Against the Bodies: Notes on Isolation and State Repression in Greece

03 2021

Against the Bodies: Notes on Isolation and State Repression
in Greece

Sofia Bempeza, Diana Manesi

In the afternoons she* takes notes on the social, affective and political impact of the pandemic in Greece,
while her* body, her* friends, her* lovers and fellow accomplices are affected in many ways. As the lockdown
months go by she* feels an urgency to tackle the challenges of the recent political and social order directed
against the bodies. At the moment greek society experiences not only a deep social division due to the
perennial austerity but also a “new” political order coming forth through the impacts of the pandemic.

To put it briefly, the right-wing government of Nea Dimokratia exercises authoritarianism in the management
of the state while pushing a strong neoliberal agenda sustained by clientelistic politics. On the one hand, the
government fails to cope with the effects of the pandemic (such as massive lack of health system resources,
harsher economic meltdown, marginal state support and organisational inefficiency) while at the same time it
makes space for an alarmingly obscure authoritarianism. On the other hand, the state management of the
social and health crisis proves to be a terrain for right-wing symbolic politics, constructed by a perpetual and
biased media narrative, which reads as we-are-doing-our-best performance. Yet the king is totally naked. The
health system is exhausted – since the beginning of the pandemic public hospitals and care workers are left
with minimum resources. People with low income and/or without home-office-jobs are forced to travel in
loaded public transportation whereas being dictated, or even blamed by the state authorities, for not keeping
social distance. And also public education malfunctions has become the new normality, as pupils and educators
struggle to “stay online” on the insufficient web-teaching-platform provided by the Greek Ministry of
Education and Religious Affairs. Above all, in the midst of the pandemic, and it’s social and economic
impacts, the right-wing government puts in risk the human condition of major parts of society, and invests in
the demolition of civil rights and democracy.

Scene 1: Soft Citizen and State Repression

It seems that there is only one behavioural recipe promoted by the state rule in the COVID pandemic, namely
that of the “normal” (middle-class) individuum. An affirmative individuum to the authorities’ policies, in
other words, an individuum translating into three accomplishments: advanced internet user, purposed
(on-line) consumer, and soft citizen. In the first case, it is expected to have at one’s disposal all necessary
technology and the know-how for accessing different on-line commercial and public platforms for managing
the individual self. Since work, communication, education, child care and the care of vulnerable persons are
parts of the so-called ”home-office” everyday routine, advanced internet users are key for many kinds of
societal and economic activities. In the second case, the figure of the (on-line) consumer becomes
predominant within a narrative that implies both the boosting of the economy and the pleasure of consuming,
since other social activities are prevented. Web users, white collar workers and consumers that have access to
commodities and services, this is what sets the standards of a good life within the pandemic in Greece and
elsewhere. As for the third case, the figure of the soft citizen within the public sphere, we can observe a
political transition progressively taking place: people are expected to have no other political agency within
lockdown restrictions except for following the governmental measures no matter what. All differing attitudes
to this morose model of the “normal” and responsible individual are to be contempt as non-conform,
troublesome or wayward. In that sense, political interventions are considered a threat to the current
governmental state of order. Students’ protests, political movements, self-organised spaces and grassroots

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gatherings are restricted but still active in different ways, whilst the institutional violation of democratic rights
during the pandemic is in progress.

She* thinks where to start. The numerous incidents of state repression and police violence pop up regularly. A
peaceful protest by women activists ended through police intervention: eleven feminists have been arrested on
Syntagma square for holding banners on November 25th, the International Day for the Elimination of Violence
against Women, beyond any violation of health protocols. On November 17th – the commemoration day of
the Polytechnic uprising against the greek military Junta – leftist people, unionists and politicians were fined
and arrested for approaching the Polytechnic School Memorial with flowers. Extensive police patrolling and
prohibition of gatherings took place also on December 6th, where leftists and autonomous groups/individuals
gathered at (or passed by) the spot of Alexis Grigoropoulos murder by police officers in Exarchia[1]. In other
words, since the start of the pandemic political gatherings in public spaces are prohibited or banned through
anti-constitutional endeavours. For example, the leader of ELAS (greek police), in consultation with the
Minister of Citizens' Protection, decided to forbid demonstrations on the days of the anniversary of the
Polytechnic, although the "Committee for the Protection of Public Health'' in its meeting of 4/11/2020 did
not propose any ban or prohibition of outdoor gatherings.

        Police harassment snapshot ----- She* decides to partake in the 17th November demo. It was the
        announcement of the Head of police who banned all gatherings for the next three days that urged her to brace
        herself and leave the house. She* is afraid she* will be arrested or even worse beaten. She* cannot reach the
        demo, every corner is patrolled, she* turns right, left, she*’s pretending she* is an “innocent girl.” She* hears a
        police officer cat-calling her, she* ignores him, he shouts “hey, doll! hey doll! hey doll! where are you going
        doll!”. She* keeps walking until his voice stops. It only took 15 minutes for the police water cannons to come
        out and dissolve the crowd. She* went home, safe and sound, glad that she* ignored the policeman’s
         interpellation.
Another crucial example is the case of prisoner Dimitris Koufontinas, convicted in the case of the organisation
November 17th, who has been on hunger strike since January 8th 2021 in protest against his treatment in
prison, as ordered by the Nea Dimokratia government. The government’s actions constitute a breach of the
law and a disregard for the Greek Ombudsman.[2] Koufontinas democratic demands, as provided by law, are
neglected, while the extended solidarity to his cause by anarchist, autonomous and leftist movements, lawyers,
artists and many others is faced with police repression. Apart from Koufontinas case, one can notice the
authoritarian shift since the new education law passed in February 2021 by the ruling right-wing party Nea
Demokatia and its right wing alliance ‘Greek Solution’ party. This education law installs a special police unit in
the universities, restricts the number of students accessing higher public education (no tuition fees) and
reduces the average time of studying.[3] This change in the education system faced strong objections by the
Greek University Rectors Council and the Hellenic Federation of University Teachers’ Associations and gained
international attention and support while the students' movement counts massive demonstrations across
Greece.[4] Overall, the greek right-wing government scores major violations of democratic standards proving
an authoritarian state of rule, similar to countries like Turkey, Serbia and Belarus, according to the Pandemic
Backsliding Database.[5]

Scene 2: Movements and Solidarity Structures

A few months before the outbreak of the COVID pandemic, in August 2019, the right-wing government
carried out a series of massive raids targeting immigrants, anarchists and autonomous spaces; it revoked the
autonomy (Asylo) previously granted to universities[6] and introduced a wide range of repressive measures.
Various squats and social centers that hosted solidarity structures for immigrants and refugees offering medical
care, food, clothing, greek lessons etc. were evicted and sealed with bricks (i.e. Koukaki Squat Community,

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Rosa Nera, the refugee squat of Spirou Trikoupi and the neighbouring Transito squat, Dervenion 56,
Themistokleous refugee squat). These were spaces where many autonomous, anarchist and anti-authoritarian
groups found shelter to organize their struggles and hold events that had anti-fascist, (queer-)feminist, and
ecological content. In September 2019 the government issued a 15-day ultimatum to the squatters’ who were
occupying buildings in the greek territory to evacuate the premises: “Those who have illegally occupied buildings,
public or private, are called upon to evacuate them. If asylum seekers or third-country nationals are housed there, they
should be informed that they will be transferred to the mainland’s residence structures…” declared the Minister of
Citizen Protection.

The aforementioned targeting of squats and social spaces went hand in hand with the gentrification of the city
centre through the massive selling of empty spaces and neighbourhood blocks to foreign investors followed by
the acquisition of “golden visas”[7], the uncontrollable Airbnb market and the unprecedented increase of rents
in the city centre (e.g. Exarchia, Kypseli). A recent gentrification example (Alexandri: 2018,[8] was the “big
walk of Athens”, a so-called “pilot” project, launched in May 2020 by the city’s mayor, with the aim to
“cleanse” and “beautify” the city. The project received a tremendous amount of 2 million euros, only to be
dismantled three months later, whilst hospitals remain under-staffed, lacking equipment and financial
support.

        Gentrification snapshot ----- She* is searching for a flat in the midst of the pandemic. She* meets a broker at
        Exarchia. He starts bragging about the “quality” of his office which collaborates with other brokers in London,
        Paris and Dubai. She* nodes mechanically and tries to ignore him. She*is afraid he will make a racist
        comment. She* sees it coming. He does: “...the landlady is UK- based and I think all these people that buy old
        apartments, renovate them and rent them out make our neighbourhood better. Here, you don’t have
        immigrants (“xenous”) living all together in a flat … now they go in other central neighbourhoods.”
What needs to be noted, is that the political climate before the pandemic was already torpedoed. Policemen
raided coffee shops in Exarchia, beat, arrested and tortured citizens in an unforeseen exercise of state control
and police brutality. In one of these raids, a policeman while beating and arresting a male citizen shouted “In
Exarchia there is junta, we are in control here!”[9] Above all, there was a widespread feeling amongst leftists and
anti-authoritarians that policemen have the green light to act as they want with no governmental control or
accountability: they arbitrarily slur, grab, beat and arrest people (migrants/refugees, anti-authoritarians) found
loitering in the city centre. More specifically, migrants and refugees with no ID cards face the danger of being
arrested given the intense police patrolling and ID controls. Greek authorities have been pushing an
anti-immigration agenda that fits neatly with a years-long european effort to deter, deny, and disregard asylum
seekers and refugees. Tens of thousands of refugees and migrants remained on the islands in August 2020,
when a second wave of COVID hit Greece. COVID-19 reached the RIC on the island of Chios first and Moria
RIC in Lesvos soon after. Authorities responded by intensifying camp lockdowns, creating fear and confusion.
In Lesvos, protests ensued and massive fires broke out, burning Moria to the ground on September 9, 2020.
In March 2021, the two unaccompanied adolescent boys who were arrested were found guilty for “arson with
risk to human life” and sentenced to 5 years imprisonment. Their conviction is another outrageous example of
how people on the move are criminalised while European actors are cleansed from the ethical and political
responsibilities for the existence of such a camp like Moria and the current Kara Tepe.[10]

All of the above build the political climate within which grassroots networks find themselves in the break of
the coronavirus crisis. During the on-going lockdowns (March 2020 till present) scattered, yet important,
grassroots initiatives were set up with the aim to offer help and support to queer, women* and precarious
individuals, indigenous and migrant, who face financial difficulties, health problems and/or lack of access to
resources. To mention just a few: queers against the pandemic, Εmantes International Lgbtqia+ Solidarity
network (for immigrants and refugees), feminist actions in solidarity to Poland, United African Women
Organization Greece, social solidarity kitchens and online solidarity groups. Apart from initiatives aiming to

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support the mental and physical wellbeing of people in need, sporadic social gatherings took place in support
of refugees and against the government’s repressive policies, that aim to close down camps (for e. g. the forced
closure of the self-organised space Lesvos Solidarity-Pikpa) and drive refugees to an imprisoned condition of
“partly living, partly dying.”

Scene 3: Social Isolation and Care from a She* Perspective

It’s 4am. And here she* is, staring at her article. If she* doesn’t get it read and annotated, she’ll fall further
behind. But it’s hard to remember why that matters anymore. She* keeps working on job applications. During
the first lockdown (March 2020) in Greece the internet was fuelled with images of empty streets, where she*
would either remain silent or break out in rage, whenever the next small talk (i. e. in the taxi, on the phone
with landlords, with her uncle) would reveal racist and sexist comments. The pandemic has produced an
affective restructuring of her* inner and outer world, it has brought to the fore a mosaic of feelings ranging
from fear, desperation, loneliness to a need to be more tender, affectionate and thoughtful of her* health, her*
spaces, her* communities.

In November 2020, the government announced that “we”, herself included, will not be allowed to walk around
the city after 9pm, she* can only visit close relatives in need, and she* has to report her every move to “Big
Brother”, the state panopticon, the police, the government - call it as you wish. The government reproduces a
unitary biopolitical narrative which presumes that “we are in a war”, “we have a common enemy” and “we
should obey the government measures for our health and safety.” The further life activities get pushed back,
the more she* feels depressed. She* glimpses through photos of upper class Greek celebrities going for
Christmas at Dubai, the prime minister going cycling at Parnitha, she receives a call about her friend’s K.
suicide attempt, and talks endlessly on the phone with her other friend L. who is still seeking for a job. Her*
home feels like a haven with many boats: home office, home researching, home schooling. For someone like
her* who appreciates one‐to‐one personal interactions, hugs and kisses as opposed to large lost‐in‐crowd
gatherings, to feel connected while maintaining a virtual social bond is rather difficult. While capitalist
web-technology quickly found a substitute for ‘human-disconnectedness’ in the form of Zoom and other
virtual platforms she* is trying to maintain emotional bonds and combat loneliness. Momentarily, she* finds
attachment in detachment, in the sense of being in a physical space with her* senses floating and the material
objects in the room offering the comfort of touch.

“All the women* in me are tired”, she* reads on a graphic picture in social media. She* feels exhausted too.
She*, an educator teaching on-line, a social researcher, a queer-feminist activist. How to keep up the
pedagogical interaction through digital communication tools? Students and teachers, more or less precarious,
socially isolated and worried. Some of them care for children and elderly at home, many lost their mini or day
jobs, others moved back to their parents. Scattered voices are coming into her* living room from other
semi-private rooms. Talking heads on screens, no legs, no bodies, no tenderness, no gatherings around the
table or the smoking corner. Digital seminar communities, or activist meetings or working sessions, or just
friendly gatherings happening on-line. So it is, virtual social bonds become eminent and domesticity invades
time and space. And forced loneliness, no sexual encounters or dating, even more a deterioration of mental
health.

There she* goes again practicing all her* activities in the kitchen or the bedroom: learning, cooking, reading,
teaching, organising, talking on the phone, drawing. Her* kitchen is situated, and keeps a lot of stories. Love
stories, polished stories, messy stories, and stories that are dirty. In January 2021 sailing champion Sofia
Bekatorou opened up the dialogue on sexual harassment and gender-based violence in sports. Bekatorou’s
words initiated the greek #metoo[11], that set in motion other female voices to report rapes and many types
of gendered abuse beyond sports, like in theater and other cultural spaces. It seems that the time has come to

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address gender-based violence and rape culture not only in everyday conversations but also in mainstream
media and on TV. The former director of the Greek National Theater, Lignadis – appointed as National
Theater artistic director by the Cultural Minister, is accused for sexual harassment and abuse of underage
persons. Several men report that they have been abused as minors, teenagers or adults, and the matter is
passed on to the state prosecutor. The National Theater director resigned (6.2.2ο21), after the Ministry failed
to cover up the scandal, and Lignadis finally got arrested facing rape charges[12]. Cultural Minister, Mendoni,
is being harshly criticised for her institutional role both by the Actors’ Association (S.E.H.), and many
people/cultural workers demand her resignation[13]. Thus, it’s relevant to notice that the cultural minister
and the prime-minister, both personally related to the theatre director in the previous years, hypocritically
claimed that they were/are not aware of his “private activities''. At the same time, other renowned theater male
directors and actors face accusations for abuse and gender-based violence as reported by many women
actresses. Nonetheless, several reports on sexual harassment and abuse have been made against teachers in the
Art School of Athens, as the newly-formed “Student’s Initiative for the Registration of Harassment at the
Athens School of Fine Arts” disclosed publicly in social media[14].

There is no beginning or end in contending gender-based violence at this particular moment. Everything
looks connected: the long-lasting patriarchal structures in the cultural scenes exercise their power to suppress
vulnerable individuals and legitimise the omerta while they strive to render critical voices more or less
invisible. The narrative of this hegemonic system is culminated by the “normalization” of gender-based
violence, as an unavoidable part of cultural working spaces and arts education. The collective her*dissent in the
“Call for Support: Against Gender-based Violence in Art Education” states:

        “An established system of discriminations and invisible legislations is being used to define, distribute and impose
        not only the relations of power and visibility, but also the content of the field. In addition to that gender-based
        violence within the cultural field is justified through the mythical function of the Teacher/Art Master and the
        performance of the "sacred talent" of the Artist. The great male Artist's misogyny and sexism, especially
        towards femininities and other subordinate subjects, while it is often obvious and overt, it gets systematically
        covered and "legitimized" within the power games related to the artistic career. As careers are shaped through
        the access (or lack of) to important art scenes, the legitimation of this apparatus determines to some extent the
        very value of the work of art. “[15]
All discussions on gender-based violence in a deep patriarchal (greek) society come with a cost: victim
blaming, pink-washing, homophobia and a lot of trauma that reappears. But the hegemonic male (macho)
figure seems already “tired” after one month #metoo discussions in Greece. Female voices get silenced again,
whether for talking too much or too little. You can never please the Masters. You cannot be heard by those
who consider feminism(s) old school relicts and contempt #metoo and feminist activism as just another
fashion coming from the States. Regardless of the anti-feminst and authoritarian state practices she* becomes
now even louder, within her* silence(s) and through her* voice. Against all odds, against sexism and
misogyny, against toxic masculinities of all types, she* speaks and writes.

Epilogue

As we started writing this text in early December 2020, we had in mind the impacts of the second harsh
lockdown in Greece as well as the socio-political and economical situation since last summer. While
processing the pandemic impacts on our lives we came across new political events and social emergencies.
Already since January and throughout March our weeks became harsh, more intensive, full with the political
events that keep going. We were re-writing parts of the text every couple of days, trying to follow up the
accelerated events: greek #metoo, Koufountina’s hunger strike, police brutality, education law, health system
breakdown, anti-refugee/anti-immigration policies. Though these events may seem scattered, they are not

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disconnected from each other, they form a prevailing condition of authoritarian governmentality which is
alarming and worrisome.

The fear of the pandemic and its state management functions as a biopolitical tool that exhaustively intensifies
the capitalist terms of working with and through burnouts and depression. The state avenges its citizens for
non-conforming to its rules or performing badly in becoming the compliant soft citizen. Citizens experience
the discomfort of “lack of air” as the city no longer belongs to them and their constitutional rights are
temporarily suspended.

It’s not the first time that constitutional rights are jeopardised in the history of the Greek state (see the Greek
junta 1967-1973), yet it’s the first time that the violation of civil rights (e. g. freedom of movement, right to
protest) is not named as such, and instead it is branded under the foreign word ‘lockdown’, which hides the
political connotation of the Covid-measures.

What is certain is that depression as a common ground, police controlling, intensive home-working and
growing unemployment - to name a few elements of the everyday condition - are here. While being more or
less socially isolated, the activist subject finds itself in a state of limbo when taking part in demonstrations and
at the same time feeling “weird” among fellow demonstrators who could possibly infect each other. We know
that the capacity of the intensive care unit has reached its limits, that nurses and doctors are overworked and
left with no support by the government. But it's exactly this governmental social apathy, its class-based
underpinnings and the “law and order” dogma that we need to confront in all possible ways. As witnessed with
the massive daily demonstrations sprang end of February 2021 in support of Koufontina’s hunger strike, to
partake in a demonstration feels more fearful than ever, yet as a fellow queer-activist told her*, “it’s the only
breath of fresh air I can get from the outside world.”. Whether we will manage to sustain ourselves in these
conditions, to protect our health and rectify the losses of democratic rights remains to be seen.

---

[1] Dimitris Bounias, Nikolas Leontopoulos, “The Murder of Alexandros Grigoropoulos”, 6.12.2o14,
https://thepressproject.gr/the-murder-of-alexandros-grigoropoulos/

[2] Alexis Daloumis, “Greek Horror: How an Epstein level paedophile scandal could connect to the first time
in Greek history”, 23.2.2021,
https://freedomnews.org.uk/greek-horror%E2%80%A8how-an-epstein-level-paedophile-scandal-could-connect-to-the-first-time-in
Kaki Bali, “Hungerstreik in Griechenland - Angst vor dem ersten Toten”, 4.3.2021,
https://www.dw.com/de/angst-vor-dem-ersten-toten/a-56776290

[3] Moira Lavelle, “The New “University Police” Shows Greece’s Authoritarian Turn”, 13.2.2021,
https://jacobinmag.com/2021/02/greece-university-police-athens-student-protests

[4] Facebook Page: No Police on Campus,
https://www.facebook.com/OxiAstynomiaStaPanepistimia/, “Academics against the Introduction of Special
Security Forces in Greek Universities”, https://copsoffcampusucsd.org/node/27

[5] Country-level scores for the Pandemic Violations of Democratic Standards Index (PanDem), the Pandemic
Backsliding Index (PanBack), and the Liberal Democracy Index (LDI) in 144 countries.
https://www.v-dem.net/en/analysis/PanDem/

[6] Report: “Greece: Higher Education Reforms and University Asylum Legislative History and Bibliography
(1982-2019)”, 31.12.2020, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/university-asylum/greece.php

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[7] “The Ultimate Guide to Greece Golden Visa,”
https://getgoldenvisa.com/ultimate-guide-to-greece-golden-visa#Golden_Visa_Greece_Benefits

[8] Georgia Alexandri (2018): “Planning Gentrification and the ‘Absent’ State in Athens”, International
Journal of Urban and Regional Research 42(1):36-50, DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.12566

[9] Molly Crabapple, “The Attack on Exarchia, An anarchist refuge in Athens”, 20.11.2020,
https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-attack-on-exarchia-an-anarchist-refuge-in-athens

[10] “Issue Brief: Blocked at Every Pass: How Greece’s Policy of Exclusion Harms Asylum Seekers and
Refugees”, 24.11.2020, Issue Brief: Blocked at Every Pass: How Greece’s Policy of Exclusion Harms Asylum
Seekers and Refugees - Greece
“Outrageous court decision – Two people arbitrarily convicted for setting fire to Moria camp”, 10.3.2021,
https://cantevictsolidarityenglish.noblogs.org/post/2021/03/10/outrageous-court-decision-two-people-arbitrarily-convicted-for-settin

[11] Lydia Emmanouilidou, “Greece ‘finally’ has its #MeToo moment”, 11.2.2021,
https://www.pri.org/stories/2021-02-11/greece-finally-has-its-metoo-moment

[12] Niki Kitsantonis, “Accusations of Sexual Harassment Rock Greek Arts World”, 16.2.2021,
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/16/world/europe/greece-sexual-abuse-metoo.html ;
Helena Smith, “Greek theatre director arrested on rape charges”, 21.2.2021,
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/21/greek-theatre-director-arrested-on-charges

[13] “Open Letter: Artists in favor of the resignation of the Minister of Politics Lina Mendoni”,
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdxoxgBNe4L6Dz0XonZvgOlLmaDYe4sSZhiQfz0icQe3JcV6Q/viewform?fbzx=-732154

[14] Student’s Initiative for the Registration of Harassment at the Athens School of Fine Arts,
https://www.facebook.com/protovoulia.anaforas.askt

[15] “Call for support: against gender-based violence in art education”, Petition published 15.2.2021,
https://secure.avaaz.org/community_petitions/el/gg_oikogeneiakis_politikis_kai_isotitas_ton_fylon__kalesma_ypostirixis_emfyli_via_

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