DECOMMISSIONING AND PRE-DISPOSAL WASTE HANDLING NEEDS - A FRENCH PERSPECTIVE Clément BOCQUIER - SNETP
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DECOMMISSIONING AND PRE- DISPOSAL WASTE HANDLING NEEDS A FRENCH PERSPECTIVE Clément BOCQUIER 4th February 2021 This document is EDF’s property. External diffusion of that file or contained data is stricly forbidden.
SUMMARY 1. DP2D 2. DECOMMISSIONING 3. FOCUS – GRAPHITE REACTOR DISMANTLING 4. DEM PLUS® 5. NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. WASTE MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS 7. ICEDA 8. TECHNOCENTER 9. CENTRALISED FUEL STORAGE POOL Decommissioning and pre-disposal waste handling needs | 02/2021 | 2
DP2D DP2D = EDF’s Business unit in charge of Decommissioning Projects and Waste Management Services Objectives : Successfully achieve the decommissioning of shut-down nuclear reactors (9 NPPs - in progress ; 2 NPPs - under preparation) Prepare the future dismantling of EDF’s operating nuclear fleet (56 operating NNPs) Develop efficient industrial solutions for managing all types of waste Promote EDF’s know-how in decommissioning and waste management internationally Approximetly 1150 people dedicated to DP2D’s missions with 600 of which are working for different EDF subsidiaries : Cyclife France, Cyclife UK and Cyclife Sweden Waste Management / Treatment Cyclife Engineering Studies and Project Management for PWR and FNR decommissioning and Waste Management Facilities Cyclife Digital Solutions Decommissioning scenarii preparation thanks to numeric simulation Graphitech Technology development for graphite reactor dismantling Decommissioning and pre-disposal waste handling needs | 02/2021 | 3
DECOMMISSIONING 4 different technologies to decommission 3 Pressurised Water Reactors – PWR (1 under – 2 in preparation) Chooz A – 5 years in advance on forecasts Demonstrate that EDF is able to decommission a PWR in 15 years 6 Natural Uranium Graphite Gas reactors 1st of a kind in the world – one of the most complicated technology to dismantle 10 to 30 times the volume of waste generated by PWR’s decommissionning Risk mitigation thanks to the Industrial demonstrator Decommissioning should be realised in 25 years 1 Fast Neutron Reactor – FNR World’s biggest reactor 1st industrialist to dismantle that technology Japanese operator requires EDF’s experience for Monju decommissioning 15 years to decommission (now that sodium was retrieved and eliminated) 1 Heavy Water Reactor – HWR Technology difficult to decommission: very compact, no REX, no pool to perform cutting of the vessel under water… Administrative complexities lead to serious delays 15 to 20 years (after the decree obtaining) will be necessary to finish the decommissioning | 5
FOCUS – GRAPHITE REACTOR DISMANTLING NUGG decommissioning = technical issues due to conception and very limited experience on graphite reactor decommissionning (2 small reactors in the UK and US) Cutting pre-stressed concrete (up to 9 m thickness) Cutting metallic components (up to 20 cm thickness) Graphite dust management Deployment of remote handling tools on large dimension (up to 30 m) DP2D’ solution : Creation of Graphitech subsidiary, Building of an industrial demonstrator and lauching of a collaborative project Inno4graph Graphitech (subsidiary created in 2019 by EDF and VEOLIA) is in charge of technology developments and engineering studies preparing graphite-reactor decommissioning Inno4graph = a collaborative project funded by European Commission (3 M€), supported by SNETP and Nuclear Valley, gathering 13 partners Inno4graph’s technical objectives : Develop a multi-criteria grid to chose between dismantling scenarios Develop and test digital and physical tools and models to characterise graphite properties and forecast its behavior during decommissioning Develop and test tools for extraction of graphite bricks Develop a set of tools to evaluate, optimise and qualify operational dismantling tools and final scenario Generate new 3D models to evaluate different dismantling scenarios (costs and safety) | 6
FOCUS – GRAPHITE REACTOR DISMANTLING Industrial demonstrator (provisional commissioning: 2022) – facility enabling risk mitigation with objectives to : Increase safety – by securing decommissioning planning thanks to optimised scenario Ensure radioprotection and security of workers (thanks to formation) Reduce waste volumes Control costs by testing tools (notably those developped by Graphitech) at full scale Facilitate collaboration between stakeholders | 7
DEM PLUS® DEMplus® for nuclear is a decision-making and operation-simulating tool developped by Cyclife Digital Solution Perfect tool for DP2D’s needs to analyse decommissioning scenarii The software enables to: Enhance intervetion safety Realise ALARA studies Optimise waste management Reduce costs and delays Gains for decommissioning projects can be up to : -30% on study costs -20% on intervention costs -30% on risk provisions -30% on waste mangement expenses Decommissioning and pre-disposal waste handling needs | 02/2021 | 8
NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPERATING DECOMMISSIONING NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WASTE Rubble, scrap metal, Operating, maintenance and Technological and Graphite from 1st Metallic parts and Metallic structures Fission products pipes decommissioning waste filtration waste generation of Uranium components from the from spent fuel from spent fuel Graphite Gas Reactor reactor TREATMENT MELTING INCINERATION COMPACTION VITRIFICATION REPOSITORY CONDITIONNING Metallic drums, big bags Concrete containers, Metallic/plastic drums, Concrete boxes Concrete containers Steel containers Steel containers or boxes ingots injectable boxes, concrete containers Surface disposal Surface disposal Below ground disposal Temporary Storage Geological disposal for VLLW for LILW-SL for LLW-LL for ILW-LL for ILW-LL and HLW CIRES (ANDRA) CSA (ANDRA) (Project studied by ANDRA) ICEDA (EDF) (Project studied by ANDRA) Decommissioning and pre-disposal waste handling needs | 02/2021 | 10
WASTE MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS Available solutions from Cyclife’s platform: CENTRALISED SOLUTIONS MOBILE SOLUTIONS UNITED-KINGDOM | Workington site SWEDEN | Nyköping site > MERCURE: IER stabilisation > Volume reduction and blasting: 3 000 t/year > Melting: 5 000 t/year > Consultancy and services for decommissioning > Incineration: 500 t/year > Pyrolysis: 50 t/year > Large-component cutting workshop: 2 000 t/year > Decontamination and component segmentation up to 400 t > Decontamination for free-release: 2 500 t/year Recycling operation on MRF site > UMC: Borated concentrate grouting Melting operation on swedish site Our site Our experiences > UMIS: Outside process to invetory and prepare for transport waste container FRANCE | CENTRACO site On site : Mobile Processes > UM2B: Sludge grouting (to be commission) > Melting: 3 500 t/year > Incineration: 6 000 t/year > Large-component cutting workshop: decontamination and component segmentation Melting operation on CENTRACO site up to 200 t | 11
ICEDA ICEDA = facility for conditioning and storing activated IL- LL waste ICEDA is in operation since September 2020 Nearly 2000 t of activated waste processed coming from first generation NPP decommissioning and currently operating reactors Waste conditioning process Remotely handled from transport container (R73 TM or TN TM) Cut into smaller pieces if necessary Grouted inside concrete containers C1PG SP (manufactured by a Cyclife’s subsidiary) Radiologically characterised Waste storing : 3000 m2 available to store about 2000 concrete packages C1PG SP in 2 halls waiting until the geological disposal (CIGEO) availability Decommissioning and pre-disposal waste handling needs | 02/2021 | 12
TECHNOCENTER Very low level (VLL) metallic materials Already part of regular waste streams generated by operation of NPPs and nuclear facilities Currently, French reglementation does not authorize free-release to recycle (unlike European reglementation authorizes it) Management = Melting + Surface disposal for VLLW A change in the regulations, making possible recycling of very low level metallic waste, is currently open for public consultation Acceleration of nuclear facilities decommissioning = Large amounts of metallic materials and large metallic components (steam generators from NPPs and gas diffusers from GB1 - U enrichment facility) ≈ 600 000 t Direct disposal hundreds of thousands of tons of metallic materials and components = Not compliant with minimisation of environmental impact and preservation of disposals Special effort has to be made from both regulatory and industrial point of view to manage this stream DP2D’s decision: Project for an industrial facility dedicated to melting and recycling of VLL metallic materials = Technocenter (provisional commissioning 2030) | 13
CENTRALISED FUEL STORAGE POOL Nearly 1200 t of fuel are unloaded each year in average : 1100 t of spent fuel is treated (96% recycled ; 4% vitrified) 100 t of spent MOX (unloaded from 900 MW reactor) Material that cannot be used into current EDF’s reactors but into future reactor technology EDF needs to increase its storage capacity for spent fuel by 2030 because : NPPs’pools will not be sufficient in the medium term Long term storage (> 100 years) of spent-fuel assemblies that are not reprocessed currently (MOX, URT and FNR fuel) but that will be in the future DP2D’s Project: Centralised Fuel Storage Pool Underwater storage is chosen in order to: Manage thermal power Ensure good state of assemblies Facilitate access The facility (provisional commissioning: 2034) will be composed of: Transport terminal Buildings for the management of transport packages Two buildings for under-water storage of spent fuel - constructed in two steps ; total capacity = 21000 assemblies 2034 : Provisional commissioning of the first storage (13000 assemblies / 6500 t) Ancillary buildings | 14
CONCLUSION EDF is going to decommission a huge number of reactors in a short and middle-term point of view EDF has to dismantle different reactor technologies - Among them, UNGG and HWR which are difficult to decommission EDF innovates in order to be as most efficient as possible for EDF’s or clients decommissioning: Graphitech, the industrial demonstrator and Inno4graph To tackle difficulties of NUGG decommissioning DEMplus® To be efficient with specific and reproducible operations To manage nuclear waste EDF and its clients lean on Cyclife’ solutions: centralised and mobile When a solution is not directly available, EDF is also able to carry out new-facility projects in order to deal with fuel and waste management problematics: ICEDA (commission in 2020): Conditionning and storing of activated waste (ILW-ll) Technocenter (provisional commissioning in 2030): Melting and recyling of a large quantity of VLLW – metallic materials and large components Centralised fuel storage pool (provisional commissioning in 2034): Storing of 21000 spent-fuel assemblies waiting for a reactor new technology (enabling the use of materials) | 15
CONCLUSION In order to prepare the future, EDF also participates and/or helped the inception of European R&D Projects regarding decommissioning and waste management Among them: Inno4graph, SHARE, THERAMIN, PREDIS, INSIDER, CHANCE… Regarding EDF’s point of view, new topics could be subject to work at an European level in order to coordinate efforts : For graphite reactors decommissioning: Specificities of the technology other than graphite (already dealt with Inno4graph) E.g.: Cutting of very thick and pre-stressed concrete, means of investigation for inaccessible areas,… For the decommissioning of other reactor technologies: To enhance the efficiency of complex remote operations Decommissioning and pre-disposal waste handling needs | 02/2021 | 16
THANK YOU
APPENDIX – DECOMMISSIONING MAP NPP – Decommissioning in progress Other facilies – Decommissioning NPP – Decommissioning preparation Storage and Waste treatment facility BCOT : Maintenance base AMI : Laboratory for Irradiated Materials DP2D’s Headquarters DP2D’s Offices Decommissioning and pre-disposal waste handling needs | 02/2021 | 18
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