OBITUARY FOR APARNA RAO (1950-2005) - Michael Bollig

OBITUARY FOR APARNA RAO (1950–2005)
Michael Bollig

Aparna’s last two books have just been published (Rao, Aparna. 2008. The Valley
of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture? and Rao, A. Bollig
and Böck. 2007. The Practice of War – Production, Reproduction and
Communication of Armed Violence. London: Berghahn.) – almost four years after
her premature death. Both books had been her last big projects. The first book deals
with the complex culture(s) of Kashmir and their contemporary development and
the second book focuses on anthropological perspectives on new forms of violence.
She worked on various contributions with a lot of energy, straightened the course
of arguments and put language straight. It is her path-breaking energy, her academic
astuteness and her immense talent for in-depth questioning of scientific arguments,
which her colleagues will fondly remember. It was also her tactfulness and modesty
which made it easy for us to listen to her well-founded arguments.
   Aparna died on 28 June 2005 after being severely sick for about a year. Due to
her premature death, international anthropology has lost an excellent, highly
innovative and diverse researcher. Her departure will be particularly felt in the
field of studies on nomadic populations. Together with her husband Michael

                                  ? = username
NOMADIC PEOPLES (2009)                           VOLUME 13, ISSUE 1, 2009: 1–9
                          $REMOTE_ASSR
doi: 10.3167/np.2009.130101
                                        = IP address
                                    ISSN 0822-7942 (Print), ISSN 1752-2366 (Online)
                 Thu, 17 Feb 2022 08:44:48 = Date & Time

Michael Bollig

Casimir, she chaired the Commission for Nomadic Peoples and edited the Journal
for Nomadic Peoples for many years. Her ethnographic and theoretical publications
on peripatetic populations, as well as her research on the nomadic Bakkarwal of
Kashmir, are milestones in the research on mobile communities. Beyond this,
Aparna published widely and influentially on conflict and violence in addition to
social structure and gender issues, especially in the South Asian context.
   Aparna was born on 3 February 1950 in New Delhi as the third child of a
historian and an Anglicist. Both her parents had studied at Oxford and both had
been engaged in the political struggles of India during their time. Through her
parents, Aparna was confronted with the grave socioeconomic problems of India
and became acquainted with the role of academia in societal struggles. Although
belonging to an elite family, social conscience and personal responsibility were
core motivations for her later academic engagements. Aparna studied in Europe,
as did her parents: French literature at the University of Strasbourg, where she
completed her studies with a diploma in 1969, and later, cultural anthropology,
physical anthropology, linguistics and sociology at the same university. She
completed her anthropological studies in Strasbourg with the M.A. thesis ‘Les
Sinté du pays rhenan. Essai d’une monographie d’un sous-groupe tsigane’.
Throughout her academic life, Aparna ingeniously worked on diverse
anthropological topics, although her interest in mobile populations stayed at the
core of her academic explorations. In 1974, she began studies for her Ph.D. at the
Sorbonne in Paris, where she studied anthropology, geography and Islamic studies.
In the late 1970s she conducted about two years of fieldwork among peripatetic
peoples in Afghanistan. There she studied the peripatetic Ghorbat, a mobile,
endogamous minority community that offers various services to other
communities. The Ghorbat are despised and of low status, and fieldwork with such
a community demands a high degree of commitment and energy. Aparna’s
excellent Ph.D. work ‘Les Ghorbat d’Afghanistan. Aspects économiques d’un
groupe itinerant ‘jat’, supervised by the renowned academic Xavier de Planhol,
was defended in 1980 and published in 1982. In subsequent years, Aparna
combined her in-depth knowledge of the Ghorbat with her interest in comparative
studies. She found that many of these endogamous minority communities around
the world share similar features: they are spatially mobile, and do not produce
food, but obtain their subsistence through exchanging services with dominant
populations. More often than not they are also despised by the larger society. It
was Aparna’s great achievement to shape the concept of ‘peripatetic community’
and to show that such communities were a socioeconomic category to be
distinguished from pastoralists, agriculturalists and foragers.
   While Aparna’s academic theoretical interests were broad, so to was her
commitment and experience in ethnographic fieldwork. In an excellent manner,
she was able to link empirical inquiry, ethnographic description and
anthropological generalization. For her M.A. thesis, she undertook fieldwork with
Sinti communities in the Alsass. Between 1975 and 1977, she worked for about two

2    NOMADIC PEOPLES    (2009)
                               ? = username           VOLUME 13           ISSUE 1
                      $REMOTE_ASSR = IP address
                 Thu, 17 Feb 2022 08:44:48 = Date & Time

Obituary for Aparna Rao

years with the peripatetic Ghorbat of Afghanistan. During this period of extended
fieldwork she met her future husband, Michael Casimir, in Afghanistan where he
was then undertaking fieldwork among the pastoral Pashtuns. Aparna and Michael
married in 1980 and when Michael obtained a position as Assistant Professor at the
Institute for Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Cologne, both
of them made Cologne their home. In an amazingly short time, Aparna learned
German to perfection and when I first met her in 1984, her German language
proficiency was so good that you could hardly tell that she was not a native speaker.
It was this immense talent for learning languages which enabled Aparna to master,
not only her mother-tongues Bengali, Hindi and English, but also French, Farsi,
Urdu, Romanes and some vernacular languages of northern India.
    Together with her husband Michael, Aparna started to work on the Bakkarwal of
Kashmir in the late 1980s. In an ideal combination, her ethnographic insight and
competence in local languages, as well as Michael’s expertise in ecology, led to a
number of highly interesting publications on the political and cultural ecology of
Bakkarwal high altitude pastoralism in the Himalayas. Due to the escalating violence
in Kashmir, her research interests shifted towards an analysis of ethnic, religious and
political conflicts in Jammu and Kashmir. It was Aparna’s great achievement to
describe and analyse the manifold and dynamic linkages among separatist claims,
religious fundamentalism and local economics in the Kashmir conflict.
    Her intense empirically grounded knowledge on northern India was extended
further with a study on rural communities in eastern Rajasthan in the second half
of the 1990s. There she focused on human/environmental relations among the
agricultural community of the Bishnoi. Among the Bishnoi, religious beliefs shape
profound parts of their engagement with the environment and nature. Between
2000 and 2002, Aparna again made several shorter field stays in Kashmir in order
to restudy the Bakkarwal. At that time, she was especially interested in gaining a
long-term perspective on the history of this community.
    Aparna’s great passion was to link empirical data with complex theoretical
considerations. Her long experience as an ethnographer in highly diverse settings
and circumstances immunized her from rash theoretical conclusions. If theory was
meaningful, then it had to be based on an astute understanding of the complex
linkages among economics, social organization and belief systems, and it had to
bear in mind the manifold interrelations between different spatial and temporal
scales. It is this enthusiasm for both empirical research and theoretical explorations
that Aparna brought to her students in the 1990s while teaching at the Institutes for
Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Universities of Cologne and Heidelberg.
Aparna loved to teach smaller groups of students, and excelled when discussing
research projects with individual students about to embark on their first fieldwork
stints. It was her scepticism towards mass-teaching, but also her abhorrence of the
power politics of academia, which made her decide not to follow the conventional
academic career path which ends with a professorship at an academic institution.
Nevertheless, her academic influence on a young generation of researchers was

VOLUME 13     ISSUE 1
                               ? = username NOMADIC PEOPLES                (2009)    3
                       $REMOTE_ASSR = IP address
                  Thu, 17 Feb 2022 08:44:48 = Date & Time

Michael Bollig

felt at both Cologne, where she taught as an Assistant Professor and at Heidelberg,
where she substituted the departmental chair between 1993 and 1995. In June 2005
– just a few months before her death – Aparna was appointed Directeur de
Recherche at the Ecole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Paris,
a prominent position which was tailor-made for her great passion and vast
experience in ethnographic fieldwork.
    Aparna’s diverse research interests led to a great number of publications. She
authored, co-authored, edited and co-edited twelve books and ninety contributions
to scientific journals and edited volumes. Many of us remember her working
patiently and painstakingly on our manuscripts, and in many instances, she almost
rewrote contributions to make them fit a scientific format. It was using this
particular approach that she initiated young scholars into the art of writing
scientific papers. Between 1995 and 2003 she was the editor of the Journal of
Nomadic Peoples together with Michael Casimir and William Lancaster, and under
her careful and insightful scrutiny, the journal gained in reputation. Aparna’s
publications have greatly added to our understanding of pastoral nomadic
communities, Islamic societies, ethnic minorities, territoriality, ethnic identity and
selfhood, gender and kinship and the dynamics of violence. She pioneered work
on ethnic minorities such as the Sinti, and the concept of peripatetic communities
that she coined in the 1980s will surely inspire and guide further research on such
groups in the future. In-depth analysis, the careful linking of empirical data and
theoretical explorations and clarity of language and argument were hallmarks of
Aparna’s publications. Her book Autonomy: Life Cycle, Gender and Status among
Himalayan Pastoralists was awarded ‘Outstanding Academic Book of the Year’ by
the American Association of College and Research Libraries in 1999.
    Despite being a scholar of outstanding international reputation, Aparna
remained modest, and in personal interactions she would never make her
counterpart feel her academic authority. She had a great talent to listen and/or read
carefully, and would go a long way and spend a lot of time in order to gain an
understanding of the arguments of the people she was interacting with. I personally
think that it was this very trait of her character that made her such a successful
academic teacher. When Aparna painstakingly worked on your manuscript and
came up with a great number of proposals for improvement, she never made you
feel inferior, mastered or overruled. She successfully created an atmosphere of
partnership and understanding. Although keenly interested in territoriality, she was
not territorial at all and the habit of claiming scientific territory and academic
authority were absolutely alien to her.
    We will greatly miss Aparna’s insights, inspiration and motivation, and we will
fondly remember her care, intellectual sincerity and determinedness.

4    NOMADIC PEOPLES     (2009)
                                ? = username           VOLUME 13              ISSUE 1
                       $REMOTE_ASSR = IP address
                  Thu, 17 Feb 2022 08:44:48 = Date & Time

Obituary for Aparna Rao

PUBLICATIONS ON NOMADIC POPULATION
Aparna Rao

Books

1974. ‘Les Sinté du pays rhénan. Essai d’une monographie d’un sous-groupe tsigane’.
   Mémoire de Maîtrise. Institut d’Ethnologie, Université de Strasbourg.
1982. Les Gorbat d’Afghanistan. Aspects économiques d’un groupe itinérant ‘jat’. Institut
   français d’Iranologie de Téhéran, Paris: Eds. ADPF.
1987. (ed.). The Other Nomads. Peripatetic Minorities in Cross-cultural Perspective.
   Cologne: Böhlau Verlag (Kölner Ethnologische Mitteilungen Bd. 8).
1988. Entstehung und Entwicklung ethnischer Identität bei einer islamischen Minderheit in
   Südasien. Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Bakkarwal im westlichen Himalaya.
   Occasional Papers 18. Berlin: Das arabische Buch.
1992. Casimir, M.J. and A. Rao (eds). Mobility and Territoriality: Social and Spatial
   Boundaries among Foragers, Fishers, Pastoralists and Peripatetics. Oxford: Berg
   Publishers.
1995–2003. Rao, A., M.J.Casimir and W. Lancaster (eds). Nomadic Peoples: Journal of the
   Commission on Nomadic Peoples. International Union of Anthropological and
   Ethnological Sciences. Oxford/New York: Berghahn Books.
1998. Autonomy: Life Cycle, Gender, and Status among Himalayan Pastoralists.
   Oxford/New York: Berghahn Books.
2003. Rao, A. and M.J. Casimir (eds). Nomadism in South Asia. Oxford in India Readings
   in Sociology and Social Anthropology. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
2004. Berland, J. and A. Rao (eds). Customary Strangers and Persistent Others:
   Peripatetics and their Contexts in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Westport, CT: Greenwood
   Publishing Group.

Articles

1974. ‘O Romano Trom – A Brief Survey of Some Aspects of Manush “Gypsy” Life’, The
   Indian Anthropologist 4(1): 28–39.
1975a. ‘Some Manus Conceptions and Attitudes’, Gypsies, Tinkers and Other Travellers,
   Rehfisch, F. (ed.). London: Academic Press, pp. 139–167.
1975b. ‘Some Aspects of the Symbolism of Fire among the Sinté’, Roma 2: 10–13.
1975c. ‘Esempi di atti e di personaggi privilegiati fra i Sinté’, Lacio Drom 1–2: 29–32.
1976a. ‘Les Tsiganes Sinté du Polygone’, Rev. des Sciences Sociales de la France de l’Est
   5: 181–201.
1976b. ‘Histoire d’un Mulo’, Les Etudes Tsiganes 3: 1–2.
1979. ‘A Propos des Jat en Afghanistan: Note préliminaire d’ethnographie’, Studia Iranica
   8(1): 141–49.
1981. ‘Qui sont les Jat d’Afghanistan?’, Afghanistan Journal 8(2): 55–64.

VOLUME 13     ISSUE 1
                               ? = username NOMADIC PEOPLES                  (2009)    5
                       $REMOTE_ASSR = IP address
                  Thu, 17 Feb 2022 08:44:48 = Date & Time

Michael Bollig

1982a. ‘Non-food-producing Nomads and the Problem of their Classification: The Case of
   the Ghorbat of Afghanistan’, The Eastern Anthropologist 35(2): 115–34.
1982b. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘Mobile Pastoralists of Jammu and Kashmir: a
   Preliminary Report, Nomadic Peoples 10: 40–50.
1983a. ‘Zigeunerähnliche Gruppen in West-, Zentral- und Südasien’, Zigeuner – Roma,
   Sinti, Gitanos, Gypsies: Zwischen Romantisierung und Verfolgung, Vossen, R. (ed.).
   Berlin: Ullstein, pp. 166–189
1983b. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘Peripatetics and their Food: Some Examples from
   Southern Asia’, Newsletter of the GLSNA 6(2): 1–2.
1983c. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘The Four Seasons of a Nomad: Following the Bakrwal
   Trail’, The India Magazine 4(1): 6–23.
1984. ‘Gypsies of the World’, The India Magazine 4(2): 58–66.
1985a. ‘Les nomades méconnus. Pour une typologie des communautés péripatétiques’,
   L’Homme XXV(3): 97–120. [reprinted as ‘Nomadi disconosciuti: per una tipologia
   delle comunità girovaghe’, Comunità girovaghe, comunità zingare, Piasere, L. (ed.).
   Naples: Liguori Editore. (1995)], pp. 149–68.
1985b. ‘Zur Rolle der Frau bei den Zigeunern: Vorurteile, Ideale und Realität’, Die Braut:
   Geliebt, verkauft, getauscht, geraubt. Zur Rolle der Frau in Kulturvergleich, Völger, G.
   and K. von Welck (eds). Köln: Stadt Köln, pp. 650–655.
1985c. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘Pastoral Niches in the Western Himalayas (Jammu and
   Kashmir)’, Himalayan Research Bulletin IV(2): 6–23.
1985d. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘Vertical Control in the Western Himalayas: Some Notes
   on the Pastoral Ecology of the Nomadic Bakrwal of Jammu and Kashmir’, Mountain
   Research and Development 5(2): 221–32.
1986a. ‘Tamis et tambourins d’Afghanistan’, Objets et Mondes 24(1–2): 39–50.
1986b. ‘Identité ethnique ou catégorie économique? Le nomadisme commercial et la
   marginalité social’, Les Etudes Tsiganes (Special Issue) 3: 23–28.
1986c. ‘Peripatetic Minorities in Afghanistan – Image and Identity’, Die ethnischen
   Gruppen Afghanistans. Fallstudien zur Gruppenidentität und Intergruppenbeziehung,
   Orywal, E. (ed.). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, pp. 182–203.
1986d. ‘Roles, Status and Niches: A Comparison of Peripatetic and Pastoral Women in
   Afghanistan’, Nomadic Peoples (Special Issue, Berland, J.C. and M.T. Salo [eds])
   21–22: 153–77.
1987a. ‘The Concept of Peripatetics – an Introduction’, The Other Nomads: Peripatetic
   Minorities in Cross-cultural Perspective, Rao, A. (ed.). Köln: Böhlau Verlag (Kölner
   Ethnologische Mitteilungen Bd. 8), pp. 1–32.
1987b. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘Explorations in Man-Environment Interaction in the
   Western Himalayas, Explorations in the Tropics, Datye, V.S. and J. Diddee, S.R. Jog, C.
   Patil (eds). Pune: Department of Geography, University of Pune, pp. 231–47.
1988a. ‘Folk Models and Interethnic Relations in Afghanistan: A Case Study of Some
   Peripatetic Communities’, Le fait ethnique en Iran et en Afghanistan, Digard, J-P. (ed.).
   Paris: Edition du CNRS, pp. 109–20.
1988b. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘How Non-Food-Producing Nomads Obtain their Food:
   Peripatetic Strategies in Afghanistan’, Coping with Uncertainty in Food Supply,
   Harrison, G.A. and I. de Garine (eds). Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 358–75.

6    NOMADIC PEOPLES      (2009)
                                 ? = username           VOLUME 13                  ISSUE 1
                        $REMOTE_ASSR = IP address
                   Thu, 17 Feb 2022 08:44:48 = Date & Time

Obituary for Aparna Rao

1988c. ‘Levels and Boundaries in Native Models: Social Groupings Among the Bakkarwal
   of the Western Himalayas’, Contributions to Indian Sociology 22(2): 195–227.
1989. ‘Identité ethnique et pratiques langagières: notes sur les langues parlées par quelques
   communautés péripatétiques du Moyen Orient’, Tsiganes: Identité, Evolution, Williams,
   P. (ed.). Paris: Edition Syros, pp. 315–26.
1990a. ‘Die Thags - oder die Geschichte eines kriminelles Bundes im kolonialen Indien’,
   Männer Bande, Männer Bünde: Zur Rolle des Mannes im Kulturvergleich, Völger, G.
   and K. von Welck (eds). Köln: Stadt Köln, pp. 185–92.
1990b. ‘Reflections on Self and Person in a Pastoral Community in Kashmir’, Social Analysis:
   Journal of Social and Cultural Practice’ (Special Issue, Werbner, P. [ed.]) 28: 11–25.
1990c. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘Perspectives on Pastoral Economy and Ecology in the
   Western Himalayas’, Himalaya: Environment, Resources and Development, Sah, N.K.,
   S.D. Bhatt and R.K. Pande (eds). Almora: University of Kumaon, pp. 386–402.
1991a. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘Statica e dinamica degli Stereotipi: la voce ”Zigeuner”’,
   nella letteratura enciclopedica tedesca del XIX e del XX secolo. La Ricerca Folklorica
   (Special Issue, Piasere, L. [ed]) 22: 37–46.
1991b. Casimir, M.J. and A. Rao, J. Schnurr, M. Keil. ‘Die Weidewirtschaft im Liddertal:
   Satelliten erkunden Himalaja-Region’, Forschun: Mitteilungen der DFG 2: 20–23.
1992a. ‘Jat’, The Encyclopaedia of World Cultures. Boston: G.K. Hall and Co., Vol. III
   (South Asia), pp. 110–113.
1992b. ‘The Constraints of Nature or of Culture? Pastoral Resources and Territorial
   Behaviour in the Western Himalayas’, Mobility and Territoriality: Social and Spatial
   Boundaries among Foragers, Fishers, Pastoralists and Peripatetics, Casimir, M.J. and
   A. Rao (eds). Oxford: Berg, pp. 91–134.
1992c. ‘Die Minderheit der Sinti (und Roma)’, Ethnische Minderheiten in der Bundesrepublik
   Deutschland, Polm, R. (ed.). Hagen: Fernuniversität (Gesamthochschule- in Hagen,
   Studienbrief), pp. 78–91.
1992d. Casimir, M.J. and A. Rao, J. Schnurr, M. Keil, ‘Animal Husbandry in the Lidder Valley:
   Remote Sensing in the Himalayas’, German Research. Reports of the DFG 1: 7–10.
1992e. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘Kulturziele und Fortpflanzungsunterschiede: Aspekte der
   Beziehung zwischen Macht, Besitz und Reproduktion bei den nomadischen Bakkarwal
   im westlichen Himalaya’, Fortpflanzung: Natur und Kultur im Wechselspiel. Versuch
   eines Dialogs zwischen Biologen und Sozialwissenschaftler, Voland, E. (ed.).
   Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, pp. 270–89.
1993a. ‘Roma, Sinti, Gitanos, Zigeuner. Die ersten Europäer’, Der Fremde: Völker und
   Kulturen 5(1): 255–60.
1993b. ‘Zur Problematik der Wildbeuterkategorie’, Handbuch der Ethnologie. Festschrift
   für Ulla Johansen, Schweizer, T., M. Schweizer and W. Kokot (eds). Berlin: Reimer
   Verlag, pp. 491–520.
1993c. ‘Die Sinti und Roma’, Studienbriefe zur ethnischen Minderheiten in der BRD.
   Hagen: Universität Hagen.
1993d. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘A Stereotyped Minority: “Zigeuner” in Two Centuries of
   German Reference Literature’, Ethnologia Europaea 23(2): 111–124.

VOLUME 13      ISSUE 1
                                ? = username NOMADIC PEOPLES                     (2009)    7
                        $REMOTE_ASSR = IP address
                   Thu, 17 Feb 2022 08:44:48 = Date & Time

Michael Bollig

1993e. ‘Moqayese-e naqsha, jaygah-e ijtima’-e wa muq’yat- e sughly-e zan dar jawami’-e
   kuch nishine Afghanestan’, Afghanestan, Papoli-Yazdi, M.H. (ed.) Teheran: Institut
   français d’Iranologie (1372 A.H.) (Translated reprint of 1986d), pp. 149–185.
1994. ‘Die Minderheit der Sinti und Roma’, Zeitschrift VIA Magazin (Verband der
   Initiativgruppen in der Ausländerarbeit) 4(IV): 2–19. (Reprint of 1992b).
1995a. ‘From Bondsmen to Middlemen: Hired Shepherds and Pastoral Politics’, Anthropos
   90(1–3): 149–67. [reprinted as ‘Le berger dans une société islamique de l’Asie du Sud:
   tradition et évolution, Hommes et Terres d’Islam’, Mélanges offerts à Xavier de Planhol,
   Balland, D. (ed.). Téhéran: Institut français de recherche en Iran, Bibliothèque iranienne
   53. (2000)]: 291–307.
1995b. ‘Die Minderheit der Sinti (und Roma)’, Ethnische Minderheiten in der
   Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Schmalz-Jacobsen, C. and G. Hansen (eds). Ein Lexikon.
   München: C.H. Beck-Verlag, pp. 442–453.
1995c. ‘Levels and Boundaries in Native Models: Social Groupings among the Bakkarwal
   of the Western Himalayas’ (Revised reprint of 1988c), Muslim Communities of South
   Asia: Culture, Society, and Power, Madan, T.N. (ed.). Delhi: Manohar, pp. 289–332.
1995d. ‘Marginality and Language Use: The Example of Peripatetics in Afghanistan’,
   Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 5(2): 69–95.
1995e. ‘The Ghorbat’, The Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Boston, Mass: G.K. Hall and
   Co., Vol. IX (Africa and the Middle East), pp. 105–107.
1995f. ‘Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey,’ The Encyclopedia of World Cultures.
   Boston (Mass.): G.K. Hall and Co., Vol. IX (Africa and the Middle East), pp. 274–276.
1995g. ‘Peripatetics of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen’, The
   Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Boston (Mass.): G.K. Hall and Co., Vol. IX (Africa and
   the Middle East), pp. 276–278.
1995h. ‘Peripatetics of the Maghreb’, The Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Boston (Mass.):
   G.K. Hall and Co., Vol. IX (Africa and the Middle East), pp. 278.
1995i. ‘The Sleb’, The Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Boston (Mass.): G.K. Hall and Co.,
   Vol. IX (Africa and the Middle East), pp. 315.
1995lj. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘Prestige, Possessions and Progeny: Cultural Goals and
   Reproductive Success among the Bakkarwal’, Human Nature 6(3): 241–272.
1996a. ‘Gypsies’, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Barnard,
   A. and J. Spencer (eds). London/New York: Routledge, pp. 269–270.
1998a. ‘Prestations and Progeny: the Consolidation of Well-being among the Bakkarwal of
   Jammu and Kashmir (Western Himalayas)’, Kinship, Networks and Exchange,
   Schweizer, T. and D. White (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 210–233.
1998b. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘Sustainable Herd Management and the Tragedy of No
   Man’s Land: An Analysis of West Himalayan Pastures Using Remote Sensing
   Techniques’, Human Ecology 26(1): 113–134.
1999a. ‘The Many Sources of Identity: An Example of Changing Affiliations in Rural
   Jammu and Kashmir’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 22(1): 56–91.
1999b. ‘Peripatetiker’, Wörterbuch der Völkerkunde, Hirschberg, Walter et al. (eds). Berlin:
   Dietrich Reimer Verlag, pp. 42–43.
1999c. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘Lo stato del nomadismo in Asia meridionale. Breve nota
   sugli attuali modelli e contesti di movimento’ (The State of Nomadism in South Asia: A

8    NOMADIC PEOPLES      (2009)
                                 ? = username           VOLUME 13                   ISSUE 1
                        $REMOTE_ASSR = IP address
                   Thu, 17 Feb 2022 08:44:48 = Date & Time

Obituary for Aparna Rao

   Brief Note on Contemporary Patterns and Contexts of Movement), (Special Issue‚
   Società pastorali d’Africa e d’Asia’, Arioti, M. and B. Casciarri [eds].), La Ricerca
   Folklorica 40: 145–148.
2000a. ‘Blood, Milk, and Mountains: Marriage Practice and Concepts of Predictability
   Among the Bakkarwal of Jammu and Kashmir’, Culture, Creation, and Procreation:
   Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice, Böck, M. and A. Rao (eds). Oxford/New
   York: Berghahn Books, pp. 101–34.
2000b. ‘Le berger dans une société islamique de l’Asie du Sud: tradition et évolution’,
   Hommes et Terres d’Islam. Mélanges offerts à Xavier de Planhol, Balland, D. (ed.).
   Téhéran: Institut français de recherche en Iran, Bibliothèque iranienne 53: 291–307.
2000c. ‘Levels and Boundaries in Native Models: Social Groupings among the Bakkarwal
   of the Western Himalayas’, Muslim Communities of South Asia: Culture, Society, and
   Power (Revised reprint of 1995c), Madan, T.N. (ed.), Delhi: Manohar, pp. 289–332.
2002. ‘Pastoral Nomads, the State and a National Park: The Case of Dachigam, Kashmir’,
   Nomadic Peoples 6(2): 72–98.
2003a. ‘Access to Pasture: Concepts, Constraints, and Practice in the Kashmir Himalayas’,
   Nomadism in South Asia. Oxford in India Readings in Sociology and Social Anthropology,
   Casimir, M.J. and A. Rao (eds). Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 174–212.
2003b. Casimir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘Movement of Peoples: Nomads in India’, The Oxford
   India Companion to Sociology and Social Anthropology, Das, V. (ed.). New Delhi:
   Oxford University Press, pp. 219–261.
2003c. Casimir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘Nomadism in South Asia: an Introduction’, Nomadism
   in South Asia: Oxford in India Readings in Sociology and Social Anthropology, Casimir,
   M.J. and A. Rao (eds). Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–42.
2003d. Casimir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘The Historical Framework of Nomadism in South Asia:
   A Brief Overview’, Nomadism in South Asia: Oxford in India Readings in Sociology and
   Social Anthropology, Casimir, M.J. and A. Rao (eds). New Delhi: Oxford University
   Press, pp. 43–72.
2004a. ‘Bakkarwal’, The Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World’s
   Cultures, Ember, C. (ed.). Yale: HRAF Press, pp. 293–302.
2004b. Berland, J. and A. Rao. ‘Unveiling the Stranger: A New Look at Peripatetic
   Peoples’, Customary Strangers: New Perspectives on Peripatetic Peoples in the Middle
   East, Africa, and Asia. Berland, J. and A. Rao (eds). Westport, CT: Greenwood
   Publishing Group, pp. 1–29.
2004c. ‘Strangers and Liminal Beings: Some Thoughts on Peripatetics, Insiders and
   Outsiders in Southwest Asia’, Customary Strangers: New Perspectives on Peripatetic
   Peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, Berland, J. and A. Rao (eds). Westport,
   CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 269–298.
2006. ‘The Acquisition of Manners, Morals and Knowledge: Growing Into and Out of
   Bakkarwal Society’, The Education of Nomadic Peoples: Problems and Prospects,
   Dyer, C. (ed.). Oxford: Berghahn Books, pp. 53–76.
2008. Casmir, M.J. and A. Rao. ‘The Dog’s Gaze: Some Insights into the Mortuary Rites
   and Conceptual Transformations among the Gujar and Bakkarwal of the Kashmir
   Valley’, The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?,
   Rao, A. (ed.). New Delhi: Manohar, pp. 401–487.

VOLUME 13     ISSUE 1
                               ? = username NOMADIC PEOPLES                  (2009)    9
                       $REMOTE_ASSR = IP address
                  Thu, 17 Feb 2022 08:44:48 = Date & Time