L'RFID come sistema per l'identificazione nei processi produttivi e logistici - Ing. Andrea VOLPI - Cisita Parma
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L’RFID come sistema per l’identificazione
nei processi produttivi e logistici
Ing. Andrea VOLPI
• Principi RFID
• RFID Lab: visita, illustrazione esperienze ed
esercitazione
Ing. Andrea VOLPI
Function of RFID
Identification systems
in production and logistics
Industrial Engineering Department
University of Parma - Italy
Elements of a RFID system
A RFID system is composed of 2 elements:
1. the transponder (tag) which consists of a coupling element (antenna) to the reader
and a microchip (IC) with read/write non-volatile memory (EEPROM)
§ attached or integrated on the object that has to be identified
2. the reader which contains of a RF-module, a controlling unit and a coupling element
(antenna) to the transponder
§ read/write functions are available
energy
reader / Chip
antenna antenna
writer (IC)
data
local interface
(LAN, 232, …)
computer / air interface
application
FUNCTION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY 3
Principle of RFID
RFID offers an easy, flexible and reliable identification, tracing and controlling of
objects and persons with the help of information technology.
1. tagging 2. reading/writing 3. IT system
Objects and persons that The reader collects The reader is able to use
have to be identified are information of the tag. collected information
attached with a tag. With the use of a writing autonomous or to give it
unit new information can to an IT system.
be stored in the memory
of the tag.
Page 4
FUNCTION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY 4
Radio frequency and optical identification
1D or 2D Code RFID
advantages advantages
§ low costs for labeling or direct marking § no direct visibility needed
§ high state of standardization § high data capacity and data density
§ high integration in the logistic value- § data manipulation (adding, changing,
added chain deleting) enables reuse
§ high acceptance in the society § identification of multiple objects at the
§ no impact by metal, water, etc.. same time (bulk identification)
disadvantages § almost solid against disturbance
§ direct intervisibility needed disadvantages
§ vulnerable to dirt § can be influenced by metal and water
§ low data capacity and data density § acceptance of end-users is doubtful
§ inflexible according to changes in according to data privacy ("customer
requirements visibility“)
§ costs
FUNCTION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY 5
Frequency ranges
frequency range wave length range
international naming
from to from to
0 Hz 30 Hz ∞ 10.000 km Sub ELF
30 Hz 300 Hz 10.000 km 1.000 km ELF (Extremely Low Frequency)
300 Hz 3 kHz 1.000 km 100 km VF (Voice Frequency)
3 kHz 30 kHz 100 km 10 km VLF (Very Low Frequency)
30 kHz 300 kHz 10 km 1 km LF (Low Frequency)
300 kHz 3 MHz 1 km 100 m MF (Medium Frequency)
3 MHz 30 MHz 100 m 10 m HF (High Frequency)
30 MHz 300 MHz 10 m 1m VHF (Very High Frequency)
300 MHz 3 GHz 1m 0,1 m UHF (Ultra High Frequency)
3 GHz 30 GHz 10 cm 1 cm SHF (Super High Frequency)
30 GHz 300 GHz 10 mm 1 mm EHF (Extremely High Frequency)
FUNCTION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY 9
LF (125kHz; 134kHz)
advantages disadvantages
§ high interference resistance § limited area of application
§ insensitivity to metal environments § often proprietary
§ reading ranges to approx. 0,2 m § relatively slow data transfers
application designs
area
§ wrapped inductor
§ identification of animals
§ glass transponder
§ immobilizer system
§ industrial applications § capsuled transponder
FUNCTION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY 12
HF (13,56 MHz)
advantages disadvantages
§ Frequency range standardized world- § small reading ranges
wide
§ different tags, smart label etc. available § sensitive to metal environments
§ transceiver and antennas in different § Higher costs
forms and designs available
§ bulk reading possible
§ middle data transfer rates
application designs
area
§ flexible substrates (Inlays)
§ item management (e.g. Pfizer) § laminates of foil and paper (Smart
§ production logistics and controlling label)
§ mass applications § cards (Smart Cards) and tickets
FUNCTION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY 13
13,56 MHz Chips, examples
manufacturer Chip Type UID R/W Memory ISO Stand.
H4006 64bit
EM
P4022 64bit
my-d 2P/S 64bit 2kbit 15693
Infineon my-d 10P/S 64bit 10kbit 15693
Mifare 32bit 1kbyte 14443 A
I Code 1 I 64bit 352bit
Philips Code SLI 64bit 896bit 15693
Mifare 32bit 6016bit 14443 A
LRI 512 64bit 512bit 15693
STM
SR 176 64bit 176bit 14443 B
Tag It 64bit 256bit
TI 15693
Tag IT ISO 64bit 2048bit
FUNCTION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY 14UHF passive
advantages disadvantages
§ good reading ranges § different frequency ranges
§ middle bulk reading capability § susceptible to interference
§ high data transfer rates § sensitive to water and metal
§ great range of products
application
designs
area
§ capsuled transponder
§ pallets / container § laminates of foil and paper (Smart
§ vehicle container Label)
§ production controlling
§ item management (near field)
FUNCTION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY 15UHF active
advantages disadvantages
§ very good reading ranges (to 100m) § Few manufacturers
§ high data transfer rates § Limited life time (approx. 5 years)
§ High transponder costs
§ Reduced temperature ranges
application area designs
§ for closed loops § capsuled transponder
§ access control (also passenger car) § cards / badges
§ vehicle identification (VOLKSWAGEN)
§ As a data logger in combination with
temperature sensors
FUNCTION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY 16Overview about tag designs
LF HF
UHF microwave
passiv aktiv
FUNCTION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY 18Overview about tag designs
FUNCTION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY 19Frequency band summary
FUNCTION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY 20Frequency band summary
FUNCTION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY 21Centralized vs. decentralized data storage
centralized decentralized
(EDV) (tag)
§ high data integrity § no online-connection
§ simple further processing necessary
§ low transponder prices § linkage of information
directly on the object, i.e.
object and information are
?
at one location
§ mobile data storageInfluencing the reading range (1)
factors for influencing
transponder noise and interferences
§ energy supply (passive by transceiver, § radio communication
active by battery)
§ WLAN, mobile phone, …
§ orientation to the reader antenna
§ material on which the transponder is § electric devices
attached § electrical engines
§ sensibility of the RFID chip § aerator
§ efficiency of the transponder antenna § neon light
§ other transceivers / antennas
inside the reading field
§ speed of the transponder (time inside the
reading field)
§ attendance of other transponders
§ material between transceiver and
transponder
§ features of the antennaRecommendation for placing and arranging
placing of smart labels / inlays
§ Smart labels should be attached on
positions where you can find a
sufficient distance to the content of a
packaging.
arrangement of cases on a pallet
§ if possible, label should point to the
outside
§ two label should never touch each
otherInfluence on the reading range by different
materials
impact of metal (UHF) impact of fluids (UHF)
§ an optimal adaption to metal § fluids like water have a negative
could lead to a higher reading impact on reading ranges
range
optimzed
without without
impact impact
negative
negative impact
impact negative
impact
metal fluidsInfluence on the reading range by different materials
Reading rate
influences to do
§ The dimension of the reading field § selection of the right RFID frequency
(readings per crossing) § adjustment of the transmission power
§ the amount of data to be transmitted § selection of the right antenna, antenna
§ number of the transponder in the field position and antenna orientation
§ the data transmission rate § grounding of the system
§ definition of filters § controlling (measurement) of the
radiated power
§ determination of the best transponder
reading errors position (attachment, orientation)
§ setting filters
§ transponder is not read
§ building up multiple transceiver / gates
§ wrong data is read or data is read wrong
§ using absorber
§ reading of transponders that in fact are
not existent or undesired (Ghost Reads)Design of a reader
reader
hardware
§ RF-part
CPU § CPU / memory
§ Input / Output
firmware § signal light
§ motion sensor
§ communication interfaces
§ RS-232 firmware
§ Ethernet § coding / decoding
§ WLAN § filter
§ Profibus
§ …Different identification systems
great reading range short reading range
HF/UHF Long Range Short Range
§ mobile devices
source: Feig
source: Samsys source: Deister
§ mobile data identification
middle reading range
HF Mid-Range
source: NordicID
§ modules
source: Deister, source: Samsys,
Feig DeisterRecommended distance between inlays
12,5
25 mm
mmRadiation of dipole antennas
angle of beam spreadAntenna gain
conversion
power level
§ The power at the reader is generally
§ LP [dBm] = 10 ·log(P/0,001) given as power P in watt or as power
level LP in dBm (decibel milliwatt).
radiation power
§ P [Watt] = 0,001·10(dBm/10)
§ The antenna gain is given in dBi
(decibel in relation to an ideal isotropic
§ 3 dB difference is consistent emitter with dBi = 0)
with a duplication of the
power.Reflections / multipath
§ reflections could lead to maxima and minima (reading holes)
object
path 3
path 1
path 2
groundImpacts of reflections
readings
§ A and D are read without problems
§ B is read after some time
§ C and E are problematic
D E
A
B
C
methods of resolution
§ remove metallic objects
§ use multiple antennas
§ movement of transponder within the field (passing-trough)Class 1 Gen 2 structure of memory
MSB LSB
Mandatory Memory
…
TID 10h TID [15:0] 1Fh
TID [31:16]
EPC
00h 0Fh
Bank 11 USER
Reserved MSB LSB
EPC [15:0]
Optional Memory Bank 10 TID
…
User Bank 01 EPC
20h EPC [N:N-15] 2Fh
Kill password Bank 00 RESERVED 10h PC [15:0] 1Fh
32 bits 00h CRC-16 [15:0] 0Fh
If unused, bits are zero MSB LSB
Access password
…
32 bits 30h Access Passwd [15:0] 3Fh
If unused,bits are zero 20h Access Passwd [31:16] 2Fh
10h Kill Passwd [15:0] 1Fh
00h Kill Passwd [31:16] 0Fh
Tecnico per la progettazione e lo sviluppo di applicazioni informatiche per la fabbrica
digitaleClass 1 Gen 2 structure of memory Tecnico per la progettazione e lo sviluppo di applicazioni informatiche per la fabbrica digitale
Tag Data Specification: SGTIN-96
SGTIN-96 = Serial Global Trade Idetnfication Number
based on the EAN.UCC Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) code defined in the
General EAN.UCC Specifications
combination of GTIN and a unique serial number
identify a single physical object
GTIN in Fashion: INDICOD-ECR specification
EAN/UCC-13 and EAN/UCC-8 are used to identify a consumer unit
Different GTIN for :
• Brand
• Material (wool, cotton, silk, etc)
• Size
• Color
• Model
• Exposition
Tecnico per la progettazione e lo sviluppo di applicazioni informatiche per la
fabbrica digitaleTag Data Specification: SGTIN-96
Type Filter
All other 000
Retail Consumer Trade Item 001
Header: 0011 0000.
Standard Trade Item Grouping 010
Filter Value: is not part of the SGTIN pure
identity, but is additional data that is used Single Shipping/ Consumer Trade
for fast filtering and pre-selection of basic 011
Item
logistics types. Reserved From 100 to 111
Partition: is an indication of where the Partition Company Item Reference
subsequent Company Prefix and Item Value Prefix
Reference numbers are divided. This (P) Bits (cifre) Bits (cifre)
0 (000) 40 (12) 4 (1)
organization matches the structure in the
1 (001) 37 (11) 7 (2)
EAN.UCC GTIN 2 (010) 34 (10) 10 (3)
3 (011) 30 (9) 14 (4)
4 (100) 27 (8) 17 (5)
5 (101) 24 (7) 20 (6)
6 (110) 20 (6) 24 (7)
Tecnico per la progettazione e lo sviluppo di applicazioni informatiche per la
fabbrica digitaleTag Data Specification: SGTIN-96
Company Prefix: contains a literal embedding of the EAN.UCC Company Prefix
Item Reference: contains a literal embedding of the GTIN Item Reference number. The
Indicator Digit is combined with the Item Reference field in the following manner: Leading
zeros on the item reference are significant.
Serial Number: serial number to be associated with a GTIN
Company Prefix Item reference Check digit
EAN
08032089 00001 7
EAN-13 Information
system
Header Filter Partition Company prefix Item reference Serial number
EPC
96 Bit 0011 0000 001 101 8032089 000001 2
Binary value Binary value Binary value Decimal value Decimal value Decimal value
Tecnico per la progettazione e lo sviluppo di applicazioni informatiche per la
fabbrica digitaleTag Data Specification: SSCC-96
SSCC-96 = Serial Shipping Container Code
SSCC identifies a Shipping Unit
It is already intended for assignment to individual objects
Type Filter Value
All other 000
Header: 0011 0001. Undefined 001
Logistical / Shipping Unit 010
Filter Value: is not part of the SSCC or EPC Reserved From 011 to 111
identifier, but is used for fast filtering and
Partition Company Serial Reference
pre-selection of basic logistics types. Value Prefix
(P) Bits (M) Bits (N)
Partition: is an indication of where the 0 (000) 40 18
subsequent Company Prefix and Serial 1 (001) 37 21
Reference numbers are divided. 2 (010) 34 24
3 (011) 30 28
4 (100) 27 31
5 (101) 24 34
6 (110) 20 38
Tecnico per la progettazione e lo sviluppo di applicazioni informatiche per la
fabbrica digitaleGrazie per l’attenzione!
Ing. Andrea VOLPI
www.fondirigenti.it | www.cisita.parma.it | www.smile-dih.euYou can also read
