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POLITEIA: Jurnal Ilmu Politik
Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 11 (1) (2019): 30-48
ISSN 0216-9290 (Print), ISSN 2549-175X (Online)
Available online https://jurnal.usu.ac.id/index.php/politeia
Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a
Disaster Political Perspective
Ian Pasaribu1)* & Fernanda Putra Adela2)
1)Master of Political Science Program at Diponegoro University
2) Political Science Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences University of
Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
Accepted December 2018, Approved December 2018, Published January 2019
Abstrak
Penelitian ini, menjelaskan dan menganalisa model kerjasama penanggulangan erupsi gunung sinabung
dalam perspektif politik bencana. Terletak di Kabupaten Karo, Provinsi Sumatera Utara dalam 6 tahun
terakhir dari tahun 2010-2016 secara teratur mengalami erupsi. Masih ada masalah penanggulangan
mengingat masih ada kendala yang dihadapi oleh (stakeholders). Perumusan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana
kerjasama dan koordinasi pemangku kepentingan dalam penanggulangan erupsi Gunung Sinabung. Apa
kebijakan kendala bencana di Sumatera Utara yang belum berhasil menyelesaikan erupsi Gunung Sinabung.
Kerangka teori dari penelitian ini menggunakan konsep kerjasama, good governance dalam manajemen
bencana, koordinasi dan manajemen bencana konsep kemudian untuk menganalisis peneliti telah memetakan
peran pemangku kepentingan yang berbeda seperti pemerintah pusat, pemerintah daerah, pengusaha, LSM
dan masyarakat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan paradigma kritis untuk menjelaskan
fenomena dan menemukan model baru dengan menempatkan sebuah wawancara sebagai data primer dan
buku-buku, jurnal internasional dan jurnal nasional. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa model
kerjasama Penangulangan erupsi gunung sinabung adalah mengkoordinasikan stakeholders Gunung
Sinabung, manajemen bencana letusan, kendala kebijakan manajemen bencana di Sumatera Utara yang belum
berhasil menyelesaikan letusan Sinabung, manajemen bencana rekomendasi kebijakan letusan Gunung
Sinabung. Pada akhir hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan skema model kerjasama penanggulangan bencana dan
juga menjelaskan pentingnya Sinabung menjadi bencana nasional.
Kata Kunci: Kerjasama, Manajemen Bencana dan Politik Bencana
Abstract
This research, explained and analyzed the collaboration model of eruption of Mount Sinabung eruption in a disaster
political perspective. Located in Karo District, North Sumatra Province in the last 6 years from 2010-2016 regularly
experienced eruptions. There are still countermeasures problems considering there are still obstacles faced by
(stakeholders). The formulation of this research is how the cooperation and coordination of stakeholders in the eruption
prevention of Mount Sinabung. What is the policy of disaster disasters in North Sumatra that has not succeeded in
completing the eruption of Mount Sinabung. The theoretical framework of this study using the concept of cooperation,
good governance in disaster management, coordination and disaster management concepts then to analyze researchers has
mapped the role of different stakeholders such as the central government, local government, employers, NGOs and the
community. This research is a qualitative research with a critical paradigm to explain phenomena and find new models by
placing an interview as primary data and books, international journals and national journals. The results of this study
indicate that the collaborative model of Sinabung eruption cooperation is coordinating Mount Sinabung stakeholders,
eruption disaster management, disaster management policy constraints in North Sumatra that have not succeeded in
completing the Sinabung eruption, disaster management policy recommendations for the Mount Sinabung eruption. At
the end of the results of this study, the scheme of the model for collaborative disaster management and also explaining the
importance of Sinabung became a national disaster.
Keywords: Cooperation, Disaster Management and Disaster Politics
How to cite: Pasaribu, I. (2018), Model Kerjasama Penanggulangan Erupsi Gunung Sinabung dalam
perspektif Politik Bencana, Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-48
*Corresponding author:
E-mail: Ianpasaribu20@gmail.comIan Pasaribu & Fernanda Putra Adela, Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a
INTRODUCTION flowing around the surrounding area,
supporting the lower agricultural area.
The benchmark for regional success has The number of disasters that occur and
been to overcome difficulties in tackling cause casualties and property losses,
disasters, namely areas prior to has opened our eyes together that
disasters, disaster response and post- disaster management in our country is
disaster. This success has never been still very far from what we have
separated from the patterns of expected.
cooperation carried out by various
parties that involve the interests So far, disaster management is
involved in it. More than that, it is considered not a priority and only
common to happen from time to time. comes at any time, even though we live
in an area prone to the threat of
Mount Sinabung is one of the disaster. Therefore an understanding of
active Mount Merapi located in Karo disaster management needs to be
District, North Sumatra Province. Since understood and mastered by all circles,
2010 to 2015 Mount Sinabung has both government, society, and the
regularly erupted. It has been recorded private sector. Activities in the pre-
since 2010 that Mount Sinabung has disaster phase have been forgotten so
had four eruptions, 2010, 2013, 2014 and far, even though the activities in the
2015. The Sinabung eruption response pre-disaster stage are very important
has not been maximized considering because what has been prepared at this
there are still obstacles faced by the stage is capital in facing disasters and
central government, regional post-disaster. Very slight governments
government, North Sumatra BPBD, with the public and private sector think
NGOs, entrepreneurs, especially the about what steps or activities need to be
surrounding the Sinabung region which done in dealing with disasters or how
has been a major victim in recent years. to minimize the impact of disasters.
(Soehatman Ramli, 2011: 65-66)
There are two main reasons why
this collaborative research on the As a result of the rapid growth
eruption management of Mount of the population in Indonesia, part of
Sinabung is important that is the the forest on the slopes of the volcano
empirical and theoretical background. began to be encroached and converted
The empirical background is based on into plantation or agricultural areas.
the following considerations: Residents began to settle and villages
formed on the slopes of volcanoes,
In experience, the area adjacent which were actually areas prone to
to the volcano is indeed fertile, suitable volcanic hazards that could come at any
for farming and settlement. The volcano time. People who live on the slopes of
area was initially covered by dense volcanoes, which are actually disaster-
forests so that there were many water prone areas, come with their own
sources. Most of this water source is desires, farming, forming groups of
used as a source of municipal drinking villages and villages.
water or is a source of river water
30Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38
The main threat to the impact of two eruptions, first on September 3 and
the Volcano is the hot clouds that come September 7. In 2013, Mount Sinabung
out of the crater of the mountain. Hot erupted again until 18 September 2013
clouds whose residential areas are there were 4 eruptions. As a result of
located on the slopes can be threatened. the eruption, Mount Sinabung was
Then volcanic ash and rain lava which raised to level 3 standby. Entering
can cause cold lava floods that can November, there was an increase in
sweep the area (Sukandarrumidi, 2010: activity with increasingly strong
177). eruptions till on 3 November 2013 at
03.00 the status was raised again to
The number of volcanoes in become Alert. The displacement of
Indonesia, both active and inactive, is residents in villages around a distance
approximately 400 mountains. From of 5 km was carried out.
these, 70 of them are still active.
Volcanoes in Indonesia are grouped Eruptions occurred many times
into five: the Sunda volcano, the Banda after that, accompanied by glides of hot
volcano, the Minahasa and Sangihe clouds up to 1.5 km. On November
volcanoes, the Halmahera volcano, the 20th, 2013 there were six eruptions since
Sulawesi volcano and Bonthain early morning. Eruptions (eruptions)
volcano. occurred again four times on
November 23rd, 2013 since the
North Sumatra is the fourth afternoon, continued the following
largest province in Indonesia after day, five times.
West Java, East Java and Central Java.
According to the 2010 population An 8000 m high ash column is
census, the population in North formed on top of the mountain. As a
Sumatra Province is 12,985,075 people result of this series of eruptions, the
In North Sumatra along with Mount city of Medan which is 80 km to the
Sibayak, Mount Sinabung are two east is exposed to rain of volcanic ash.
active mountains with peaks reaching Level 4 status (alert) continues to last
2,451 meters. Mount Sinabung has not until entering 2014. Drops of
erupted since 1600 but has suddenly incandescent lava and hot cloud bursts
been active again by erupting in 2010 continue to occur until January 3, 2014.
until now (BPS North Sumatra
Province, 2010). Starting on January 4th, 2014 a
series of earthquakes, eruptions and
On August 27th, 2010 Mount hot clouds continued until the
Sinabung emitted volcanic smoke and following day. This forced additional
ash. On August 29th, 2010 at around residents to evacuate, to more than 20
00.15 WIB Mount Sinabung spews lava. thousand people. After this condition
Mountain status is raised to be alert. persisted, in the last week of January
Twelve thousand residents were 2014 the condition of Mount Sinabung
evacuated and accommodated in 8 began to stabilize and it was planned
locations, one person was declared that refugees from outside the danger
dead at the event. In the same year, radius (5 km) could be returned.
September Mount Sinabung erupted However, a day later 14 people were
31Ian Pasaribu & Fernanda Putra Adela, Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a
found dead and 3 people were injured in the community during the
by a hot cloud glide while they were emergency response phase and the
visiting Suka Meriah Village, Payung eruption of Mount Sinabung. This
District. While on August 5th, 2015 at condition is certainly different from the
11:11 a.m., there was a 2,500-meter heat disaster management model taken in
cloud going to the southeast-east sector many countries that have a systematic
with a 1,500-meter volcanic ash approach from pre-disaster (Lestari et
column. The hot cloud of avalanches al., 2010).
occurred at 17.33 WIB which slid 3,000
meters to the southeast-east with a In the fourth paragraph of the
height of 2,000 meters of volcanic ash. Preamble of the 1945 Constitution
The condition, he said, caused 3,152 clearly states that "the Republic of
households or 11,114 people to remain Indonesia is responsible for protecting
in 10 refugee camps. In addition, 2,053 the whole people of Indonesia and the
households (6,179 people) still have to entire homeland of Indonesia." Thus
settle in temporary shelters while the Indonesian Government is obliged
waiting for relocation (North Sumatra to provide protection for life and
BPBD 2014). livelihoods including protection from
disaster threats in order to realize the
One of the government's efforts is to general welfare translated into the
make refugee posts and replace articles.
refugees. Overcoming difficulties to
help the victims, but in reality there are Various laws and regulations
still irregularities. More than just have been established in an effort to
government assistance. Mount provide protection to the people from
Sinabung, aside from leaving trauma disasters such as Law Number 6 of
and panic, also left several problems in 1974 concerning the Principles of Social
the fields of health, education and the Welfare. Law Number 20 of 1982
economy. Hundreds of residents concerning General Provisions for State
succeeded in Kabanjahe Hospital (Karo Defense and Security. Law No. 4 of
District), because they suffered from 1984 concerning Infectious Diseases.
Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) due Law Number 32 of 1992 concerning
to the eruption. Volcanic disaster Health. Law Number 24 of 1992
management based on existing systems concerning Spatial Planning. Law
is improved from the previous to Number 41 of 1999 concerning
completion. (Hartini Retnaningsih, Forestry. Law Number 22 of 2001
2013: 10). concerning Oil and Gas. Law Number
3 of 2002 concerning National Defense.
Various policies to reduce the Law Number 32 of 2004 concerning
risk of an eruption of Mount Sinabung Regional Government. Law Number 7
in mitigation, preparedness, emergency of 2004 concerning Water Resources.
response and recovery efforts have
been accommodated. However, it was Law Number 24 of 2007
found that there were still various concerning Disaster Management. In
obstacles both in the government and accordance with the mandate of the
32Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38
agreement at the national and regional that has the potential to cause damage,
level, disaster risk reduction must be loss of human life, damage to the
one of the national development environment, and the impact of a
priorities. The Regional Government of condition determined by psychology.
North Sumatra Province should
commit to immediately implement the A vulnerability is a condition
agreement by incorporating disaster that is determined by physical, social,
risk reduction efforts into the regional economic and social-cultural and
development framework. To better environmental factors or processes.
deal with the increasing potential and Disasters are a consequence of a
complexity of disasters in the future, combination of natural activities (a
Indonesia needs a plan that is physical event, such as a volcanic
integrated, coordinated and eruption, earthquake, landslide) and
comprehensive. human activities. Losses incurred in the
financial and structural fields, even to
The Republic of Indonesia Law death caused by human helplessness
Number 24 of 2007 has changed the due to poor management of
paradigm of disaster management in emergencies (UNISDR Terminology on
Indonesia from being reactive to being Disaster Risk Reduction 2009).
proactive, namely disaster
management has begun since potential Activities during disasters that
disasters have not been identified in an are carried out immediately at the time
area. The Government Regulation of of a disaster, to overcome the impacts,
the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 especially in the form of saving victims
of 2008 further regulates the obligation and property, evacuation and
to prepare disaster management evacuation, will get full attention from
planning by the Provincial both the government and the private
Government. In this case, North sector and the community. At the time
Sumatra Province has made a Disaster of the disaster, there are usually so
Management Plan (RPB). Then in 2015, many parties who pay attention and
the Karo District Government issued a lend a hand to provide energy, morale
Regional Regulation Number: 362/325 and material assistance.
/ BPBD / 2015 concerning the
Determination of the Extension of the The amount of assistance that
Status of Upper Emergency Response comes is actually an advantage that
to the Mount Sinabung Eruption must be managed properly, so that any
Disaster in Karo District in 2015. assistance that enters can be effective,
right on target, right for benefits, and
Disaster is a serious disruption efficiency occurs. The level of public
to the usefulness of a society, causing and local government awareness and
widespread harm to human life in understanding is very important at this
terms of material, economic or stage to be able to determine the steps
environmental and which exceeds the needed to reduce the impact of the
ability of the community concerned to disaster.
overcome by using their own
resources. Disasters then pose a threat In addition, other types of
preparation are spatial planning that
33Ian Pasaribu & Fernanda Putra Adela, Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a
places the location of public facilities According to those reasons this
and social facilities outside the disaster research departs from empirical and
hazard zone (non-structural theoretical backgrounds. Strengthening
mitigation), as well as engineering the role of stakeholders, entrepreneurs
efforts to build a structure that is safe and the community is important in
from disasters and protects the terms of forming a solid collaboration
structure of disasters (mitigation forum. The disaster of Mount Sinabung
structures). Meanwhile, efforts to eruption is certainly a problem for the
strengthen local government in pre / survival of residents around Mount
pre-disaster activities can be done Sinabung so that a disaster
through strengthening existing units / management effort is needed that is
institutions and training their able to answer the problem of sinabung
apparatuses as well as coordinating eruption, besides that it also requires a
with institutions between regions and management collaboration between
at the national level, given that vendors, entrepreneurs and
disasters do not recognize communities in disaster management.
administrative areas, so that each
region has potential disaster
management plans in the region.
(Study of Disaster Mapping in North RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Sumatra Province, Research and
Development Agency of North This study uses a qualitative
Sumatra Province 2011). method. Where researchers collect data
from in-depth interviews with various
This formulation process is speakers who have capacity and
expected to continue to develop so that capability related to disasters,
a guideline for threat and vulnerability environmental politics, government,
assessment and a standard disaster risk NGOs and the community. In
assessment will be obtained. The next determining the resource person, the
activity can be carried out through researcher used a Purposive Sampling
technical consultations, both from the technique in which the researcher
private sector and academics, as has directly determined the resource person
been done in many other countries. in accordance with the capacity and
Stakeholders including regional competence related to this research. The
government associations, non- researcher interviewed the USU FISIP
governmental organizations (NGOs), Professor Mr Prof. Hamdani said,
entrepreneurs and the private sector, Interview with the Secretary of the
the media and the wider public were BPBD Karo Regency Johnson Tarigan,
involved in providing input in the Interview with the District Head of
preparation of the National Disaster Simpang Empat District Drs. Eddy
Management Plan. The implementation Rikwan Ginting MM, Interview with
was carried out through planning North Sumatra Alfamart Public
workshops, public consultations, and Relations Eris Estrada Sembiring, and
input through various public media. Chair of the North Sumatra
Environment Forum for Dance and
34Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38
Community Funds. The researcher also And ensure that all programs and
collected various other forms of activities carried out are in line with
qualitative data such as documents that the direction of development policy in
are useful for developing a deeper the 2015-2019 RPJMN document. The
understanding of this research. eruption of Mount Sinabung is not part
of the national disaster for which the
CONCLUSION response is in the North Sumatra
regional government in collaboration
1. Stakeholder Coordination of with the local government of Karo
disaster relief for the eruption of district. (Interview with Secretary of
Mount Sinabung. the Karo District BPBD Johnson
Tarigan on 2 July 2016)
Against this background, the
Indonesian people should be strong in If it shows an increasing trend and the
facing any danger. People need to be potential danger threat of Mount
aware of vulnerabilities around them. Sinabung, a Letter from the Head of the
The vulnerability is condition that is Geology Agency will be issued which
currently in effect or the contains the results of observations and
nature/behaviour of humans or the also recommendations for areas that
community. However, the capacity of must be immediately evacuated. The
several elements needs to be increased letter from the head of the BPBD was
to reduce the vulnerability that exists in the basis for the Karo District Regent to
the community. Capacity is the ability issue a Regent Decree regarding the
of resources to deal with threats or determination and extension of
hazards. The characteristics of people emergency response status. When the
who have resilience include that the emergency response status of the
community has the ability to anticipate, position of the Regional Disaster
protect by avoiding and deflecting, Management Agency (BPBD) of Karo
adapting, and recovering. The thoughts Regency became the first line to
underlying the strategy towards coordinate the relevant parties in the
resilience include: Keep the community ranks of the Regional Government of
out of danger, Keep danger from the Karo for the preparation of the
community, Living harmony with risk, evacuation of the disaster victims.
and Grow local wisdom.
Entrepreneurs are an integral part of
On the Mount Sinabung disaster disaster management in a region
management discourse in Karo anywhere in the world including
Regency, North Sumatra was Indonesia. With the limited ability of
inseparable from the system that had the North Sumatra government to cope
been built before. The national disaster with natural disasters is an event
management system in Indonesia has where many actors can then play a
improved a lot of developments to role. For companies, a disaster situation
date. Meanwhile, disaster management is a condition where corporate social
policies are contained in Law Number responsibility (CSR) can be
24 of 2007 concerning Disaster demonstrated.
Management. (Interview with
Hamdani Harahap on August 8 , 2016)
th
35Ian Pasaribu & Fernanda Putra Adela, Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a
The contribution of employers in remind that the benefits come from one
disaster issues in the Mount Sinabung specific place and currently the place is
Eruption case really depends on how undergoing the Mount Sinabung
much the level of awareness, especially Eruption (interview with Alfamart
the top management, the owner or Medan Public Relations, Eris Strada
shareholder of the company. The Sembiring August 8th, 2016)
higher the level of awareness, of
course, the hope of giving a greater Improvements strategies and the ways
commitment to disaster management in which entrepreneurs contribute to
efforts can be realized easily. disaster management in Mount
Conversely, if the level of awareness of Sinabung Eruption need to be
management, owners and shareholders continuously carried out, starting from
of the company is still low, it will be raising awareness, strengthening
difficult to ask for more commitment to commitment and increasing tangible
disaster management efforts. Even contributions to support face
though with a high level of preparation and disaster management.
commitment, it is expected that the real Of course, the role of all parties is
contribution given by the company will needed to instil awareness in the
be even higher. Both contributions are company, especially for top
in the form of financial contributions management, shareholders and
(cash donations), assistance in the form owners, that contributing to disaster
of goods and or services (in-kind management in Indonesia is not a
contributions), assistance in the form of burden, but as part of a strategic social
certain free skills and assistance in investment. (Interview with Director of
other forms. Walhi North Sumatra Dana Tarigan
August 9th, 2016).
Entrepreneurs have an extractive role
in making contributions in the form of Considering that Karo district is a
CSR and companies are usually willing region that has a high risk of Eruption
to provide proportional amounts of of Mount Sinabung disaster because it
grants. Other companies like that is located in a disaster-prone area. This
should feel an ethical responsibility to condition can be "utilized" by the
remind that the benefits come from one company to carry out the process of
specific place and that the place is fostering stakeholder relations through
currently experiencing the Mount a variety of strategic initiatives related
Sinabung Eruption (interview with to disaster management, such as
Alfamart Medan Public Relations, Eris assessing vulnerability and community
Strada Sembiring August 8 th, 2016) capacity, increasing community
capacity to deal with disasters through
Entrepreneurs have an extractive role training and simulation, strengthening
in making contributions in the form of community-based communication
CSR and companies are usually willing networks, improving countermeasures
to provide proportional amounts of disaster, as well as spatial planning
grants. Other companies like that oriented to disaster risk reduction. On
should feel an ethical responsibility to the one hand, through a continuous
36Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38
awareness process, it is expected that in certainly be done. If a variety of
the next few years the conventional employers' social responsibilities
group of companies as described above related to disasters are shown
will decrease dramatically, shift into a consistently, then companies can
progressive company or even make the expect that social permits to operate,
leap to become the leading company. namely the support of the surrounding
Although changing the mindset is community, stakeholders, and the
certainly not an easy job, but through wider community, will continue to be
ongoing efforts, the change can obtained.
certainly be done. If a variety of
employers' social responsibilities "NGOs as supervisors of the Post
related to disasters are shown Disaster Reconstruction and Recovery
consistently, then companies can Program. Along with the end of the
expect that social permits to operate, post-disaster emergency, many
namely the support of the surrounding international/local institutions,
community, stakeholders, and the individuals and volunteer groups left
wider community, will continue to be the location to end their humanitarian
obtained. duties. "(Interview with Director of
Walhi North Sumatra Dana Tarigan,
Considering that Karo district is a August 9th, 2016)
region that has a high risk of Eruption
of Mount Sinabung disaster because it As stated in the previous section, the
is located in a disaster-prone area. This main focus is on the government and
condition can be "utilized" by the local NPOs / NGOs who act as
company to carry out the process of outsiders in handling the eruption of
fostering stakeholder relations through Mount Sinabung. On the other hand
a variety of strategic initiatives related NGOs, or local self-help groups (KSM),
to disaster management, such as individuals, families and local
assessing vulnerability and community community/community groups as
capacity, increasing community insiders. In this case, after an
capacity to deal with disasters through emergency, the community / local
training and simulation, strengthening community has been oriented as the
community-based communication subject of development, and not only
networks, improving countermeasures treated as an object. Likewise,
disaster, as well as spatial planning government and NGO creatives in
oriented to disaster risk reduction. On Karo district in tackling the eruption
the one hand, through a continuous disaster of Mount Sinabung have had
awareness process, it is expected that in to shift to place themselves as
the next few years the conventional regulators, facilitators, motivators,
group of companies as described above catalysts, educators and dynamists in
will decrease dramatically, shift into a the post-disaster reconstruction and
progressive company or even make the rehabilitation process.
leap to become the leading company.
Although changing the mindset is In terms of the physical environment,
certainly not an easy job, but through in order to realize the sustainability of
ongoing efforts, the change can natural resources, NGOs continue to
37Ian Pasaribu & Fernanda Putra Adela, Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a
improve, improve and improve urban community played a role. Community
facilities/infrastructure as well as Participates in making disaster risk
maintain and optimize the maximum analysis, Conducts research related to
use for community the disaster, Creates Community
members/communities with insightful Action Plans, Active in Disaster
management environment. In terms of Management Forum in Sinabung,
economic sustainability, it continues to conducts disaster prevention efforts
strive for creativity to be able to create "(interview with USU FISIS professor
and improve the quantity and quality Hamdani Harahap on 8 August 2016).
of products/commodities that have a Society is the most important and
competitive advantage based on the central part of disaster management.
potential and uniqueness of the local Because the community is the main
context in order to increase the level of victim when a disaster occurs.
income of the community. Likewise in
the social, political and cultural fields, 2. Disaster Management Policies
they continue to develop the attitudes Obstacles
and behaviours of
citizens/communities that are able to So far, the disaster relief eruption of
create a harmonious life together, both Mount Sinabung is only limited to
relations between human beings and post-disaster. Law No. 24 of 2007
human relations with their concerning Disaster Management has
environment in order to realize social been issued in response to the need for
sustainability in tackling the eruption a reliable disaster management system
of Mount Sinabung disaster. in Indonesia. Since the issuance of this
law and continued with the issuance of
Associated with efforts to build Government Regulation No. 21 of 2008
preparedness in disaster management concerning the Implementation of
based on local communities, in Disaster Management, Government
addition to continuing to complete the Regulation No. 22 of 2008 concerning
various facilities and infrastructure Aid Funding and Management,
needed, they also carried out various Government Regulation No. 23 of 2008
forms of socialization and even concerning the Participation of
education and training carried out on International Institutions and Non-
an ongoing basis. One of the concrete Government Foreign Institutions in
forms of collaboration between the Disaster Management and Presidential
government, NGOs and community Regulation No. 8 of 2008 concerning
members/grassroots communities in the National Disaster Management
building disaster management Agency,
preparedness.
The hopes of the community in such a
In fact, the role of the community was great way will soon be the realization
involved in the pre-disaster, during the of established disaster management in
disaster, and in the aftermath of the Indonesia so that the new institution is
disaster, especially in the disaster of the expected to be able to overcome every
Sinabung eruption where the disaster event in Indonesia. Although
38Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38
information and dissemination of disciplinary approach. This is related to
information related to the threat of the main factors causing the disaster of
disasters in Indonesia through various Mount Sinabung eruption which is a
media continue to be voiced, our function of hazards and vulnerability.
awareness of threats it's still very
minimal. (Maarif, 2012: 75) Hazards or in Indonesian are often
interpreted as threats or dangers,
The understanding of the Mount which are interpreted as phenomena or
Sinabung eruption threat paradigm natural or human events that can cause
really came true and will be quickly damage, loss and/or human casualties.
forgotten as time goes by and the loss Whereas vulnerability is the inability of
of media coverage covering Mt. humans or communities to face threats
Sinabung. The Mount Sinabung due to physical, economic, social,
disaster event shows that even though cultural and environmental factors.
this area has received tremendous Because the natural phenomenon of
attention in preparing its citizens to Mount Sinabung eruption is a natural
face eruption hazards, during the process of the physical and chemical
actual event there was still a long balance of the universe which is often
panic. Some of the causes of this panic beyond human ability to control the
include the lack of understanding of process, efforts to reduce hazards are
the characteristics of the threat so that often ignored and are considered
this threat is not well anticipated something that will almost certainly
during a disaster. happen.
The condition was severely damaged The general response to the eruption of
in the Mount Sinabung area which was Mount Sinabung eruption is still
devastated due to volcanic ash considered an incidental activity
eruption of Mount Sinabung which during the emergency response.
was not previously calculated, for Comprehensive handling at the top of
example, which looked not serious. the leadership already exists, but at the
level of its implementation, the
UU no. 24/2007 has mandated the handling of an eruption of Mount
need to understand the characteristics Sinabung is still constrained due to a
of threats, disaster risk and the lack of understanding and weak
preparation of anticipatory plans for capacity of disaster management
the eruption of Mount Sinabung in institutions in North Sumatra and Karo
Karo District, however, because this district.
regulation is still relatively new, the
socialization of regulations and Mount Sinabung eruption supervision,
technical guidelines has not yet especially the issuance of building
reached the Karo district community at permits, must be true based on
large. building technical standards. The
application of "building code" is a must
An understanding of the Mount for areas threatened by the eruption of
Sinabung eruption event can be Mount Sinabung.
approached with various fields of
science or in other words a multi-
39Ian Pasaribu & Fernanda Putra Adela, Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a
A vulnerability is a condition of Settlements that are not well-organized
people's inability to face the threat of cause access to emergency relief
an eruption of Mount Sinabung. This assistance to be disrupted so that early
vulnerability is affected by several handling cannot be carried out
factors including physical, social, immediately which results in the
economic and environmental. A incident developing into a disaster. For
physical vulnerability is the most easily example, house fires in densely
identified vulnerability because it populated settlements which spread
clearly looks like physical disability and spread to burn more than 1
(disability, illness, old age, road Regional Unit (RW). Community
damage and so on), while other empowerment by raising or operating
vulnerabilities are often rather difficult the potential of existing resources in
to clearly identify. the community to help reduce the level
of community friendliness. The key
The social vulnerability of the Karo factor for its success is understanding
district community which when the the characteristics of the threats and
disaster is individualistic turns out to risks that exist so that action choices
be higher than the vulnerability of can be established that are in
rural/rural communities that still have accordance with the threats and
high solidarity as social capital. Social resources available in the community
capital in the form of high social of Karo district, North Sumatra.
solidarity if followed by community
empowerment programs at least
reduces the impact of the disaster, both
casualties and property due to the
eruption of Mount Sinabung
”(Interview with Secretary of Karo
Regency BPBD Johnson Tarigan on 2
July 2016)
This is evident in several areas affected
by the eruption of Mount Sinabung,
always the first responders were the
people and they were able to save the
victims of the Mount Sinabung
eruption from fatalities in the initial
period of the incident before outside
assistance came. Environmental
conditions in Karo Regency are also
one of the vulnerability factors of the
Karo Regency community. Poor
environmental conditions will
exacerbate the impact of disasters that
arise. Image 1. Mount Sinabung Disaster Management Cooperation Scheme
40Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38
Disaster Politics in Government
tackling Sinabung oversight
Eruption
Government of Entrepreneur Civil society Society Academics
North organizations
Sumatra/Karo (NGO)
Collaboration under the Evaluation of Disaster
control of the Central Management Policies
Government
The choice of action was made Even so, the knowledge that
based on the policies made in the comes from past experiences inherited
disaster management plan for Mt. from our ancestors in the form of local
Sinabung Eruption. Therefore the wisdom and noble cultural values, we
action taken for Mount Sinabung must continue to consider and
Eruption is to avoid risk through the preserve. Changes in natural
collaboration of government, phenomena caused mostly by human
employers and NGOs. For example, activities often exacerbate the impact
relocating victims of Mount Sinabung of disasters due to the eruption of
Eruption which is threatened by Mount Sinabung.
volcanic ash. This action is often less
The dynamics of these changes
popular, except if the threat is so real
also increase the complexity of
or the community is hit by an eruption
handling the Mount Sinabung
of Mount Sinabung Eruption in North
Eruption disaster, so that the timing of
Sumatra Karo District traumatized by
disasters and their intensity becomes
the disaster experienced in the area or
increasingly difficult to predict
nearby which is close to Karo Regency.
accurately. This uncertainty is a
Even this trauma is sometimes challenge for disaster management
only temporary, if the trauma has actors to be able to carry out the task of
recovered, they will return to receive rescuing people living in disaster-
the risk that is too high to endanger prone areas through multi-disciplinary
the safety due to Mount Sinabung and multi-sector approaches and
Eruption. For this reason, increasing preparing disaster anticipation
awareness and awareness of risk needs planning with scenarios in the form of
to be carried out through various cooperation between interests in Karo
media at every opportunity Regency, Sumatra North.
41Ian Pasaribu & Fernanda Putra Adela, Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a
Identification of the risk of Currently, North Sumatra and
Mount Sinabung eruption begins with Karo BPBD prioritize data collection
the introduction of profiles or on Mt. Sinabung Eruption events and
characteristics of hazards (assessment), build a disaster database that we call
then learn at-risk elements in the form DiBi (Indonesian Disaster Data and
of vulnerability assessment. Disaster- Information) in Karo District, North
prone maps as a result of hazards Sumatra. This data is published in the
assessment, almost all types of annual book form and displayed on
disasters are available in North our website. The final results of this
Sumatra Karo Regency even though it risk assessment are risk maps and risk
is still on a small scale. In several index maps. The BPBD in
districts/cities, disaster-prone maps collaboration with stakeholders in
have been prepared on a larger scale. North Sumatra supported by several
other stakeholders is currently
BNPB continues to push for
developing a risk map and risk index
detailed maps of each hazards to be
with the Karo district analysis unit.
prepared and determined by the
Even the index map that mitigates the
governor of North Sumatra and the
Mount Sinabung Eruption is only seen
Regent of Karo. After the risk of the
as a relief and rescue effort and
Mount Sinabung Eruption disaster
temporary emergency repairs. It is
identified its types and characteristics,
expected that in all phases of disaster
the risk must be assessed to predict the
management it must be based on a
likelihood of its occurrence and impact
comprehensive and integrated plan in
due to the Sinabung volcanic ash.
the development plan.
Calculation of possible damage
Every disaster response in
to buildings/infrastructure may be
Indonesia including Mount Sinabung
easier than predicting the possibility of
eruption is inseparable from the
a disaster will occur. For this reason,
interests and political role of the
predictions are needed based on
stakeholders involved in this case the
scientific studies that can be accounted
government as a regulator of each
for the required risk management
relate to disaster management. The
plan. The most fundamental difficulty
Karo district government as a
in risk assessment is the unavailability
policyholder including policies in
of records of past disaster events data,
disaster management should have
while disasters, especially natural
formulated a quick way to cope with
disasters, are very likely to occur
the disaster of Mount Sinabung
repeatedly in a certain period. This
eruption from pre-disaster, during
trend will be read well if disaster data
disasters and post-disaster.
is fully recorded over a long period of
time. Countermeasures have never
been separated from a political
perspective, while the intent of
42Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38
political perspectives is political tug- who are actively involved in making
of-war starting from policymakers, sinabung disaster management by
namely the Government with implementing good governance that is
Entrepreneurs and of course the good and inseparable from the
public. In disaster management, each attraction of political policy.
stakeholder must have certain portions
Sure enough, what is expected
and have limited involvement that is
from the mitigation of the Mount
controlled or supervised by a self-
Sinabung eruption in a political
formed body. The mitigation agency is
disaster perspective and the good
focused on disaster matters, in this
governance is finding the best solution
case, the eruption of Mount Sinabung.
to overcome the problem of
The institution that was formed sustainable Mount Sinabung eruption
must have good governance that is with good cooperation and
good at monitoring and controlling coordination between the relevant
starting from its formation to its stakeholders.
application in pre-disaster, during
Collaboration and coordination
disasters and post-disaster. Good
of government stakeholders,
governance is very important to
entrepreneurs and the community
strengthen the political perspective in
formed in an organized body through
disaster management.
the roles of political actors that
The involvement of produce the best solution in
stakeholders karo district government, overcoming the eruption of Mount
entrepreneurs and the community Sinabun
No. Research Focus Finding in Fields Information
1. This research was conducted At the beginning of this Complete
in Karo District, North study, the researchers
Sumatra Province. The believed that the ideal
researcher examined the cooperation and
Collaborative Eradication coordination in disaster
Eruption Cooperation Model management in sinabung
in the Disaster Political was a coordination
Perspective. Formulation of collaboration that was able
the problem in this study, to establish good
Collaboration and cooperation and
Coordination of stakeholders coordination between all
in mitigating the eruption of stakeholders both internally
Mount Sinabung. and externally so that each
organizational unit was able
to carry out its functions
and their respective duties
43Ian Pasaribu & Fernanda Putra Adela, Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a
in order to achieve the
effectiveness of disaster
management. Very
important coordination in
disaster management in
Sinabung is intense because,
in the implementation of
disaster management, one
organizational unit will not
be able to walk alone
without being associated
with other organizational
units.
But the new discoveries in
this research are:
1. It turns out that
collaboration between
stakeholders is not maximal
because of unspecified legal
umbrella issues.
2. Sinabung is not a national
disaster so it is difficult to
determine how to handle it.
3. Relocation mitigation in
Siosar, Karo district is still
an ordinary stage, in this
case, it has not been
maximized.
4. Cooperation in handling
Mount Sinabung disaster
management will be useful
for accelerating recovery so
that the handling is more
effective and efficient.
2. This research was conducted At the beginning of this So far it has
in Karo District, North study, researchers believed been fulfilled
Sumatra Province. The that the main obstacle to and the data
researcher investigated the disaster management policy is adequate.
Mount Sinabung Eruption in North Sumatra was that it
44Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38
Collaboration Model in a had not succeeded in
Disaster Political perspective. resolving the disaster of the
Formulation of the problem Sinabung eruption it
in this study, the disaster because:
management policy
1. Sinabung intensity
constraints in North Sumatra
which is always active in
so that it has not succeeded in
removing lava.
resolving the disaster of the
sinabung eruption. 2. Coordination with local
communities that are not
maximized
3. Poor communication
occurs between
stakeholders.
However, after conducting
research, new findings on
the obstacles in disaster
management in Sinabung
were:
1. The anticipation that is
not always swift.
2. Concentration of
assistance so far has only
been limited to,
providing food and
health in refugee camps
while psychological
aspects have not been
noticed
3. Problems in the
stakeholder environment
itself. For example, there
is a conflict between
employers and
entrepreneurs in
competition in the field
3. This research was conducted At the beginning of this Model
in Karo District, North study, researchers believed attached
45Ian Pasaribu & Fernanda Putra Adela, Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a
Sumatra Province. The that the things that must be
researcher investigated the met in the disaster
Mount Sinabung Eruption management policy model
Collaboration Model in a in Sinabung were pre-
Disaster Political perspective. disaster, disaster response
The formulation of the and pre-disaster.
problem in this study is the
However, the findings of
Mount Sinabung Eruption
researchers in this new case
Collaboration Model in a
are:
Political Disaster perspective
1. Through this disaster
management collaboration
in the future, there will
appear rapid anticipation in
overcoming existing
problems. The problems
that are always related to
losses are not a small
amount that will be
overcome with insurance
2. In the future disaster
management in the eruption
of Mount Sinabung will be
sustainable and not the only
momentum.
3. Disasters have occurred
for years due to
stakeholders running
individually. In the future,
both North Sumatra BPBD,
BPBD Karo will coordinate
with NGOs and the
community.
4. Mitigation of disasters in
the eruption of Sinabung
can be resolved to the
maximum with the model
recommended by the
researcher
46Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38
CONCLUSION Fifth, mitigation of disasters in the
eruption of Sinabung can be resolved to
Managing disasters on Mount
the maximum with the model
Sinabung cannot be done only by
recommended by the researcher.
impromptu or incidental methods but
must be carried out in a planned manner
with good management, long before a BIBLIOGRAPHY
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