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MARCH - 21
GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL
CURRENT AFFAIRS
www.succeedias.com Call: +91 7080415153 , +91 7080415154
Table of contents
1. Places In News for Map location Questions
1.1. Pong Dam Wildlife Sanctuary ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲3
1.2. Ghoramara Island ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲3
1.3. Teesta river̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲4
1.4. Tulip garden ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲4
1.5. Satkosia Tiger Reserve ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲5
1.6. Bandhavgarh National Park ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲5
1.7. Kanha National Park ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲ 6
1.8. Sunderbans̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲7
1.9. Despang plains̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲7
1.10. Gogra Hotsprings
̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲8
1.11. Shilung La ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲8
1.12. Jammalamadugu Mandal ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲9
1.13. Galathea bay National Park ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲9
1.14. Little Andaman̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲10
1.15. Ranthambore National Park ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲10
1.16. Baralacha Pass ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲11
1.17. Aravalli Range ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲11
1.18. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲12
1.19. Mullaperiyar Dam̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲ 12
1.20. Ramagundam ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲13
1.21. Lahchura Dam ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲13
1.22. Olaʼs mega-factory̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲ 14
Defeminisation in Indian agriculture for over three decades___________14
Workplace interactions and social capital ___________________________ 15
Applications of GIS and remote sensing technology in natural resource
management ______________________________________________________15
g-Governance_____________________________________________________ 16
Sponge City Concept ______________________________________________18
Compact city ______________________________________________________19
1. Places In News for Map location Questions
(On the outline map of India, mark the location of all the following. Write the
significance of these locations, whether/physical /commercial /economic /
ecological /environmental /cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry)
1.1. Pong Dam Wildlife Sanctuary
Why in news?
27 migratory birds have been reported dead on account of avian influenza in the
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Pong Dam Wildlife Sanctuary area of Himachal Pradesh since March 25.
Description:
It is located in Kangra District, Himachal
Pradesh. formed in 1975, Pong dam was built
across the Beas River. It is also called the Pong
reservoir or the Maharana Pratap Sagar. It is a
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“Wetland of National Importance”. Pong Dam
Lake was declared as Ramsar Site in November
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2002. It is covered with tropical and
subtropical forests.
1.2. Ghoramara Island
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Ghoramara lies near Sagar Island. It is island located where the Hooghly river
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meets the Bay of Bengal. Due to global warming Ghoramara had shrunk to less
than five square miles (thirteen square kilometres), about half its size in 1969.
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1.3. Teesta river
Teesta river rises in the eastern Himalayas, flows through the Indian states of Sikkim
and West Bengal through Bangladesh and enters the Bay of Bengal. Teesta river is a
tributary of the Brahmaputra. Teesta river water conflict is one of the most
contentious issues between India and Bangladesh.
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1.4. Tulip garden (J&K)
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Tulip garden, located at the foothills of
Zabarwan range in Jammu and Kashmir.
The tulip garden in Srinagar, formerly
known as Siraj Bagh, is Asia's largest
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tulip garden. the Indira Gandhi
Memorial Tulip Garden, opens for
tourists in March. The tulip garden
overlooks Dal Lake in Jammu and
Kashmir.
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1.5. Satkosia Tiger Reserve
Satkosia Tiger Reserve comprises of two adjoining Sanctuaries of central Odisha
named as Satkosia Gorge Sanctuary and Baisipalli Sanctuary. The tiger reserve is
located in the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests ecoregion. Satkosia Tiger
Reserve extends between the Chhota Nagpur Plateau and the Deccan Plateau.
Satkosia Gorge is a unique feature in geomorphology of India because here
Mahanadi cuts right across the Eastern Ghats and has formed a magnificent gorge.
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1.6. Bandhavgarh National Park
Bandhavgarh National Park is spread at
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vindhya hills in Madhya Pradesh.
Topography varies between steep ridges,
undulating, forest and open meadows.
Bandhavgarh National Park is known for the
Royal Bengal Tigers. Due to the tropical
monsoon climatic zone, the park has been
characterized by well defined winters,
summers and rains and the sprouted weather
definitely makes the whole environment
more lush and unabridged.
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1.7. Kanha National Park
Kanha National Park is nestled in the Maikal range of Satpuras in Madhya
Pradesh. Kanha National Park is the largest National Park in Central India. It is
best known for its evergreen Sal forests. The park hosts Bengal tiger, Indian
leopard, Barasingha. It is also the first tiger reserve in India to officially introduce
a mascot, Bhoorsingh the Barasingha.
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1.8. Sunderbans
The Sundarbans comprises hundreds of islands and a network of rivers, tributaries
and creeks in the delta of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra at the mouth of the Bay
of Bengal in India and Bangladesh. the Indian Sundarban constitutes over 60% of
the countryʼs total mangrove forest area. It is a Ramsar Site in India. It is also a
UNESCO world heritage site, is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger. Due to Cyclone
Amphan 28% of the Sunderbans has been damaged.
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1.9. Despang plains
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The Depsang Plains come under Indiaʼs Sub Sector North (SSN) and as elsewhere,
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the LAC here is disputed. The SSN is sandwiched between the Siachen Glacier on
one side and Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin on the other. Depsang is one of the
few places on the LAC where tank manoeuvres are possible. There is a heavy
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Chinese presence at a crucial area called the Bulge, in the Depsang Plains.
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1.10. Gogra Hotsprings
Hot Springs is a campsite and the location of an Indian border checkpost in the
Chang Chenmo River valley in Ladakh near the disputed border with China. It is
so named because there is a hot spring at this location. The Line of Actual Control
near Kongka Pass is only 3 kilometres to the east.
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1.11. Shilung La
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Shilung La is a high mountain pass at an elevation of 4.808m (15,774ft) above the
sea level, located in northern Indiaʼs Jammu and Kashmir state. It is situated in
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Leh District of U.T. of Ladakh near International Border. A Single lane road project
is being undertaken by CPWD (Central Public Works Department).
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1.12. Jammalamadugu Mandal
Andhra Pradesh is to set up a steel plant in Jammalamadugu Mandal in Kadapa
district. The steel industry is Expected to generate substantial export earning and
tax revenues. It aims to develop backward and forward linkages and bring
balanced regional development.
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1.13. Galathea bay National Park I
The Galathea National Park comprises the core
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area of the southern part of the Biosphere Reserve
in Great Nicobar Island and consists of lowland
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forests which have the greatest abundance of
endemic avifauna. Galathea Bay is designated as
one of the ʻImportant Coastal and Marine
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Biodiversity Areasʼ and ʻImportant Marine Turtle
Habitatsʼ in the country. It is included in Coastal
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Regulation Zone (CRZ)-I, the zone with maximum
protection.
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1.14. Little Andaman
Little Andaman is the fourth largest of the Andaman
Islands of India, lying at the southern end of the
archipelago, is separated from the Great Andamans
by the Duncan Passage. It is situated in the Bay of
Bengal. They are actually a continuation of Arakan
Yoma mountain range of Myanmar and are
therefore characterized by hill ranges and valleys
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along with the development of some coral islands.
1.15. Ranthambore National Park I A
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The Ranthambore National Park is a national park located in Rajasthan. The park
gets its name from the Ranthambore fort located in the same area.
Ranthambore national park is known for its large population of tigers and other
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wildlife. Due to its proximity to the Thar desert, the park receives little rainfall,
hence its vegetation consists of the dry deciduous type. The prominent tree of the
Ranthambore National Park is the ʻDhokʼ and constitutes about 80% of the
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vegetation cover.
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10 www.succeedias.com © Succeed IAS1.16. Baralacha Pass
Bara-lacha la also known as Bara-
lacha Pass is a high mountain pass
in the Zanskar range connecting the
Lahaul district in Himachal Pradesh
to Leh district in Ladakh. It is
situated along the Leh‒Manali
Highway. The pass also acts as a
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water-divide between the Bhaga
River and the Yunan River.
1.17. Aravalli Range I A
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Aravalli Range hill system of northern India, running northeasterly through
Rajasthan state continue to just south of Delhi. The series of peaks and ridges, with
breadths varying from 10 to 100 km. are generally between 300 and 900 metres in
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elevation. The system is divided into two sections: the Sambhar-Sirohi ranges,
taller and including Guru Peak on Mount Abu, the highest peak in the Aravalli
Range [1,722 metres]); and the Sambhar-Khetri ranges, consisting of three ridges
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that are discontinuous.
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11 www.succeedias.com © Succeed IAS1.18. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is an animal sanctuary in
Wayanad, Kerala. The sanctuary is an integral part of
the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is bounded by
protected area network of Nagarhole and Bandipur of
Karnataka in the northeast, and on the southeast by
Mudumalai of Tamil Nadu. Kabini river (a tributary of
Cauvery river) flows through the sanctuary. The forest
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types include South Indian Moist Deciduous forests,
West coast semi-evergreen forests and plantations of
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teak, eucalyptus and Grewelia.
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1.19. Mullaperiyar Dam
The dam is located in Kerala, it is
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operated by Tamil Nadu. The dam is
l o c a t e d o n t h e c o n fl u e n c e o f
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the Mullayar and Periyar rivers in
Keralaʼs Idukki district. Mullaperiyar
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dam issue has become bone of
contention between Tamil Nadu and
Kerala.
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1.20. Ramagundam
At Ramagundam in Peddapalli district, Telangana The countryʼs biggest floating
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solar power plant by generation capacity (100 MW), is being developed by the
NTPC in the reservoir of its thermal plant, is set to be commissioned by May-June.
12 www.succeedias.com © Succeed IAS1.21. Lahchura Dam
The Lachura irrigation project is built on Dhasan River, a right bank tributary of
the Betwa River in the Ganga basin area near Mau Ranipur of Jhansi district. The
project is proposed to provide irrigation for Kharif and Rabi crops.
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13 www.succeedias.com © Succeed IAS1.22. Ola’s mega-factory
Ola commenced construction of the worldʼs largest two-wheeler mega-factory on a
500-acre site in Tamil Naduʼs Krishnagiri district.
Relevance:
Forward & backward linkages
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Agglomeration effect
Balanced regional development
Defeminisation in Indian agriculture for over three decades
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It has been observed that while proportion of labour force working in agriculture
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declined over the 1990s, the proportion of women working in agriculture
increased in developing countries eg: Nepal, Bangladesh. Agriculture, being the
least paid sector within the rural economy, is expected to witness increasing
rural areas.
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participation of women, with men seeking better opportunities within and outside
However in India, as seen in a long-term perspective, there is a trend which is
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contrary to the above mentioned fact. For the last three decades, there has been a
consistent fall in both female labour force and work force participation, both in
rural and urban areas; the fall in the rural area is more consistent and sharp, in
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relation to male work participation. In India the share of women workers in
agriculture has fallen from 44% to 30% in last three decades(1990-2020):
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Reasons for this decline:
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1. Increased attendance of woman in educational institutions
2. higher income levels of households resulting in withdrawal form workforce
3. structural shift away from agriculture
4. increased mechanisation in agriculture
5. fall in the importance of animal husbandry
Menʼs employment status depended largely on the economic development of the
state, where as womanʼs WPR was guided by societal norms.
14 www.succeedias.com © Succeed IASWorkplace interactions and social capital
Social capital can be defined as the links, shared values and understandings in
society that enable individuals and groups to trust each other and so work
together.
At workplaces woman are most likely to interact with women, less likely to
interact with those belonging to other projects and higher occupational ranks as
compare to men who are more likely to have considerable horizontal as well as
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vertical linkages within and beyond workplace.
In ITeS more than 60% of the woman interact mostly with women colleagues while
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for those in the IT the proportion is slightly above 40%. More than 70% of the men
respondents in the new generation sectors (NGSs) tend to interact with mixed
gender groups.
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Besides gender functional and occupational rank of the peer groups of an
individual also plays a crucial role. Interaction with high-level officials accords
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employees with greater access to sources of authority, formal power and control
within the organisation as compare to the lower level positions.
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For the woman such restrictive patterns of workplace interactions not only results
in loss of access to empowering information, but also other career benefits such as
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resources, mentorship and support from colleagues.
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Women also reportedly abstain from the informal socialisation taking place outside
office hours where valuable job related information gets circulated.
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Applications of GIS and remote sensing technology in
natural resource management
1. Land management (agriculture)
2. Soil management
3. Watershed management:
4. Urban land management
5. Forest and ecosystem management
15 www.succeedias.com © Succeed IAS6. Coastal zone management
7. Geology mineral resource management
Remote sensing and GIS can be used to manage the limited natural resources in an
effective and efficient manner. Geospatial data is effective in the analysis and
determination of factors that affect the utilisation of this resources. The
technologies provide a platform through which we can generate information that
can be used to make sound decisions for sustainable development of natural
resources in India.
g-Governance
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g-Governance can be described as a geospatial plugin to e-Governance, acting as
an extended module with the additional functionality of geospatial technology.
Geospatial data acts as a backbone for g-Governance.
society using ICT.
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g-Governance has established a framework for Indiaʼs vision of a socially inclusive
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Source of geospatial data:
Earth observation satellites: RISAT, Cartosat, Oceansat and INSAT.
Applications:
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tele-medicine, tele-education, disaster risk reduction.
Eg: during Kerala floods ISRO provided near real-time information on flood extent
by using satellite data.
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Case study: Kerala flood
• Unusually heavy summer monsoon rains caused disastrous floods across Kerala.
• More than 324 people died and at least 1 million were relocated.
• All 14 districts of Kerala were placed on red alert.
• 1/6 of its total population was directly affected by the floods and its related
incidents.
• Heavy rains in Wayanad and Idukki caused several landslides and left the hilly
districts isolated.
• The extensive flooding of agricultural lands resulted in crop losses estimated at
around 150 to 200 Billion.
• Coffee, rubber, tea and black pepper were amongst the most affected crops.
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17 www.succeedias.com © Succeed IASSponge City Concept
What is a Sponge City?
The Sponge City indicates a particular type of city that does not act like an
impermeable system not allowing any water to filter through the ground, but, more
like a sponge, actually absorbs the rain water, which is then naturally filtered by
the soil and allowed to reach into the urban aquifers. This allows for the extraction
of water from the ground through urban or peri-urban wells. This water can be
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easily treated and used for the city water supply.
What are the key issues the Sponge City wants to solve?
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• Less water available in urban and peri-urban areas.
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• Polluted water discharged into rivers or the sea.
• Degradation of urban ecosystems and green areas due to sprawling
• Increase in the intensity and frequency of urban flooding.
What does a Sponge City need in
practise?
• Contiguous open green spaces
• Green roofs
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What are the benefits of Sponge city
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• More clean water for the city
• Cleaner groundwater
• reduction in flood risk
• Porous designs
• Water savings and recycling
C E • Lower burdens on drainage systems
• Greener healthier and more
sustainable urban spaces
• Enriched biodiversity
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18 www.succeedias.com © Succeed IASCompact city
The term 'compact city' was first coined in 1973 by George Dantzig and Thomas
Saaty, according to Randal O'Toole, Le Corbusier with his Radiant City plan is one
of the first protagonist of the compact city concept.
the concept experienced a resurgence of interest in 1980s as a response to the
global challenge to sustainability goals and climate-change concerns. The term
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compact city does not have a universally accepted definition. It is a combination
of many strategies with the overarching aim to create compactness and high
density that can avoid all the problems of modern cities and urban sprawls. The
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single most important attribute to describe a compact city is the population density
supported by concepts like mixed land use with higher density, geographic limit of
the city boundary, and promotion of public Transport as mode of communication
vis-a-vis private vehicle.
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The concept of compact city was endorsed by United Nations Earth Summit
Agenda 21(1993) and European commission through its publication ʻcities of
tomorrowʼ. The compact city approach was adopted by many european states and
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gained popularity.
Criticism
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Analytical studies cautioned against hyperdensity and advised viable settlements at
optimal densities for the human scale.
Some geographers opposed this concept and noted that sustainable urban
development points towards decentralised concentration i:e relatively small cities
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with a high density and short distances between houses and public/ private
spaces.
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In the context of developing countries the critique of complexities was even
stronger as the developing countries are associated with a range of problems due
to high densities like infrastructure overload, overcrowding, congestion, air-
pollution, severe health hazards, lack of public and green open space and
environmental degradation.
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