18       FY19    FY20

    AUD/USD     Effective Rate        0.759      0.764   0.726

    NZD/USD     Effective Rate        0.709      0.707   0.678

    » 1H FY19 USD hedging rates c. 1% above 1H FY18

    » 2H FY19 USD hedging rates level with 2H FY18

    » 1H FY20 USD hedging rates c. 5% below 1H FY19

    » Forward hedging position:
      »    Longest dated hedges March 2020
      »    Rolling cover applied 12 months forward

    » No hedging NZD/AUD » 1H FY17 -15% » 2H FY17 -4%

                                                                 28
6. Summary

             29
Summary

 »   By fuelling growth and diversifying our group, the Oboz acquisition has advanced our transformation from a
     leading Australasian retailer to a brand-led global multi-channel business

 » We have made significant progress to move Kathmandu from being a retailer to being an authentic brand that
   designs original, sustainable, engineered and adaptive products

 » Notwithstanding the challenging retail environment we are focussed on sales and profit growth in our core
   Australasian markets through:
   »    engaging with and inspiring our customers
   »    strengthening the Kathmandu brand credentials, emphasising our expertise in travel and adventure and
        our New Zealand heritage
   »    distinctive product
   »    continued cost control

 » In Kathmandu and Oboz, we have two great brands with significant international growth potential

                                                                                                                  30
7. Questions

               31
Appendix 1 – Reconciliation of reported results

                                                         1H FY19                                   1H FY19
 NZD $m                                                                            Abnormals*2
                                                        Reported*1                                Normalised

 SALES                                                      232.0                                   232.0

 GROSS PROFIT                                              141.9                                    141.9
 Gross margin                                              61.2%                                    61.2%

 OTHER INCOME                                                1.1                        (1.1)          -

 OPERATING EXPENSES                                        (114.3)                                  (114.3)
 % of Sales                                                 49.3%                                    49.3%

 EBITDA                                                     28.7                        (1.1)        27.6
 EBITDA margin %                                           12.4%                                    11.9%

 EBIT*3                                                     20.9                        (1.1)       19.8
 EBIT margin %                                              9.0%                                    8.5%

 NPAT                                                        14.0                       (0.8)        13.2

 1.   Per the Kathmandu Holdings Limited Interim Report 2019
 2.   Abnormals include $1.1m tax refund for GST treatment of reward vouchers ($0.8m after tax)

                                                                                                               32
Appendix 2 – Reconciliation of segment EBIT trading results

                                                                                                    New       North    Rest of
1H FY19 ($’000)                                                             Australia                                            Other     Total
                                                                                                  Zealand    America   World

EBIT per financial statements (NZD)                                           7,649                10,933     3,699     144      (1,501)   20,924

Abnormals*1 (NZD)                                                                                  (1,115)      -         -         -      (1,115)

Internal charges not trading related*2 (NZD)                                    584                 (584)       -         -         -         -

EBIT (trading result) (NZD)                                                   8,233                 9,234     3,699     144      (1,501)   19,809

EBIT (trading result) (local currency)                                        7,723

                                                                                                    New       North    Rest of
1H FY18 ($’000)                                                             Australia                                            Other     Total
                                                                                                  Zealand    America   World

EBIT per financial statements (NZD)                                           8,418                11,118       -       (207)    (1,325)   18,004

Internal charges at full year allocation basis                                 (773)                 773        -         -         -         -

Internal charges not trading related*2 (NZD)                                    520                 (520)       -         -         -         -

EBIT (trading result) (NZD)                                                   8,165                11,371       -       (207)    (1,325)   18,004

EBIT (trading result) (local currency)                                        7,438

   1.   Abnormals include $1.1m tax refund for GST treatment of reward vouchers
   2.   Internal charges not trading related include arm’s length margins charged for internal services
                                                                                                                                                     33
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