IS BURNING WASTE A GOOD SOLUTION? - E-WASTE LESSONS FROM AUSTRALIA PFAS - WasteMINZ
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OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF THE WASTE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE NZ
OCTOBER 2018 \ ISSUE 169 \ $ 9.00
IS BURNING
WASTE
A GOOD
SOLUTION?
PFAS
E-WASTE A RISK FOR
LESSONS FROM NEW ZEALAND?
AUSTRALIA
CIRCULAR ECONOMY STRATEGY | LOCAL GOVERNMENT MANIFESTO
WASTEMINZ MEMBERS
P L ATIN U M
AUCKLAND COUNCIL
aucklandcouncil.govt.nz
GO L D SILVER
ADSTAFF PERSONNEL
3R GROUP adstaff.co.nz
3R.co.nz AURECON NZ
aurecongroup.com
CIVIC CONTRACTORS
EARTHCARE ENVIRONMENTAL
civcon.co.nz
earthcarenz.co.nz
FOODSTUFFS NZ
foodstuffsnz.co.nz
ENVIRONZ GEOFABRICS NZ
environz.co.nz
geofabrics.co.nz
MANCO
INTERGROUP manco.co.nz
intergroup.co.nz OJI FIBRE SOLUTIONS
ojifs.com
OMARUNUI LANDFILL
O-I NEW ZEALAND
hastingsdc.govt.nz
o-i.com
ONYX GROUP
onyxgroup.co.nz
SMART ENVIRONMENTAL PATTLE DELAMORE PARTNERS
smartenvironmental.co.nz
pdp.co.nz
PLASBACK
SULO (N.Z.) plasback.co.nz
sulo.co.nz PROGRESSIVE ENTERPRISES
progressive.co.nz
TONKIN + TAYLOR SCION RESEARCH
tonkin.co.nz scionresearch.com
SIMS RECYCLING SOLUTIONS
apac.simsrecycling.com
VISY RECYCLING NZ
STANTEC
visy.co.nz
mwhglobal.co.nz
THE PACKAGING FORUM
WASTE MANAGEMENT NZ packagingforum.org.nz
wastemanagement.co.nz
WASTENET SOUTHLAND
wastenet.org.nz
2
ON THE COVER A BURNING ISSUE
16
10
BURNING ISSUE
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
Is burning waste to generate energy
Paul Evans \ +64 9 476 7172
paul@wasteminz.org.nz a good solution? Duncan Wilson
looks into the benefits and costs to
MEMBERSHIP & FINANCE MANAGER
see if it stacks up as an option.
CJ Dooner \ +64 9 476 7162
cj@wasteminz.org.nz
SECTOR GROUP CO-ORDINATOR
13
Jenny Marshall \ +64 9 476 7164 TACKLING THE TOUGH PROBLEMS
jenny@wasteminz.org.nz Eugenie Sage sets out the
Government’s new programme of
ACCOUNTS ADMINISTRATOR
Justine Robinson \ +64 9 476 7163 work to address our rubbish record
justine@wasteminz.org.nz on waste.
16
13
SECTOR PROJECTS MANAGER
Nic Quilty \ +64 9 476 7167
nic@wasteminz.org.nz E-WASTE: WHAT CAN WE LEARN
SUSTAINABILIT Y ADVISOR FROM AUSTRALIA?
Sarah Pritchett \ +64 21 0825 4060 Warren Overton draws on the “WE NEED TO WORK
sarahp@wasteminz.org.nz Australian experience to identify TOGETHER TO ACHIEVE
COMMUNICATIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA the key elements for a successful THIS — NATURE
e-waste programme.
LOVE FOOD HATE WASTE
Sarah van Boheemen \ +64 9 320 3415
DOESN’T CREATE
sarah@wasteminz.org.nz 21 WASTE, AND WE DON’T
NEED TO EITHER.”
EDITOR, REVOLVE PFAS: A RISK FOR NEW ZEALAND?
Kim Mundell \ +64 21 655 917 Grant Northcott and Louis Tremblay
wasteminz@gmail.com report on the risks of and the
SUB-EDITOR, REVOLVE research and regulation needed for
Julie O'Brien these widely used chemicals.
wasteminz@gmail.com
DESIGN, REVOLVE 25
Leanne Lassman \ +64 21 267 3885 A STRATEGY FOR A
leanne@electrichedgehog.co.nz
CIRCULAR ECONOMY
T +64 9 476 7162 Paul Evans explains why a strategy
PO Box 305426, Triton Plaza
REGULARS
is needed so we don’t just feel good
North Shore 0757
about what we’re doing but make
02 MEMBERS
Unit 2, 5 Orbit Drive, Rosedale 0632
sure we do good as well. 04 FROM PAUL’S DESK
New Zealand
05 YOUR BOARD
wasteminz.org.nz
29 07 NEWS BITES
WasteMINZ is the leading professional body GETTING THE FACTS STRAIGHT 09 MOVERS & SHAKERS
for waste management, resource recovery Dave Cull clarifies LGNZ’s position 36 FROM THE REGIONS
10
and contaminated land management on the Local Government Waste
in New Zealand. We deliver value to our
38 SECTOR GROUPS
Manifesto but supports its collective
members through the shaping and sharing
strategy.
of policy and the development of industry
good practice.
WasteMINZ publishes revolve magazine
four times a year, it plays a vital role in
ensuring our members are up-to-date
with the latest in industry news, policy and
legislative changes as well as innovations
and advances.
ISSN 2324-5417 (Print)
ISSN 2324-5425 (Online)
21 OCTOBER 2018 \ WASTEMINZ.ORG.NZ \ 3
FROM
PAUL'S DESK Paul Evans
CEO, WasteMINZ
Talk to me paul@wasteminz.org.nz
+64 9 476 7172
In just a few weeks we will be in There are, of course, some people OUR LIFE MEMBERS ARE:
Christchurch for the 30th annual who deserve a special mention.
WasteMINZ conference. That’s a heck There are the WasteMINZ Board NEAL ABSALOM
of a milestone, so our whole team members (both current and past)
MARGARET BAILEY
is working hard to ensure that we
celebrate it in fitting style.
who have volunteered significant
amounts of their time to keep the
TERRY BECKETT
This celebration isn’t so much organisation on track.
PAUL BISHOP
about the conference, but rather There are long-term staff JIM BRADLEY
what WasteMINZ has achieved members like Carole Inglis and Nic STUART CLARK
over the past 30 years. There’s Quilty, whose dedication has been JOHN COCKS
been a huge amount of change invaluable. ALLAN GODDARD
in our sector and WasteMINZ has And then there are our Life
TONY KORTEGAST
been at the vanguard of much
of it. As an organisation, we have
Members, those people whose
contributions have been so
ANGELA MCERLANE
made a significant contribution significant that they’ll forever be
JOHN PALMER
to enhancing New Zealand’s remembered as part of WasteMINZ’s GARY SAUNDERS
environmental performance, and we history. Thank you to all our Life NORM THOM
must continue this into the future. Members for your incredible work. LEW THORSTENSEN
But who or what is this Life member Tony Kortegast CHARLES WILMOT
WasteMINZ we speak of? Well, in said in the last issue of revolve that
short, WasteMINZ is you. It’s our “The voice of the industry through
members, a collection of like- WasteMINZ, and its wide range of
minded people who think we can stakeholder groups, continues to
and should do better with waste, be a key catalyst for change and
resource recovery and contaminated improvement, and like many others,
land management in Aotearoa. I have been proud to be part of that
journey from those brave first steps P.S. At this year’s WasteMINZ AGM,
WasteMINZ is simply the sum total
back in 1988”. members will be voting on Graeme
of our collective passion and inputs.
Like Tony, we should all be Proffitt of Pattle Delamore Partners
Without you, without your support
proud of the part we have and becoming a Life Member.
and active contribution, none of this
continue to play.
would be possible.
5 - 8 N OV EMB ER | CH R I S TCH U RC H
4
YOUR
BOARD Darren Patterson
WasteMINZ Board Chair
darren@pattersonenvironmental.co.nz
HOW TO
In a few weeks we will be holding
our 30th annual conference,
deals with the stuff they no longer
want, they are starting to realise
CONTACT
which is a significant milestone that we can also be the sector that YOUR BOARD
for any organisation. These major
anniversaries are an opportunity to
delivers the raw materials that they,
or their suppliers, need.
MEMBERS
reflect on how far we’ve come and The embracing of the circular
also a chance to look at where we economy has made WasteMINZ
want to head. more relevant than ever, and we are
Our sector has seen significant the go-to organisation for waste and
change over those 30 years. Moving contaminated land issues. This has
from an organisation that mainly enabled us to have regular meetings
focused on managing the stuff at with the Associate Minister for the
the bottom of the cliff, we’ve shifted Environment, something that would
to one that also tries to stop it at have been unheard of just a year or
the top. so ago.
There’s also been a significant Within our membership, there
shift by those outside of is a level of optimism that I’ve not
WasteMINZ: a shift to recognising seen for a long time, and we need to
the importance of managing use that and engage our partners in
waste and contaminated land. For government and business to drive
decades we found ourselves trying the change we’ve sought for years.
to raise the profile of the work that Will this be a fast transition
we were doing; now it really feels as from the current paradigm? No,
if we’re finally being heard. nothing that’s as complex as our
We have a government that has sector changes quickly. But what
made a commitment to reduce waste we have now is the opportunity left-to-right top, middle, bottom
to landfill. We have a Ministry that to bring others on board, others Darren Patterson CHAIR
darren@pattersonenvironmental.co.nz
recognises that without addressing who are keen to learn the concepts
the waste and contaminated land we’ve been promoting, others who Roderick Boys
Roderick.Boys@wcc.govt.nz
issues the country faces, they will can influence areas that we have
Grahame Christian
struggle with their goals for other struggled to reach.
grahamec@smartenvironmental.co.nz
areas of the environment. Looking forward, we are at the
Simonne Eldridge DEPUT Y CHAIR
And we have businesses starting start of an exciting period for our seldridge@tonkin.co.nz
to embrace the concepts of a circular sector. WasteMINZ is highly regarded, Wayne Plummer
economy — a concept that we’ve been and our influence is greater than it’s wayne.plummer@environz.co.nz
promoting for decades. Now, rather ever been. Let’s seize this opportunity Ian Stupple
than seeing us as a sector that just with both hands. ianstupple@gmail.com
OCTOBER 2018 \ WASTEMINZ.ORG.NZ \ 5
NEWS BITES
Arthur says “it is quite sobering and For the study, a classic Kiwi 1950s
surreal to know that I will go down weatherboard home was carefully
in New Zealand history as the first pulled apart in Helensville,
to win this award. I am humbled and northwest Auckland.
overwhelmed to have been chosen
Read more:
out of the engineers who have
bit.ly/housedeconstruction
served Auckland engineering for the
last 100 years”. Congrats Arthur!
Unchanging
behaviour
The New Zealand Product
Stewardship Council has published
an open submission to the
Parliamentary Commissioner for the
Environment, Unchanging Behaviour:
New Zealand’s delay & dysfunction
in utilising economic instruments in
the management of waste. It draws
on the PCE’s 2006 reporting as a
basis for examining New Zealand’s
Arthur Amputch, inaugural winner of historically poor performance with
the Engineering New Zealand Auckland
Branch Excellence in Service Award, and waste minimisation.
his wife Roshni. A decade with Review the submission:
WasteMINZ bit.ly/unchangingbehaviour
Award for Nic Quilty celebrated her 10-year
Arthur Amputch anniversary with WasteMINZ in Adidas joins the
On 23 August, at the Engineering September. WasteMINZ has changed fight against
New Zealand Centennial Dinner, a lot over the past decade, and it's
fair to say that Nic has played a
plastic
WasteMINZ member Arthur
Amputch (Riley Consultants) was massive role in that. Thanks, Nic! The global sportswear maker has
chosen as the first winner of the committed to using only recycled
Engineering New Zealand Excellence Recycling a plastic by 2024. The pledge
in Service Award. The award
recognises exceptional engineers
house is cheaper to eliminate the use of ‘virgin’
plastic includes polyester. Used in
who are setting a high standard for than sending everything from t-shirts to sports
others to follow, including through: it to the dump, bras, the material is popular in
• serving selflessly for the benefit study finds sportswear because it dries quickly
of the community and weighs little.
A study has found that recycling
• using their unique engineering a house can be cheaper than Adidas (ADDDF) also said it would
skills for the benefit of others demolishing it. And if the house stop using virgin plastic in its offices,
• making an outstanding was made of native timber, retail outlets, warehouses and
contribution to the profession deconstructing it could cost just distribution centres.
• practising engineering in a way about nothing after the recovered
materials were sold, Envision NZ Big commitment:
that gives back to the industry
and wider community. consultant Kate Otter-Lowe said. bit.ly/adidascommits
OCTOBER 2018 \ WASTEMINZ.ORG.NZ \ 7
Experience the Progress.
Find your
Liebherr-contact
Material handling equipment
Quality Liebherr components optimise entire machine performance
Advanced proportionally controlled hydraulic system maximises productivity
New spacious cab design promotes operator comfort
Extensive glazing significantly enhances visibility for safer working
Liebherr New Zealand
sales-em.lnz@liebherr.com
www.facebook.com/LiebherrConstruction
www.linkedin.com/company/liebherr
www.liebherr.com
WELCOME TO OUR
MOVERS & SHAKERS NEW MEMBERS
CORPORATE
Auckland DHB
JCB Australia
REVYRE
SMALL BUSINESS
LEON AUSTIN MARCUS HERRMANN Aschl Management Systems
Leon joined the Christchurch City Marcus has recently joined Riley Clean Island
Council's waste management team Consultants, as principal and Frews Contracting
this year as the contract supervisor manager for their specialist Garwood International
for the organics kerbside collection. contaminated land team. Riley is
Prior to this he had many years HD Geo
a New Zealand employee-owned
in central and local government Loadrite NZ
engineering consultancy specialising
roles ranging from community MASTEC New Zealand
in environmental, geotechnical, civil,
development and housing,
and water resources engineering. New Zealand Box
earthquake recovery projects and
Marcus brings a collaborative and PLAST-AX
managing capital upgrades of
government facilities. solution-focused approach to Russell McVeagh
He is excited about getting stuck contaminated land risk assessment Tipping Point / MPHS Community Trust
into changing the misleading and project management, having
WTT Australia
labelling of so-called compostable managed large-scale public health
INDIVIDUAL
products that contaminate protection and environmental
Paul Gibbins
Christchurch’s organics collection, rehabilitation projects for Auckland
developing comprehensive Council including Victoria Park Anna Kostiuk-Warren
communication plans to target and Auckland childcare centres, David McGregor
issues around the organics collection Newmarket Park and Seaside Park Sharon McIver
and making sure we continue to
closed landfills. He is highly active in Chris Newman
maintain the requirements of the
the contaminated land sector and Ian Stupple
council's organics plant resource
presents regularly at conferences
consent. Rachel Vaughan
and forums.
Leon can be contacted at STUDENT
Marcus can be contacted at
leon.austin@ccc.govt.nz.
Max Marshall
mherrmann@riley.co.nz.
Elliott Robb
We are pleased to announce that environmental scientist
Marcus Herrmann has joined the RILEY team as Principal -
Contaminated Land.
Marcus is an experienced environmental manager with a
SITE CONTAMINATION SPECIALISTS
unique blend of technical, regulatory, and risk management
expertise. His areas of specialisation include:
• Closed landfills asset management and environmental
rehabilitation
• Contaminated sites assessment and remediation
• Public health and environmental risk management
• Project consenting under the NES-CS, unitary, and
regional plans
Marcus can be contacted at mherrmann@riley.co.nz.
WASTE TO ENERGY
– A HOT TOPIC
Dr Dominic Hogg from Eunomia UK and
Duncan Wilson from Eunomia NZ analyse
the pros and cons of burning waste to
generate energy. and some erstwhile coal-reliant
countries are phasing out coal,
capacity. But New Zealand doesn’t while investors are looking to divest
W
have any WtE facilities that process themselves of such assets.
ASTE TO ENERGY municipal waste. Isn’t it time we had Further, in New Zealand, 85 per
(WtE) has been a good look at this option? Couldn’t cent of our electricity is already from
coming in for a lot it work here? renewable sources like hydro and
of attention of late. wind. If we were displacing existing
Renew Energy on the West Coast Do the purported sources, then we would most likely
recently announced that they benefits stack up? be replacing energy that is 85 per
have secured backing worth $300 Putting aside the issue of cost cent carbon neutral.
million to build a WtE plant (resource for the moment, the proponents However, if we are effectively
consents and supply of input waste of WtE suggest it has a positive replacing new generation capacity
dependent). environmental impact. So, let’s have — which more accurately reflects
China has effectively stopped a look at the arguments. the reality at the margin — then we
taking a lot of our recyclables (or at The main argument for WtE might be replacing the new sources
least, the materials we deemed were is that you can generate energy of energy, and in New Zealand,
recyclable). All that paper and plastic from the waste. Although this is a they are most likely to be wind,
has a lot of embodied energy. Rather benefit, it doesn’t come without geothermal and solar.
than bury it in the ground or let it impact. From an environmental The other main argument is that
litter our waterways and oceans, perspective, an important question WtE releases less CO2 equivalent
couldn’t we burn it and at least is whether this a better way per tonne than landfilling. This, it is
capture some value from the waste of generating energy than the argued, is because landfills generate
through the energy? alternatives. If you are generating methane, which is in effect 25 times
In the course of our work, we energy from waste, you are at some more powerful as a greenhouse gas
talk to lots of council members, point displacing energy generation than CO2 (depending on how you
stakeholders and members of the from another source. calculate it – but that is another
public. The topic comes up regularly. So, what is that source? If we story), whereas WtE just releases
WtE is common in many were replacing coal, then WtE plain old CO2.
places overseas, such as the UK, can make sense from a carbon This is, of course, true. However,
parts of Europe, and Japan, and perspective. But no one serious not only are landfills able to mitigate
it is becoming more common in about climate change believes we some of their methane generation
China, with the USA also developing should be burning coal any more, by capturing it, often using much of it
10WE HAVE NEVER
SEEN AN ANALYSIS
WHERE THE COSTS
for the generation of energy, but they OF SWITCHING but they can make very effective
also release their emissions over a
FROM LANDFILL contributions to recycling of plastics
relatively extended period of time. and metals even after a ‘first go’
WtE, on the other hand,
TO INCINERATION through source separation.
releases the CO2 immediately. When
(WHEN THE ENERGY On a superficial glance, WtE
accounting for CO2 equivalent IS NOT SUBSIDISED can look attractive as a possible
generation, time may well matter EITHER EXPLICITLY solution to issues we are facing in
since reducing emissions now is OR IMPLICITLY) ARE New Zealand with respect to waste.
considered more beneficial than JUSTIFIED BY THE When the issues are considered a
reducing them in the future (it
BENEFITS. little more carefully, however, it is
effectively buys us more time to hard to see WtE having a strong role
develop mitigations). to play. .
The other aspect to this is New Zealand would be wise to
that while organic material will levy both landfill and incineration
degrade in a landfill and release with a view to stimulating waste
methane (eventually), materials like prevention and more recycling. One
plastic will take centuries to break of landfill’s advantages is that it acts
down and can in effect almost be like a ‘stock’ facility rather than one
considered to be sequestered in that — as most incinerators do —
the landfill. WtE releases all of the seeks to command a specific annual
carbon, whereas landfill stores the throughput: this allows for flexing of
Dr Dominic Hogg is the founder and
fossil carbon element. inputs as recycling develops further. chairman of Eunomia Research &
Consulting. He has over 25 years’ experience
Cost factors Other options in environmental policy, strategy and
economics, covering waste, energy, climate
Which brings us to the question of
may be better change, air pollution, water resources,
cost. Supposing New Zealand was to agriculture and the natural environment.
Other treatment options such as
develop such capacity: what would He is a leading international expert in
mechanical biological treatment his field and has developed a reputation
be the balance of costs and benefits
(MBT) — which combines mixed for pushing the boundaries of what can
relative to landfill? be done for the environment within
waste sorting and biological
the bounds of economic viability.
We have never seen an analysis
treatment to stabilise biodegradable
where the costs of switching from
waste prior to landfilling — may
landfill to incineration (when
reveal themselves to be interesting
the energy is not subsidised
options for addressing the
either explicitly or implicitly) are
remaining climate change impacts
justified by the benefits. Indeed,
of managing residual waste.
monetised external costs tend to
In some European cities,
be somewhat similar.
where climate targets are set at
None of this is to make Duncan Wilson has over 20 years’
the most challenging levels, it is experience working as an environmental
apologies for landfilling: we have
acknowledged that targets will consultant in New Zealand and the
argued elsewhere the case for an UK. He has delivered a wide range of
not be met if materials containing
projects including waste management
effective landfill levy regime. It
fossil carbon are not removed from and minimisation plans, waste contract
would be a mistake, for reasons procurement, development and
residual waste. Systems like MBT are
briefly set out above, to introduce evaluation of service delivery options,
no substitute for source segregation collection systems modelling and
such a levy without pre-empting
of a number of materials (notably, cost-benefit analysis. Duncan has
the switch to incineration that extensive experience with waste data
organic wastes, paper and card),
and waste composition analysis.
could take place as a result.
OCTOBER 2018 \ WASTEMINZ.ORG.NZ \ 11A smarter way to
manage waste.
www.easirecycling.co.nz
70
LESS
%
PLASTIC
Maximise Revenues - Minimise Cost
www.easirecycling.co.nz
0800 342 317770
LESS
%
70
LESS
%
PLASTIC Associate
PLASTIC Minister for the
Environment Eugenie Sage explores
some of the options for addressing
our rubbish record on waste.
N
EW ZEALANDERS community organisations to turn landfill is a missed opportunity –
care deeply about the around our rubbish record on waste. we could multiply the productivity
environment, and of materials in the economy by
reducing waste has been
Designing waste taking a circular economy approach,
a hot topic in the media throughout
out of the system designing products to be used again
What we do with products and and again, or to be unmade and
2018. Research by Colmar Brunton
packaging at their end-of-life has their materials remanufactured or
for the Ministry for the Environment
impacts on nature and the economy. returned to nature.
found that New Zealanders believe
Landfills generate around five per New Zealand has historically
reducing waste is one of the top
cent of New Zealand’s greenhouse had reasonable waste minimisation
issues we face as a country over the
gas emissions. When plastics and and recycling systems in place,
next 20 years.
other litter escape the waste system, but those systems are rooted in
Yet New Zealand continues to
they pollute neighbourhoods, rivers thinking that is now out of date.
generate more urban waste per
and the ocean and can kill marine life. The linear economy approach of
capita than most other countries
I recently announced the taking from nature, making and
in the OECD, and the amount of
Government’s core work then disposing of products simply
material we are sending to landfill
programme to take action on doesn’t work anymore.
has steadily increased over the past
waste. It is part of a commitment We are struggling to keep up
decade. Complex issues account for
to transition to a more circular with increasing volumes of waste
these trends, and it is critical that
approach to the economy, where and the associated environmental
central and local government work
waste is designed out of the system. impacts, we’re losing significant
together with the waste and resource
There is growing agreement economic and regional employment
recovery sector, businesses and
that everything that is sent to
OCTOBER 2018 \ WASTEMINZ.ORG.NZ \ 13opportunities by sending materials
to landfill, and we’re being
challenged by China’s decisions
and the changing international
situation.
“WE NEED TO WORK TOGETHER TO
We know that across Aotearoa ACHIEVE THIS — NATURE DOESN’T
many people and businesses are
CREATE WASTE, AND WE DON’T
NEED TO EITHER.”
doing their best to reduce their own
waste by using less, composting and
recycling. It is not straightforward,
however, because many of the Some businesses have already Officials are looking at options to
solutions, such as nationwide been leading the way, not only with expand the Waste Disposal Levy to
recycling and composting voluntarily phasing out plastic bags more landfills. Currently, the $10
infrastructure, are not yet in place. but with other initiatives, such as per tonne levy only applies to 11 per
the New Zealand Plastic Packaging cent of New Zealand’s landfills
Leadership required Declaration, where 14 local and and just 30 per cent of the waste
Collectively, central and local multinational companies have stream going into those landfills.
government, the waste and resource pledged to move to 100 per cent We need to level the playing field
recovery sector, business and reusable, recyclable or compostable for the different types of waste and
communities must demonstrate packaging in their New Zealand provide an incentive to encourage
leadership and help to create the operations by 2025. materials recovery and divert waste
more sustainable future we all want. from landfill.
As Government, our role is to Steps towards a There will be public consultation
ensure that the wider system is fit circular economy on the levy expansion. The Ministry
for purpose and that we are sending A concerted effort is needed to for the Environment is also engaging
the right signals to manufacturers, tackle the wider problems that need directly with the waste and resource
retailers and consumers so that fixing. We know we need to take bold recovery sectors before formal
we can all make the necessary steps to turn things around and consultation takes place, so that
adjustments, and so councils the programme of work I recently robust and well-rounded proposals
and businesses can plan their announced will help. can be developed. We are aiming to
investments appropriately. There are four main parts to our have changes in place by 2020.
This means making sure we work programme that will support a One of the barriers to more
have the right laws, regulations shift to circular economy principles. efficient resource recovery is to
and guidance in place, and that They are: identify the composition of New
we provide appropriate support, • expanding the Waste Disposal Zealand’s wasted materials. At
including through the Waste Levy to more landfills and present we just don’t know what
Minimisation Fund, to help improving our data on waste proportion of materials such as
businesses adopt circular economy • analysing where investment in plastics, paper, aluminium, tin cans
principles in the way they design, innovation and infrastructure and glass are being recycled or
make, sell and take responsibility for is most needed to reduce waste reused, onshore or offshore, and
their products and services. and increase materials' recovery exactly what’s going into our landfills.
Consultation recently closed on The Government will be working
• implementing product
our proposed mandatory phase-out closely with the waste and resource
stewardship schemes
of single-use plastic bags in New recovery sectors on how to better
• developing a national strategy
Zealand. The public really connected identify where our resources are in
for implementing circular
with this issue and it’s clear that the system through improved data.
economy principles.
people want to do much more to
reduce the waste we produce.
14We will need to invest agrichemicals and synthetic in New Zealand and to create the
strategically in infrastructure greenhouse gases, including building blocks to take a circular
and innovation to accelerate New refrigerants, to ensure we better economy approach to design waste
Zealand’s transition to a sustainable manage their disposal. out of the system.
economy taking a circular approach, I am very aware that China’s The waste and resource recovery
and officials are working on a long- requirement for low contamination sectors, entrepreneurs, designers
term strategy for investment now. on imported recyclables continues and business leaders all have an
Officials will also be identifying to be a major challenge for councils important role to play in considering
priority sectors where the greatest and recycling operators, and I how their businesses, industries and
benefits can be had from this am looking forward to getting a supply chains can adopt circular
transition, including greenhouse gas report from the Ministry that will economy principles.
emission reduction opportunities, consider the appropriate response of We need to work together
job creation and where waste can Government. to achieve this — nature doesn’t
be significantly reduced through Importantly, this national and create waste, and we don’t need to
changes in the supply chain. international issue provides an either.
I have asked for more work to be opportunity for New Zealand to think
done around product stewardship, about how we manage our materials
which is a great tool in the Waste and where we invest in the future,
Minimisation Act that has not been including in onshore processing
used to its full potential. infrastructure.
This includes looking at
mandatory product stewardship A role for everyone
schemes for problematic waste The Government’s new programme Hon Eugenie Sage is the Associate
streams like vehicle tyres, e-waste of work aims to generate a step Minister for the Environment
(starting with lithium batteries), change in how we manage waste
TO INFINITY
& BEYOND
Infinitely recyclable glass
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O-I New Zealand
www.recycleglass.co.nz +64 9 976 7127E-WASTE
LEARNINGS FROM
ACROSS THE DITCH
Based on the Australian
experience, Australia
New Zealand Recycling
Platform (ANZRP) CEO
Warren Overton sets
out what the critical
elements are for a
successful e-waste
recycling programme.
16are created. Diverting valuable
e-waste materials from landfill is a
significant economic opportunity. It
A
is estimated that the NTCRS in 2014
USTRALIA’S National From inception, some of
alone recovered in excess of US$120
Waste Policy is founded the world’s leading technology
million of metals from e-waste.
on the provision brands operating in Australia have
of a coherent and Product stewardship supported the programme and
environmentally accountable
critical funded the collection and recycling
approach towards waste of the e-waste produced — taking
Good stewardship is an important
management. A key pillar of this responsibility for the products
approach to managing the
policy is the Product Stewardship Act they sell.
impacts of products and materials.
2011, which seeks to mitigate the As e-waste continues to grow,
It acknowledges that those
environmental impact of electrical Australia is now well placed to
involved in producing, selling and
products across their life cycle. capture end-of-life electronics and
using products have a shared
Established under the Act, the commit them to a downstream
responsibility to ensure that those
National Television and Computer recycling process that goes a long
products or materials are managed
Recycling Scheme (NTCRS) way to achieving a circular economy.
in a way that reduces their impact,
was Australia’s first producer-
throughout their life cycle, on the
responsibility arrangement. Under
environment and on human health
New Zealand can
the scheme, more than 1,800
and safety. learn from Australia
collection services have been made Across the ditch in New Zealand,
Now entering its seventh year,
available to the public and 230,000 electronic waste has been a growing
the NTCRS has been acknowledged
tonnes of TV and computer e-waste problem. Unlike its Australian and
as a resounding success. Product
collected and recycled. overseas counterparts, the country
stewardship underpinned by
Achieving a 99 per cent has struggled to better manage
accessibility, collaboration,
compliance rate among the increasing volume of e-waste
transparency and trust — these
manufacturers, it has more notably generated annually.
are the critical elements that form
prevented more than 81,000 tonnes In recent years, the New Zealand
a successful e-waste recycling
of hazardous or toxic materials Government has twice investigated
programme.
from ending up in landfill sites e-waste product stewardship and
The NTCRS’s vision is to
across Australia and ensured that on both occasions was not willing
ensure Australians have access to
more than 90 per cent of materials to consider the enforcement of
convenient, secure and responsible
recovered are recycled. mandatory recycling targets as
recycling through a national
In 2017/2018 the programme applied in Australia.
collection network. Key to this is
achieved its target of a recycling Even though the Waste
ensuring that the co-regulatory
rate of 62 per cent and is on track Minimisation Act (2008) was also
arrangements managing the
to achieve 80 per cent by 2021. intended to manage e-waste, much
recycling channels operate to the
Even though the NTCRS was of it still ends up in landfill, wasting
highest standards and comply with
implemented 10 years after the precious resources and potentially
all regulatory requirements, with
European Union’s push to manage leading to environmental harm..
adherence to the collection, storage,
e-waste responsibly, Australia has The learnings gained from
transport and treatment of all
already exceeded the recycling levels the Australian experience should
e-waste.
achieved by the European Union for be enough once New Zealand
Instrumental to this has been
televisions and computers. commits to embarking on a product
the commitment of product
A recent Australian Senate stewardship trajectory to mitigate
stewardship from the electronics
inquiry found that for every 10,000 the risk of the scheme’s failure.
industry, as this has been a major
tonnes of waste recycled, 9.2 jobs
driver contributing to the scheme’s
success.
OCTOBER 2018 \ WASTEMINZ.ORG.NZ \ 17Scope — To gain the benefits of scale,
for both logistics and processing,
as wide a scope as possible is
needs to take the lead and project
recommended for an e-waste
clear and consistent messaging.
product stewardship programme.
Key elements Under Australia’s NTCRS, only Recycling partners – Competition
of success televisions, computers, printers and is good and should not be limited
In essence, key aspects to consider computer peripherals are accepted. to a few. Strict standards need to
are the following: Even though this created a pool of be enforced, ensuring downstream
Consultation — The implementation easily identifiable parties, making vendor due diligence and material
of a working group to develop the it easier to manage, inclusion of traceability is achieved. All recyclers
logistics of the scheme. Facilitated all waste electronic and electrical who serve the programme are
by government, the group should equipment (WEEE) would increase required to meet certain standards
comprise industry representatives the amount of liable parties and such as compliance to AS/NZS
whose e-waste will be collected for exponentially increase the volume 5377:2013 and HSE legislation, and
recycling. This will keep discussions targets, guaranteeing greater are regularly audited to ensure
focused, ensuring a best-for-all economies of scale. reporting volumes are correct.
programme is developed.
Whole-of-scheme reporting — To ANZRP’s role
Industry financial support — The ensure the validity of programme Playing a leading role in e-waste
preferred model is for companies reporting, a process to review recycling, the Australia and New
to cover costs of collection and whole-of-scheme data is required. Zealand Recycling Platform (ANZRP)
recycling through a liability-based This needs to cover administrative is Australia’s only not-for-profit,
fee in a competitive environment organisations as well as recyclers industry-for-industry co-regulatory
that encourages cost competition. and also extend to downstream arrangement operating under the
Government funding — Sufficient processing of materials. NTCRS.
government funding for e-waste Dedicated to creating a circular
Collection network — Vital to its
product stewardship is required economy, ANZRP manages e-waste
success, a collection network
to ensure effective programme recycling on a broad scale in an
must include a broad spectrum of
management, audit and ethical and environmentally
partners, including local councils,
enforcement of requirements, sustainable manner.
retail providers (such as electrical
and promotion of the programme In its sixth year of operation, it
goods retailers) and private recycling
to the whole community. has consolidated its position as the
owner-operated sites. Aside from
Underfunding allows liable parties leading co-regulatory arrangement,
maintaining the reach of the service,
to avoid compliance and diminishes achieving the largest recycling
they also serve an important role
community engagement with the volumes under the NTCRS.
helping educate the public through
programme. their regular interactions.
Competition — Competition is good Education — It’s important for
for logistics and recycling yet is people to understand the process
counterproductive for collection of recycling e-waste and where
as it can create duplication and they can responsibly dispose of it,
inefficiencies. Due to the small size knowing that it will be managed
of the New Zealand market, the to the highest standards in Warren Overton joined the ANZRP
number of organisations engaged accordance with the regulatory in February as their new CEO and
to deliver an e-waste product and legislative requirements. previously held senior executive
roles with Sustainability Victoria and
stewardship programme should be To achieve this, a simple and the Australian Glass and Glazing
limited to reduce administrative consistent approach is necessary Association, as well as being co-
costs. founder of several companies working
— only government can fill this in the sustainability sector. He has
requirement. After seven years, the more than 20 years’ experience in
government, education, not-for-
Australian public still does not have
profit and the private sector.
a strong understanding of e-waste
and what can be done. Government
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ARE THEY A RISK FOR
NEW ZEALAND?
component of firefighting foams, and
Environmental unique properties for specific
applications, but there is growing alcohol-type concentrate foams.
scientist Grant PFOS compounds are also used
concern worldwide about their risk.
Northcott and Parent PFAS compounds and in some impregnation agents for
ecotoxicologist Louis their degradation products are textiles, paper and leather; in wax,
Tremblay report highly persistent and, as such, polishes, paints, varnishes and
that research and they are ubiquitous environmental cleaning products for general use;
regulation is needed contaminants. Their high water as a metal surface treatment and as
a water and oil repellent in a range
into two widely used solubility makes them extremely
mobile in the environment where of fabrics.
chemicals once PFAS or analogues are included
they are readily and rapidly
thought harmless but transported and dispersed by in more than 3000 products
now known to impact water with minimal binding to, and on the global market. There
human health. retention by, soil and sediment. is limited information about
Therefore, PFAS are often their fate/transport, exposure
C
identified in groundwater in areas and toxicological effects, which
HEMICALS ARE USED to qualifies them as emerging organic
where they have been manufactured
improve our quality of contaminants (EOCs). EOCs are
or used. Smaller chain-length
life and keep us safe. defined as chemicals not commonly
PFAS compounds are more volatile
Unfortunately, some monitored but with the potential to
than eight carbon PFOS and PFOA
may pose unintended risk once they enter the environment and impact
and can be transported via the
are released into the environment. human and ecosystem health.
atmosphere to remote locations,
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances Humans can be exposed to PFAS
increasing global impacts.
(PFAS) are good examples of such chemicals through different routes
chemicals. Wide usage including through:
The production of PFAS PFAS are used in a range of • ingestion of PFAS-containing
has, until recent times, been products including non-stick food, either directly
dominated by two compounds, cookware (Teflon®), breathable contaminated (food grown on
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and all-weather clothing such as Gor- contaminated soils, fish caught
perfluorooctanesulphonic acid tex®, insecticides, stain-resistant from contaminated waters) or
(PFOS). The base chemical structure products, lubricants and firefighting indirectly (food contaminated
of these compounds consists of foams. PFOS was the key ingredient from PFAS-treated food paper
eight linear linked carbon atoms in Scotchgard, a fabric protector wrappings such as pizza boxes,
saturated with fluorine atoms. made by 3M, and numerous other sandwich wrappers, popcorn
They have characteristics (e.g., stain repellent products. PFOA bags, non-stick cookware)
electronegativity and small atomic and PFOS are key ingredients in • ingestion of PFAS in drinking
size of fluorine) that give them aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), a water
OCTOBER 2018 \ WASTEMINZ.ORG.NZ \ 21Main sources
The use of PFAS-containing
firefighting foam, various light
industries, the use and disposal of
• occupational exposure with elevated cholesterol, obesity, industrial and consumer articles, and
• direct contact through the use of immune suppression and endocrine the discharge of treated municipal
consumer products containing disruption. effluent are the predominant
PFAS These multiple modes of toxicity sources of PFAS. Research into the
lead to uncertainties and difficulties fate and effects of PFAS chemicals
• personal care products (e.g.,
in the selection and testing of is in its infancy. Except for industrial
dental floss, cosmetics)
the most sensitive toxicological manufacturing and the use of
• inhalation of ambient air and
endpoints. Therefore, PFAS have not firefighting foams, there is limited
dust
been fully captured or assessed by information on other sources.
• contact with PFAS- current regulatory processes. In New Zealand, the predominant
contaminated soils. There are no maximum source of PFAS is firefighting foam. It
There is limited knowledge about contaminant levels (MCLs; standards should be relatively straightforward
the impact PFAS chemicals pose to set by the US Environmental to determine whether aqueous
exposed wildlife, but it is expected Protection Agency for drinking firefighting foams containing PFAS
to be like what has been observed in water quality) for PFAS. The US-EPA have been used by the municipal and
humans. collected data for six PFAS that are airport firefighting services.
The high solubility and protein- suspected contaminants in drinking The other sources of PFAS are
binding characteristics of ionic water, but they have not yet derived poorly understood but include
PFAS compounds challenge standards. light industries such as textile and
the conventional models for Because of their risk and toxicity, leather, paper and plastic lamination
the bioaccumulation of organic PFOS and PFOA are listed on the and treatments, printing, metal
compounds. This is why PFAS POPs register (Annex B) of the etching and treatment, and personal
compounds were initially considered Stockholm Convention, subjecting care products. In response to this
to be relatively benign. restrictions on their manufacture knowledge gap, the Ministry for the
and use in signatory countries. More Environment is coordinating an all-
Effects on humans studies are required to evaluate the of-government PFAS programme
The properties of many PFAS feasibility and sensibility of grouping to better understand the sources of
means they do not preferentially subclasses of PFAS. PFAS in New Zealand.
accumulate in lipids as other Examples of recent regulatory Another source of PFAS is
persistent organic pollutants attempts at grouping PFAS via discharge of effluents from
(POPs) do, but instead they tend to chemicals according to toxicity wastewater treatment plants.
bind to proteins, particularly those include: Domestic wastewater captures
associated with vascular processes. • the Swedish Drinking Water PFAS compounds from the use of
Consequently, in humans, the Guideline based on the sum of 11 numerous domestic products that
highest concentrations of PFAS PFAS compounds, and can contain them including:
residues are in blood serum and
• the US EPA Drinking Water • stain/water repellents on
the liver, and to a lesser extent, the
Health Advisories for combined clothing, bedding materials,
kidneys and other organs.
PFOA/PFOS exposure. upholstered furniture, carpets
PFAS are biologically active
In New Zealand, the Ministry of and automobile interiors
molecules. They are linked to
Health accepted the proposed • cooking surfaces (PFOA) such as
cancer (the main mode of toxicity
health guidance values for drinking non-stick cookware and utensils
is hepatotoxicity or chemical
water from the heads of EPAs • toothpaste and dental floss,
damage to the liver). Increased
Australia (HEPA). shampoos, cosmetics (PFOA)
residual concentrations of PFAS in
humans have also been associated • polishes and waxes (PFOA)
22• paints, varnishes, sealants (PFOS, depends upon the physicochemical
PFOA) properties of the different classes of
• food containers and food contact PFAS chemicals and the efficacy of
papers (PFAS chemicals can be the treatment process.
present in some grease-proofing There is no data on the PFAS
paper coatings) chemicals and their concentrations
in the influent, treated effluent and
• textiles and leather (PFOS, PFOA)
biosolids in New Zealand. However,
• plumbing tape (PFOA)
overseas studies show that these
• cleaning products (PFOS, PFOA). can be a significant source of PFAS
Louis Tremblay is an ecotoxicologist with
into receiving environments. the Cawthron Institute and a Senior
PFAS in treatment Lecturer at the University of Auckland. His
processes Future focus research focuses on the characterisation of
the effects of anthropogenic stressors on
Current treatment technologies New Zealand regulatory bodies have receiving environments.
and processes do not degrade PFAS only recently become aware of and
chemicals. The PFAS concentrations recognised the potential impacts
may increase during treatment of PFAS chemicals. We have limited
as polymeric forms of PFAS information to fully assess the risk
compounds, e.g. Teflon® and of PFAS to human health, our tāonga
other components of non-stick species, and cultural values like
cooking surface treatments, are kaitiakitanga.
transformed. Research and regulatory Grant Northcott is an environmental
scientist who previously worked for a
PFAS chemicals are present in initiatives to better assess the risks
number of CRIs before starting his own
both the treated wastewater and PFAS pose in New Zealand have environmental research consultancy. His
begun. Watch this space! research focuses on the fate and impact of
biosolids. The distribution of PFAS
organic contaminants in the environment,
chemicals between the dissolved and in particular, emerging organic
(effluent) and solids phase (biosolids) contaminants.
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CIRCULAR
ECONOMY?
WE NEED A
STRATEGY
WasteMINZ’s CEO Paul Evans says a
strategy is needed to make sure we are
not just feeling good but doing good in a
planned and coordinated way.
I
N LATE AUGUST, WasteMINZ, of materials are maximised and thing better? Often what we
together with the Sustainable their use is optimised. At the end- think is a solution just keeps us
Business Network, delivered of-life, all materials are reutilised. busy. Minimising and recycling is
the first ever Circular Economy The event saw many of New optimising the current system.
Summit in Aotearoa. The event Zealand’s top business people Don’t make the wrong things
brought together world-leading exploring this approach. They were perfect, as they will only be
thinkers with Kiwi pioneers in the joined by researchers, consultants, perfectly wrong! There’s no point in
circular economy. The challenge government and local authority driving more slowly if you are still
now is to ensure this idea meets representatives. Having one of the driving in the wrong direction!”
its potential for creating radical key people in the early development
economic change. of these ideas in the room was a I love to disagree
privilege. It also turned out to be Rather unsurprisingly, I disagreed
There were times during the
something of a challenge. with Professor Braungart in a
Circular Economy Summit when
“It’s not about sustainability,” number of places. While I am
most of us felt like students
Michael began. “Sustainability is absolutely on board with the
presenting our homework to the
bloody boring! Do you want your premise that the cradle-to-cradle
professor. In this case, this was
relationship with your wife just to be concept of products that do no
Professor Dr Michael Braungart. He
‘sustainable?’” harm should be our aspiration,
is renowned as one of the leading
That was the unmistakable and that we need to change the
lights in the cradle-to-cradle
sound of a gauntlet being thrown by way we operate radically, what
movement of the 1990s.
an experienced warrior. I’d dispute is the assertion that
The global development of the
“To do the right thing,” was incrementalism and improving our
circular economy owes a great deal
the goal, he went on, “not, how current performance isn’t worth
to cradle-to-cradle design thinking.
can we simply make the current doing. I have this crazy belief that
In a circular economy, the life cycles
OCTOBER 2018 \ WASTEMINZ.ORG.NZ \ 25we should do better right now, while material specifications, product As an organisation, I think we
also working towards these massive performance standards and a should own that strategy. We should
systemic changes. compulsory evidence-based engage with all parts of the sector
recyclability labelling programme, and the public and set out a plan for
It’s complex to name but a few. New Zealand to live up to its ‘100%
What became very clear is that Pure’ brand.
this transition is going to be very We also need To quote Waste Management’s
complex. There is no single measure a strategy Tom Nickels, “we need to do good,
that will deliver the change that is There are many people operating not just feel good”. Right now,
needed. It will take a suite of well- in our sphere. Central government, without a strategy, many of the
designed initiatives that support local government, the community measures we put in place and the
each other to move us forward. sector, manufacturers and brand actions we take are making us feel
Some of these actions need to owners, retailers and, of course, good, but I don’t think they’re really
happen now; others will take longer waste and recycling companies. doing the sort of good we aspire to.
to put in place. Each of these has a role to play. Let’s do more good.
I’d suggest our Rebooting But who does what? When should
Recycling discussion document they do it? What comes first? Who
from earlier this year (bit.ly/ should pay? All of these are valid
RebootRecycling) is a good questions that we need to answer in
place to start when considering a logical and evidence-based way.
the measures that must be To do this effectively, to cut
implemented and the levers down on duplication and to get the
that need to be pulled. I think outcomes we seek, this needs to be
we need to look at the waste done in a planned and coordinated
levy, regional infrastructure way. We need a strategy that signals
planning, our investment strategy, where we are going and what needs Paul Evans is the CEO of WasteMINZ
mandatory product stewardship, to happen for us to get there.
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28
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MAY 2018 \ WASTEMINZ.ORG.NZ \LET'S
GET THE
FACTS
STRAIGHT
ABOUT
WASTE
W
Local Government ASTE AND recycling
has been a hot topic
NZ President Dave over the past month,
Cull clarifies LGNZ’s and rightly so.
position on the With the amount of rubbish going
Local Government to landfill increasing, stockpiles
of plastic and tyres growing and
Waste Manifesto contamination of kerbside recycling
and says that continuing, it’s no surprise.
although there Unfortunately, however, some
recent reports following the
are good local release of policy remit decisions
government from the Local Government
waste initiatives, New Zealand (LGNZ) annual
the manifesto’s general meeting in July became
hijacked by misinformation and
collective approach scaremongering, with headlines
is needed. stating “costs could quadruple” and
the assertion that local government
is seeking to raise the waste levy
from $10 to $140 both misleading.
A modern waste
strategy
Much of the discussion has
centred on the WasteMINZ TAO
Forum’s Local Government Waste
Management Manifesto, which LGNZ
passed a remit to support.
OCTOBER 2018 \ WASTEMINZ.ORG.NZ \ 29You can also read
