Citrus breeding and cultivar development at CREA, Italy - Marco Caruso - IVIA
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CREA- Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura ed Agrumicoltura, Acireale, Italy
Marco Caruso
Citrus breeding
and cultivar
development at
CREA, Italy
IVIA, march 2, 2018
marco.caruso@crea.gov.it
Citrus in Italy
HECTARES IN
SPECIES HECTARES IN SICILY
ITALY
ORANGE 72.598 44.751 62%
CLEMENTINE +
20.883 2.690 13%
HYBRIDS
LEMON 20.470 18.844 92%
MANDARIN 6.437 4.323 67%
OTHER SPECIES 1.334 226 20%
Source:ISMEA 2013
TOTAL 121.721 70.835 60%
Citrus breeding at CREA: cultivar release Started in the 1940’s. At least three generations of breeders involved. Many varieties released to the growers ü Pigmented oranges ü Mandarins (clementine selections, diploid and triploid hybrids) ü Lemons ü Rootstocks ü Sanitation and evaluation of local and foreign selections
Citrus breeding at CREA: current activities ü Germplasm management and conservation (over 700 genotypes) ü Generation and evaluation of diploids and triploids ü Evaluation of nucellar and clonal selections ü Mutation breeding ü Shoot tip grafting for sanitation ü Rootstock breeding and evaluation ü Cooperation with other research institutions abroad (germplasm exchange, evaluation of promising rootstock and scion selection in different areas)
In progress: scion breeding ü 2015-2017: ~2000 diploid and triploid hybrids generated ü Around 500 triploids under evaluation ü Most of the scion breeding program is now financed with private funds ü Since 2014: Agreement with Oranfrizer, OP Rosaria, OP Esperidio (progenies, mutation breeding, roostock trials, sanitation) ü Since 2017: Agreement with OP Armonia (progenies, mutation breeding, sanitation)
Tarocco orange clonal selections
TDV
ü The selections isolated during the last
four decades show differences related
to the ripening time, anthocyanin
content in pulp and peel, fruit shape
and size, and fruit firmness.
ü Now growers can harvest tarocco
from december until may
Sciara C1882
Rosso VCR
Tarocco clonal selections
HALF DECEMBER 2013
Meli C8158 Sciara C1882
Gallo
C898
Tapi
57-1E-1
Scirè D 2062
TDV
Tarocco TDV
Tarocco Scirè nuc. D 2062
Tarocco Rosso VCR
Tarocco Sciara nuc. C 1882
Tarocco Lempso nuc. C 5787 Jan 2018
Tarocco Meli nuc. C 8158
Fruit exposition at CREA-OFA
Tarocco clones: calendar of maturation
November December January February March April May
Tapi Nuc.
Nuc. 57-1E-1
TDV Nuc.
Gallo Nuc. C898 and VCR
Dal Muso M403
Ippolito M2016 and Rosso VCR
Scirè D2062 and VCR
Lempso C5787 and VCR
Sciara Nuc. C1882
Meli Nuc. 8158
S. Alfio and MessinaNew promising early selections
Liscio Piatto
18-12-2015 18-12-2015
9-03-2016 09-03-2016
Sampling date: 18-12- 2015
Selection TSS acidity % TSS/acidity Anthocyanin
Tarocco TDV 10.47 1.42 7,37 10.5
Tarocco Piatto 10.45 1.18 8.85 4.67
Tarocco Liscio 10.12 1.25 8.01 4.51Citrus triploids at CREA ü Triploid breeding program started in 1978 ü obtained by 2x × 4x cross, recently also by 2x × 2x ü We mostly focused our strategy on the production of pigmented mandarins. ü The aim was to produce fruits with an adequate size, easy-peeling, seedless and pigmented in the rind and in the flesh. Anthocyanins make fruit more attractive and increase the consumer interest, because of their health promoting properties. ü Usually triploids have been evaluated in at least two different environmental conditions (Sicily and Calabria) before their release.
CREA triploids (already released)
Mandared
Tacle
Mandalate
LemoxTACLE Monreal clementine 2x × Tarocco orange 4x ü Tacle is a triploid released in the early 2000’s which reached a significant production in Sicily (>400 ha). ü Fruit drop must be controlled ü Thorns and post harvest decay are major problems
Mandared Nules clementine 2x × Tarocco orange 4x ü The most pigmented within the triploid blood mandarins ü Patented in 2004 ü Estimated hectares in sicily : 150 ü Fruit drop needs to be controlled. ü Thorns may cause fruit drop and create problems in post-harvest
Mandared rootstock trial
Strong influence of the rootstock on productivity and pigmentation
C54
C57
Swingle
C22
F6P12Influence of rootstocks on fruit quality
The use of C.
macrophylla decreases
fruit quality and
pigmentation
C22
C. macrophyllaMandared Jan 2017
MANDALATE
(FORTUNE MAND. 2x X AVANA MAND. 4x)
ü Highly productive (around 80-100 kgs / adult plant)
ü Aroma similar to willowleaf mandarin
HARVESTING TIME: February to ü Drawbacks: acidity does not decrease in some
March environments, peel viability has to be controlled
FRUIT WEIGH : 100 g
JUICE YIELD : 50 % ü Experience in the field (over 10 years): VERY
TOTAL SOLUBLE SOLID : 13,9 % CONTRASTING OPINIONS, suitable for specific
ACIDITY : 1,67 % environments (Calabria and Basilicata especially), still
MATURITY RATIO : 8.32 requested by some growers for new plantings.SIRACUSANO 2Kr LEMOX (C 3869 )
FEMMINELLO LEMON
(1952-36B-69 2x X LEMON 4x)
ü Pros: seddlessness
earliness, beautiful fruit
shape
ü Cons: thorniness,
sensitivity to malsecco
(Plenodomus
tracheiphilus)
LEMOX
SAMPLING DATE 19-10-2000
LEMOX; FRUIT WEIGHT: 168 g
SIRACUSANO 2Kr; FRUIT
WEIGHT : 118 gNew triploids patented in 2012 Sweet Sicily Comune clementine 2x × Tarocco orange 4x Early Sicily Oroval clementine 2x × Tarocco orange 4x
November 20th
Sweet Sicily
ü Trees are very productive, thorns are
small or lacking. Fruits are mainly
distributed in the inner part of the
canopy, and they have a strong
attachment to the peduncle.
ü Fruits are juicy (49%), seedless,
easy-peeling, round or slightly
oblate, and the texture is smooth.
The weight varies with load between
180-210 g.
ü The teguments of the septa, unlike
the other triploids, are particularly
thin.
January 20thSweet Sicily (Coded E 522)
Evolution in quality parameters
PALAZZELLI (SR) MIRTO CROSIA (CS)
14 20 14 20
17,9 18 17,5 18
12 12
16 16
14,7
TSS and acidity (%)
10
TSS and acidity (%)
14,3 14 10 14
12 12,6 12
8 8 11,7
TSS/A
10,6
TSS/A
10 10
6 8 6 8,8
8
4 6 4 6
4 TSS 4 TSS
2 1,04 2 1,28 0,99 0,94
0,84 0,81 0,67 2 0,71 2
Acidity Acidity
0 0 0 0
TSS/A TSS/A
11/13/2011 12/02/2011 12/16/2011 01/18/2012 10/07/2009 11/19/2009 12/05/2009 01/14/2010
Chemical parameters, in progressive stages of maturation, showed that Sweet
Sicily achieves maturity by mid November, maintaining an acceptable quality until
mid December. In this range the maturity ratio increases in Palazzelli (Sicily) from
10.6 to 14.7, in Mirto Crosia (Calabria) from 11.7 to 12.6. In the sampling of
January, when Sweet Sicily fruit tends to be over-mature (TSS/TA > 17), a
moderate anthocyanin pigmentation, due to cool exposures, can be evident in the
flesh.November 15th
Early Sicily
ü The plant is vigorous
ü Bearing branches tend to become
nearly thornless.
ü Fruits, distributed mainly in the
inner part of the canopy, have
strong attachment to the stalk,
weight of fruit varies with load
between 150-180 g, oblate shape
or slightly rounded and are easy-
peeling.
ü The flesh has intermediate
characteristics between
clementines and Tarocco orange.
Juice is 50 %.Early Sicily (Coded C 1867)
Evolution in quality parameters
MIRTO CROSIA (CS)
Palazzelli (SR)
14 20 16 25
18,31
18 21,6
12
14
16 20
14,88 14,94 12
TSS and Acidity(%)
10
TSS and Acidity
14
12,42 10 15,2 15
12
TSS/A
8
TSS/A
10 8
6 8 10,2 10
6
4 6 7,5
4
4 TSS 5 TSS
2 2 1,41 1,07
0,86 0,76 0,78 0,64 2 0,81 0,62
AciditY Acidity
0 0 TSS/A 0 0
11/13/2011 12/02/2011 12/16/2011 01/18/2012 TSS/A
10/07/2009 11/04/2009 12/05/2009 01/14/2010
Early Sicily matures by mid-November, maintaining an
acceptable quality until mid-December. In this range the
maturity ratio increases in Palazzelli (Sicily) from 12.4 to
14.9, in Mirto Crosia (Calabria) from 10.2 to 15.2Steps of the breeding program at CREA
Traditional approach
ü Crosses and generation of hundreds of hybrids
ü Selection and first evaluation of promising hybrids
ü Second evaluation in differeant areas (tipically Sicily, sometimes Calabria and
Sardinia)
ü Cultural practices to improve performance (roostocks, growth regulators, etc.),
rarely performed
ü Estimation of the potential value of the new variety
ü Application for Plant breeders’ rights (CPVO – Community Plant Variety Office)
ü Release to nurserymen
ü Commercial plantingsLimitations of the traditional approach ü No less than 15-20 years from pollinations to cultivar release ü Varieties are usually tested in one or very few environments before their release ü Public institutions are usually slower than privates in the proper evaluation of new varieties (from field management to shelf life) ü Without the involvement of private companies it’s not easy to estimate the potential value of new varieties
A new opportunity: the fast track release ü Already performed in other countries, different rules but similar attitude ü The system encourages the involvement of the private companies in the evaluation of new varieties ü It has obligations (confidentiality, fees, proper management, annual reports, researchers can control experimental fields, growers should check production for three years) but at the same time growers will have benefits in case of commercial exploitation (priority, lower royalty fees)
Some rules for the fast track system at CREA ü Growers organizations (GO) have to demostrate their experience in citrus cultivation ü Have to pay a fee of 2000€ (una tantum), mostly needed for travel costs of the CREA researchers during the evaluation. ü GO can evaluate 30 to 200 plants for each new selection. ü CREA gives plant material directly to GOs, that will choose a nursery for propagation. ü In case of commercial exploitations, GOs will have a 5- years priority and discounts on royalties ü Non-exclusive license
The CREA fast track program: 1st experiment ü Public call for expressions of interest: first in May 2017; second in October, expiration at the end of December 2017 ü 8 selections and hybrids at different evaluation stage released ü 8 Growers Organizations agreed to test CREA varieties in different environments (13 farms) of Southern Italy, first plantings from summer 2018 ü A great opportunity to test the varieties in different environments and provide reliable data on their behaviour before possible commercial exploitation
The CREA fast track program
New approach
üGeneration of hundreds of hybrids
üSelection and first evaluation of
CREA promising ones
üApplication to CPVO (Community Plant
Variety Office)
üSecond evaluation in different areas
Producers üManagement optimization
üEstimation of commercial value
üCommercial plantingsThe new CREA varieties
- Sun red
- A145 (Galatea)
- D2238 (Bellini)
- C6925
- H4991
- 3 Moro nucellar selections (Amoa 2, Amoa 4, Amosi 11)
- Early Sicily*
- Sweet Sicily*
*Early sicily e Sweet sicily were released to nurserimen in 2013; growers have to include those
varieties in the experimental plotsSun Red
ü Diploid hybrid between clementine and Moro orange, produces a deep
pigmentation (anthocyanins are 3-4 times more than Moro), interesting
for its health value.
ü Many seeds, small fruit size (~ 50 g), not an easy peeling mandarin
ü Suitable for fresh juice production (no Moro off-flavours) and
nutraceutical purposes (high antioxidant content)
Moro
Sun Red
Tarocco 57-1E-1 FebbraioGalatea (A 145)
ü Triploid. Fruit size: 125-150 g; Brix: 11 to 14; acidity: 0.9 to 1.2 in
december
ü Harvest: from mid november until mid december.
ü Promising for the very attractive fruit colour, fruit shape and fruit firmness
ü No thorns
ü Slightly pigmented at maturity (mid december)
ü Sensitivity to med fly
ü Should be tested with roostocks promoting anthocyanin accumulation
Early january
Early decemberBellini (D2238), a new grapefruit hybrid
ü Hybrid between ‘Monreal’ clementine
and grapefruit
ü Grapefruit –like aroma, lower acidity
ü Very productive
ü Ripens in January, no fruit drop until
May
ü Scarcely thorny
ü Low content of naringin, high juice
content (> 50%)
ü Furanocoumarin content is 10 times
lower than Marsh seedlessC 6925
Clementine x
tetraploid willowleaf
mandarin
December 1 2010
ü Fruit weight: 90-100g
ü Harvesting date: end of october-november in early areas
ü Brix: 11.9
ü Acidity: 1.45%
ü Thorny, but less in terminal branches
ü Aroma similar to willowleaf (‘Avana’) mandarin, earlier and
seedlessH4991 (Fortune x Tarocco 4x)
March 16 2017
ü Susceptible to Alternaria (molecular
markers)
ü Harvesting date: march (Palazzelli)
ü Size:160-180g
ü Brix: 13.9
ü Acidity: 1.51
ü Pigmented
ü Firm fruit, slightly rough rind texture
ü Thorniness
ü Productivity??
So far a single plant was evaluated!!
We suggest to test no more than 30
treesNew Moro nucellar selections Among 28 Moro nucellar selections we identified three (Amoa 2, Amoa 4, Amosi 11) with a high anthocyanin pigmentation. We suggest to test those selections in comparison with the standard clones
The citrus breeders at CREA
Giuseppe Russo Giuseppe Reforgiato
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